We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
To save content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about saving content to .
To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Ships are essential facilitators of modern economies – they are by far the most cost-effective mode of long-distance transport for both finished goods and raw materials, and over 90 percent of world trade is carried by sea (IMO, 2017a). There were more than 50,000 ships in the world's merchant fleets in 2015. Bulk carriers – carrying solids such as coal and grains – accounted for about a fifth of the fleet, with a combined capacity of around 705 million tons deadweight. General cargo carriers numbered about 17,000, crude oil tankers about 7000 and container ships about 5000 (Statista, 2018). The amounts moved are staggering; for example, the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF, 2018) reported that seaborne oil trade has averaged 100 trillion barrel-miles per year since 2000. Financial efficiency pushes for ever-larger vessels, and concomitantly ever-larger canals (Chen et al., 2016) and dock facilities (Mongelluzzo, 2016).
Recommend this
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this to your organisation's collection.