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Head and Neck Cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines, Sixth Edition
- Jarrod J Homer, Stuart C Winter, Elizabeth C Abbey, Hiba Aga, Reshma Agrawal, Derfel ap Dafydd, Takhar Arunjit, Patrick Axon, Eleanor Aynsley, Izhar N Bagwan, Arun Batra, Donna Begg, Jonathan M Bernstein, Guy Betts, Colin Bicknell, Brian Bisase, Grainne C Brady, Peter Brennan, Aina Brunet, Val Bryant, Linda Cantwell, Ashish Chandra, Preetha Chengot, Melvin L K Chua, Peter Clarke, Gemma Clunie, Margaret Coffey, Clare Conlon, David I Conway, Florence Cook, Matthew R Cooper, Declan Costello, Ben Cosway, Neil J A Cozens, Grant Creaney, Daljit K Gahir, Stephen Damato, Joe Davies, Katharine S Davies, Alina D Dragan, Yong Du, Mark R D Edmond, Stefano Fedele, Harriet Finze, Jason C Fleming, Bernadette H Foran, Beth Fordham, Mohammed M A S Foridi, Lesley Freeman, Katherine E Frew, Pallavi Gaitonde, Victoria Gallyer, Fraser W Gibb, Sinclair M Gore, Mark Gormley, Roganie Govender, J Greedy, Teresa Guerrero Urbano, Dorothy Gujral, David W Hamilton, John C Hardman, Kevin Harrington, Samantha Holmes, Jarrod J Homer, Deborah Howland, Gerald Humphris, Keith D Hunter, Kate Ingarfield, Richard Irving, Kristina Isand, Yatin Jain, Sachin Jauhar, Sarra Jawad, Glyndwr W Jenkins, Anastasios Kanatas, Stephen Keohane, Cyrus J Kerawala, William Keys, Emma V King, Anthony Kong, Fiona Lalloo, Kirsten Laws, Samuel C Leong, Shane Lester, Miles Levy, Ken Lingley, Gitta Madani, Navin Mani, Paolo L Matteucci, Catriona R Mayland, James McCaul, Lorna K McCaul, Pádraig McDonnell, Andrew McPartlin, Valeria Mercadante, Zoe Merchant, Radu Mihai, Mufaddal T Moonim, John Moore, Paul Nankivell, Sonali Natu, A Nelson, Pablo Nenclares, Kate Newbold, Carrie Newland, Ailsa J Nicol, Iain J Nixon, Rupert Obholzer, James T O'Hara, S Orr, Vinidh Paleri, James Palmer, Rachel S Parry, Claire Paterson, Gillian Patterson, Joanne M Patterson, Miranda Payne, L Pearson, David N Poller, Jonathan Pollock, Stephen Ross Porter, Matthew Potter, Robin J D Prestwich, Ruth Price, Mani Ragbir, Meena S Ranka, Max Robinson, Justin W G Roe, Tom Roques, Aleix Rovira, Sajid Sainuddin, I J Salmon, Ann Sandison, Andy Scarsbrook, Andrew G Schache, A Scott, Diane Sellstrom, Cherith J Semple, Jagrit Shah, Praveen Sharma, Richard J Shaw, Somiah Siddiq, Priyamal Silva, Ricard Simo, Rabin P Singh, Maria Smith, Rebekah Smith, Toby Oliver Smith, Sanjai Sood, Francis W Stafford, Neil Steven, Kay Stewart, Lisa Stoner, Steve Sweeney, Andrew Sykes, Carly L Taylor, Selvam Thavaraj, David J Thomson, Jane Thornton, Neil S Tolley, Nancy Turnbull, Sriram Vaidyanathan, Leandros Vassiliou, John Waas, Kelly Wade-McBane, Donna Wakefield, Amy Ward, Laura Warner, Laura-Jayne Watson, H Watts, Christina Wilson, Stuart C Winter, Winson Wong, Chui-Yan Yip, Kent Yip
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- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 138 / Issue S1 / April 2024
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Contents
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Plate Section
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Terminology
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Notes
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Destiny or Chance Revisited
- Planets and their Place in the Cosmos
- Stuart Ross Taylor
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This exciting tour of our Universe explores our current knowledge of exoplanets and the search for another Earth-like planet. Beginning with the basic concepts of planet formation and the composition of the Universe, Stuart Ross Taylor summarises our knowledge of exoplanets, how they compare with our planets and why some stars have better habitable zones. Further sections provide a detailed study of our Solar System, as a basis for understanding exoplanetary systems, and a detailed study of the Earth as our only current example of a habitable planet. The book concludes with a philosophical and historical discussion of topics surrounding planets and the development of life, including why our chances of finding aliens on exoplanets is very low. This is an engaging and informative read for anyone interested in planetary formation and the exploration of our Universe.
Index
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7 - Perspectives
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Summary
“If a person should ask my advice before undertaking a long voyage, my answer would depend on his possessing a taste for some branch of knowledge” [1].
At present there is a popular consensus in favor of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe. These notions are at least 2500 years old and rest on several assumptions, that have run as a common thread throughout history. Many lie outside the realm of scientific enquiry coming under the heading of “must be” arguments. The first is that the universe is infinite and so must contain planets identical to the Earth. This is often phrased as the “Big Numbers” argument. There are so many stars with planets that somewhere out there must be a replica of us. The second is that because life exists here, it must be common elsewhere. The third is that the development of intelligence is inevitable and happens elsewhere concurrently with, or more commonly in advance of, the evolution of life on Earth. These themes are addressed below under several headings.
THE PLURALITY OF WORLDS [2]
The discovery of many planets orbiting other stars, free-floating objects and the widespread occurrence of dusty circum-stellar disks, some with gaps in which planets are lurking, has raised once again in a dramatic fashion, the ancient question posed amongst others by Albertus Magnus in the thirteenth century: “since one of the most wondrous and noble questions in Nature is whether there is one world or many, a question that the human mind desires to understand, it seems desirable for us to enquire about it” [3]. One of the favorite current quotations of astrobiologists comes from Metrodorus of Chios (350 BCE). It is usually stated as “it is unnatural in a large field to have only one ear of corn and in the infinite universe, only one living world”. These questions have been discussed under many headings for the past 25 centuries since Democritus, Epicurus and Metrodorus favored a multitude of worlds.
2 - The universe
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Summary
“The true constitution of the universe–the most important and admirable problem that there is” [1].
AN EXPANDING VIEW
In order to obtain some perspective on the place of planets in the scheme of things, it is useful to contemplate the scale of the universe, as we perceive it at present. Everything in the universe is very isolated. The nearest star to us is Proxima Centauri, a red dwarf and the faintest member of a triple star system of which Alpha Centauri is the brightest. This star is familiar to dwellers in the southern hemisphere, as it forms one of the Pointers to the Southern Cross. Light from this nearest star takes 4.2 years to reach us. Although Proxima Centauri is the nearest star at present, the dwarf star Ross 248 will succeed to the title in about 33,000 Earth years. Because of the slow relative movements of the stars, our familiar constellations, such as Orion the Hunter and his companion, the Great Dog, will be rearranged and replaced by other groupings in the future. Edmund Halley (1656–1742), of comet fame, seems to have been one of the first to realize this, by observing that the positions of many stars in the early eighteenth century differed from those recorded in the catalogue of Hipparchus in the second century BCE.
Frontmatter
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Preface
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Summary
We live in remarkable times replete with technical advances, a consequence of the great intellectual advances of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe. Destiny or Chance in 1998 looked at the solar system to examine the question whether our planets were likely to be reproduced elsewhere. From the evidence then available, this was judged to be very unlikely, while the possibility of intelligent life resembling Homo sapiens [1] elsewhere was assessed to be zero. In the succeeding dozen years, major improvements in technology have resulted in the discovery of thousands of exoplanets. Has the situation changed? Yes, in the sense that it has gotten worse. Not only are the exoplanets “Strange New Worlds” as a popular book title has it, but our familiar solar system itself, with its tidy circular orbits, appears to be a rarity. The very architecture of the solar system, familiar to every schoolchild, appears to have arisen through chance collisions and migrations half a millennium after it formed.
Destiny or Chance was written following a close look at our solar system. The numerous planets, satellites, TNOs, asteroids, centaurs and other assorted debris that surround our Sun provided no evidence of design. The resulting array, strange enough when looked at objectively, was clearly the result of a series of chance events. Halfway through writing Destiny or Chance, the first exoplanets were discovered. These “Hot Jupiters” were totally unexpected by astronomers, although less surprising to students of the solar system. Lurking in the background is the expectation that something like the Earth, complete with its set of interesting inhabitants, might be discovered.
6 - Earth and Moon
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“Ultimately, in the future of exoplanets, we would like an image of an Earth twin as beautiful as the Apollo images of Earth” [1].
Our planet is the very model of a habitable planet. Accompanied by its silvery Moon, the Earth forms our only current example of habitability. For this reason, these currently unique objects require a separate section, to consider why this might be so and how such a welcome situation came about. But the random processes involved during formation and the level of complexity exposed by subsequent geological and biological evolution give one pause in seeking clones among the exoplanets.
THE EARTH
John Updike remarked that “this planet is exceptional; clearly Venus or Jupiter wouldn’t be agreeable to us” [2]. How did it manage to achieve this status? Can one deduce any general principles from a unique planet accompanied by a unique satellite? A good example has been the difficulty in recognizing on the Earth that the formation of craters by the impact of asteroids, comets and meteorites is an important planetary process. Erosion has removed most of the evidence. It is only within living memory that professional geologists have come to accept that the craters were not caused by internal eruptions. Our experience with the geology and geochemistry of the Moon, with its subtle but crucial distinctions from our hard-won experience on the Earth, should also remind us of the hazards of trying to extrapolate from unique terrestrial conditions.
Acknowledgments
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1 - Prologue
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WHAT IS A PLANET?
“When we think of a planet, our first conception is a body like Earth with an atmosphere, continents and oceans” [1].
This question is less important than one might suppose, given the uproar about the status of Pluto. Although labels are useful, trying to define a planet runs into the philosophical difficulty of attempting to classify any set of randomly assembled products. A bewildering array of objects form in the nebular disks around stars. These items include in our system, dust, asteroids, Trojans, Centaurs, comets, TNOs, our eight planets from tiny Mercury to mighty Jupiter and their 160 satellites. All differ from one another in some salient manner. A rational view would merely define our planetary system as having four planets (the gas and ice giants) with some assorted rocky rubble sunwards and icy rubble beyond. The significant question is how did they form and evolve, not what pigeonholes this variety of objects can be forced into. The strange varieties of exoplanets and brown dwarfs have added much extra complexity [2].
4 - The exoplanets
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Summary
“It must be admitted that Nature is more creative than the human imagination” [1].
Trying to write a current account about exoplanets reminds one of the definition of Post-Modernism: “it's so new that it's out of date already”. Looking for exoplanets around stars used to be an unpopular topic, shunned by professional astronomers; but times change. One is reminded of the comment by Talleyrand that “treason is a matter of dates”. Now a barely concealed excitement suffuses much of the serious scientific literature. Among many quotations the following give a flavor: “the search for extra-terrestrial planets – rocky worlds in orbit around stars other than the Sun – is one of humanity's most exciting science goals” [2], while the real goal seems to be “the detection and characterization of habitable worlds” [3].
The previous section showed what we have attempted to learn about the formation of planets, based strongly on observations of our own system. The discovery of the exoplanets has revealed many surprises and demonstrates once again the triumph of observations over theory. Although “one of the most surprising aspects of the hundreds of known exoplanets is their broad diversity” [2], this was less surprising to students of our own solar system, in which all the planets and satellites display an astonishing range of sizes and compositions. This results in the notorious difficulties of trying to classify or even define planets, exacerbated now that we have such a variety of exoplanets. The long established upper limit for planets of 12 or 13 Jupiter-masses, that marks the lower limit of deuterium burning, has now been extended to at least 25 Jupiter-masses into the brown dwarf desert, and will need to go to higher masses. Nevertheless and consistent with its name, the desert remains thinly populated. Below the 12 Jupiter-mass limit, problems also occur because of the discovery of free-floating objects down to at least 3 Jupiter-masses. Are these bodies that are not linked to any star, “free-floating planets” ejected from the nest, or “sub-brown dwarfs”? We seem to be approaching a classification for planets, brown dwarfs and the like based on where they formed. Truly a nightmare for classifiers.
Appendices
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SOURCES
This book is derived from many discussions and sources, the first six books being particularly useful:
Apai, D. and Lauretta, D. Protoplanetary Dust, Cambridge University Press, 396 pp., 2010.
de Pater, I. and Lissauer, J. J. Planetary Sciences, second edition, Cambridge University Press, 647 pp., 2009.
Lodders, K. and Fegley, B. Chemistry of the Solar System, RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 476 pp., 2011.
McFadden, L. et al. (Editors). Encyclopedia of the Solar System, second edition, Academic Press, 935 pp., 2006.
Perryman, M. The Exoplanet Handbook, Cambridge University Press, 410 pp., 2011, which contains over 3200 references.
Seager, S. (Editor) Exoplanets, Arizona University Press, 526 pp., 2010.
Taylor, S. R., Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, Cambridge University Press, 460 pp., 2001.
Taylor, S. R. On the difficulties of making Earth-like planets (Leonard Medal address). Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 34, 317–329, 1999.
Taylor, S. R. and McLennan, S. M. Planetary Crusts: Their Composition, Origin and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, 378 pp., 2009.
The series of books on planetary and space science published by the University of Arizona Press are especially relevant to the theme of this book, in particular the following volumes:
Asteroids III (Editors: W. Bottke et al.) 2002.
Jupiter (Editor: Fran Bagenal) 2007.
Meteorites and the Early Solar System II (Editors: D. Lauretta and H. Y. MacSween) 2006.
Protostars and Planets V (Editors: B. Reipurth et al.) 2007.
Abbreviations and symbols
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5 - Our solar system
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Summary
“Saturn's rings were left unfinished to show us how the world was made” [1].
How does our solar system fit among the great host of exoplanetary systems? It is not a typical sample of what is out there so it is not a good example of the “Principle of Mediocrity”. Its obvious advantage is that it is the only one that we can examine in detail and so forms the basis for current models of planetary origin. What is revealed are not only our eight planets, interesting though they are as possible analogs for exoplanets, but also hosts of other bodies in orbit either around the Sun or planets. We have over 160 satellites, four ring systems, dust, swarms of many different species of asteroids, KBOs, TNOs and wanderers such as comets, centaurs, NEAs and NEOs. The system resembles a half-finished long-abandoned building site, littered with leftover rubble and assorted debris. Although little of this detail is yet evident in exoplanetary systems, it is useful to examine our solar system in depth to see what actually happened in one disk around a star. It is not only a matter of just forming planets.
The solar system has long been a benchmark, becoming from familiarity, what was commonly expected to be a norm. But reality was different, as the first exoplanet discovery, Pegasi 51b, demonstrated so dramatically. Now even our system of planets is seen to be uncommon, the end result of chaotic and chance events.
3 - Forming planets
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“Making planets is an inherently messy business. A growing planetary system resembles an overly energetic infant learning to eat cereal with a spoon. Some is consumed, but much of it ends up on the floor, walls and ceiling” [1].
Planets were curiosities in most ancient models of the universe. But the discovery of Uranus and later Neptune led to speculation about their origin. Clearly they were distinct from stars and so might form in a different manner. But such notions came very late once it was established that they orbited the Sun and that the stars were remote.
The problem of building planets is fundamental to the entire question of the origin of planets. Historically, this latter question has frequently been considered to have been solved, but the wide variety of explanations and solutions that have been offered, from the creation myths of primitive societies to the more recent, but numerous scientific attempts, have generally collapsed when faced with new information. The latest problems stem from the bewildering variety of exoplanets. There are several difficulties.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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