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3 - Emulsions and Foams in the Petroleum Industry
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- By Laurier L. Schramm, Petroleum Recovery Institute, 100, 3512 – 33rd St. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2L 2A6; University of Calgary, Dept. of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4, Susan M. Kutay, University of Calgary, Dept. of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Edited by Laurier L. Schramm, Petroleum Recovery Institute, Calgary, Canada
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- Book:
- Surfactants
- Published online:
- 29 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 23 March 2000, pp 79-118
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- Chapter
- Export citation
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Summary
Emulsions and foams occur or are created throughout the full range of processes in the petroleum producing industry, including drilling and completion, fracturing and stimulation, reservoir recovery, surface treating, transportation, oil spill and tailings treating, refining and upgrading, and fire fighting. This chapter provides an overview of these examples of surfactants in action.
Introduction
In a petroleum industry context, emulsions comprise a mixture of oil and water in which one of the phases, the dispersed phase, occurs as droplets dispersed within the other, the continuous phase. The droplet diameters are typically of the order of 0.1 to 100 μm, but may be as small as a few nanometres or as large as many hundreds of micrometres. Two types of emulsion are readily distinguished, oil-dispersed-in-water (O/W) and water-dispersed-in-oil (W/O). However, emulsion characterization is not always so simple and it is not unusual to encounter multiple emulsions, O/W/O, W/O/W, and even more complex types. Figure 1 shows an example of a crude oil W/O/W/O emulsion.
Petroleum industry foams comprise a mixture of gas with either oil or water, where the gas phase occurs in the form of bubbles dispersed within the liquid. The bubble diameters are typically on the order of 10 to 1000 μm, but may be as large as several centimetres. Although both aqueous and oleic foams may be encountered, the former are by far the most common.