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The genetics of phenotypic innovation
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- By Hubertus J. E. Beaumont, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand, Stefanie M. Gehrig, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK, Rees Kassen, Department of Biology and Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada, Christopher G. Knight, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Faraday Building, Box 88, Sackville St, Manchester M60 1QD, UK, Jacob Malone, Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Andrew J. Spiers, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK, Paul B. Rainey, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Edited by N. A. Logan, Glasgow Caledonian University, H. M. Lappin-Scott, University of Exeter, P. C. F Oyston, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down
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- Book:
- Prokaryotic Diversity
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 20 April 2006, pp 91-104
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- Chapter
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Summary
EVOLUTIONARY EMERGENCE OF DIVERSITY
The majority of phenotypic and ecological diversity on the planet has arisen during successive adaptive radiations, that is, periods in which a single lineage diverges rapidly to generate multiple niche-specialist types. Microbiologists tend not to think of bacteria as undergoing adaptive radiation, but there is no reason to exclude them from this general statement – in fact, rapid generation times and large population sizes suggest that bacteria may be particularly prone to bouts of rapid ecological diversification. Indeed, there is evidence from both experimental bacterial populations (Korona et al., 1994; Rainey & Travisano, 1998) and natural populations (Stahl et al., 2002). This being so, insight into the evolutionary emergence of diversity requires an understanding of the causes of adaptive radiation.
The causes of adaptive radiation are many and complex, but at a fundamental level there are just two: one genetic and the other ecological. Put simply, heritable phenotypic variation arises primarily by mutation, while selection working via various ecological processes shapes this variation into the patterns of phenotypic diversity evident in the world around us.
The ecological causes of adaptive radiation are embodied in theory that stems largely from Darwin's insights into the workings of evolutionary change (Darwin, 1890), but owes much to developments in the 1940s and 1950s attributable to Lack (1947), Dobzhansky (1951) and Simpson (1953). Recent work has seen a reformulation of the primary concepts (Schluter, 2000).