2 results
Maternal immune and affiliative biomarkers and sensitive parenting mediate the effects of chronic early trauma on child anxiety
- A. Ulmer-Yaniv, A. Djalovski, K. Yirmiya, G. Halevi, O. Zagoory-Sharon, R. Feldman
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 48 / Issue 6 / April 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 September 2017, pp. 1020-1033
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- Article
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Background
Chronic early trauma alters children's stress reactivity and increases the prevalence of anxiety disorders; yet the neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms underpinning this effect are not fully clear. Animal studies indicate that the mother's physiology and behavior mediate offspring stress in a system-specific manner, but few studies tested this external-regulatory maternal role in human children exposed to chronic stress.
MethodsWe followed a unique cohort of children exposed to continuous wartime trauma (N = 177; exposed; N = 101, controls; N = 76). At 10 years, maternal and child's salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and oxytocin (OT), biomarkers of the immune and affiliation systems, were assayed, maternal and child relational behaviors observed, mother and child underwent psychiatric diagnosis, and child anxiety symptoms assessed.
ResultsWar-exposed mothers had higher s-IgA, lower OT, more anxiety symptoms, and their parenting was characterized by reduced sensitivity. Exposed children showed higher s-IgA, more anxiety disorders and post traumatic stress disorder, and more anxiety symptoms. Path analysis model defined three pathways by which maternal physiology and behavior impacted child anxiety; (a) increasing maternal s-IgA, which led to increased child s-IgA, augmenting child anxiety; (b) reducing maternal OT, which linked with diminished child OT and social repertoire; and (c) increasing maternal anxiety, which directly impacted child anxiety.
ConclusionsOur findings, the first to measure immune and affiliation biomarkers in mothers and children, detail their unique and joint effects on children's anxiety in response to stress; highlight the relations between chronic stress, immune activation, and anxiety in children; and describe how processes of biobehavioral synchrony shape children's long-term adaptation.
19 - Nationalism, identity and the theatre across the Spanish state in the democratic era, 1975–2010
- Edited by Maria M. Delgado, Queen Mary University of London, David T. Gies, University of Virginia
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- Book:
- A History of Theatre in Spain
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 05 April 2012, pp 391-425
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- Chapter
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Summary
The idea of a national theatre in its modern incarnation emerged during the eighteenth century, coinciding with the political and social turmoil of the French Revolution. Its intellectual and aesthetic origins thus can be traced to concerns with individual expression and national identity that came to light in relation to European Romanticism. Since that time, a myriad of public institutions, some of them quite massive and others more diminutive, have surfaced on the European theatrical landscape in accordance with the post-Enlightenment concept of a national theatre. They are designed to encourage a national consciousness, as well as create, promote and safeguard a national repertoire. Curiously, these institutions have often predated the establishment of the nation-states whose interests they would come to represent. The disintegration of empires, the ensuing creation of nation-states (and, in some cases, their postcolonial deconstruction or collapse), the spread of cosmopolitanism and migratory and exilic movements all influenced the evolution of the national theatre. For Loren Kruger, consequently, the idea of a national stage, in its modern sense, exists within an inherently ‘transnational field’, in which varying claims to the authority and legitimacy of languages, cultures, locations, borders and audiences have all played a role in its conception.
The political-cultural climate of Spain during the post-Franco transition to democracy was characterised, in a parallel manner, by a situation of competing assertions and assumptions with regard to self-determination, national identity and cultural legitimacy. Censorship, which lingered beyond the death of Franco in 1975, ended officially in 1977. The contemporary configuration of Spain, implemented with the Constitution of 1978, as a nation-state composed of seventeen autonomous communities, has given renewed impetus to deep-seated historical claims concerning cultural and linguistic identities in areas such as the Basque Country, the Catalan-speaking lands and Galicia. Spain's entry into the European Union in 1986 emboldened political groups inclined to question the sovereignty of the Spanish state by encouraging either a plurinational arrangement or even independence. The concept of a national theatre as it emerged within post-Franco Spain was, accordingly, decidedly transnational.