3 results
Mass-Gathering Medical Care Provided by a Collegiate-Based First Response Service at an Annual College Music Festival and Campus-Wide Celebration
- Nicholas M.G. Friedman, Emily K. O’Connor, Timothy Munro, David Goroff
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 34 / Issue 1 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 December 2018, pp. 98-103
- Print publication:
- February 2019
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- Article
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Background
There is insufficient research on medical care at mass-gathering events (MGEs) on college and university campuses. Fun Day is an annual celebratory day held at Skidmore College (Saratoga Springs, New York USA), a small liberal arts college in the Northeastern United States. Fun Day is focused around an outdoor music festival; students also congregate and celebrate throughout the surrounding campus. To improve care and alleviate strain on local resources, a model was developed for the provision of emergency care by a collegiate-based, volunteer first-response service – Skidmore College Emergency Medical Services (EMS) – in coordination with a contracted, private ambulance service.
Study/ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to: (1) analyze medical usage rates and case mixes at Fun Day over a four-year period, and to (2) describe the collegiate-based first response model for MGEs.
MethodsData were collected retrospectively from event staff, college administrators, and Skidmore College EMS on event-related variables, patient encounters, and medical operations at Fun Day over a four-year period (2014-2017).
ResultsAnnual attendance at the music festival was estimated at 2,000 individuals. Over four years, 54 patients received emergency medical care on campus on Fun Day, and 18 (33.3%) were transported to the emergency department. On-site contracted ambulances transported 77.8% of patients who were transported to the emergency department; mutual aid was requested for the other 22.2% of transports. The mean (SD) patient presentation rate (PPR) was 7.0 (SD = 1.0) per 1,000 attendees. The mean (SD) transport-to-hospital rate (TTHR) was 2.0 (SD = 1.0) per 1,000 attendees. Thirty (55.6%) patients presented with intoxication, seven (13.0%) with laceration(s), and five (9.3%) with head trauma as the primary concern. Medical command was established by volunteer undergraduate students. Up to 16 volunteer student first responders (including emergency medical technicians [EMTs]) were stationed on campus, in addition to two contracted ambulances at the Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) levels. Operational strategies included: mobile first response crews, redundant communication systems, preventative education, and harm reduction.
ConclusionHigh medical usage rates were observed, primarily due to alcohol/illicit substance use and traumatic injuries. The provision of emergency care by a collegiate-based first response service in coordination with a contracted, private ambulance agency serves as an innovative model for mass-gathering medical care on college and university campuses.
,Friedman NMG ,O’Connor EK ,Munro T Goroff D. Mass-Gathering Medical Care Provided by a Collegiate-Based First Response Service at an Annual College Music Festival and Campus-Wide Celebration . Prehosp Disaster Med.2019 ;34(1):98–103.
10 - Planning for Growth: The Professionalisation of the Taskforce for Gaelic Revitalisation
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- By Michelle MacLeod, University of Aberdeen, Timothy C. Armstrong, UHI/University of Aberdeen., Gillian Munro, University of Aberdeen., Iain Taylor, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, where he teaches courses on language planning and sociolinguistics as well as Gaelic language.
- Edited by Marsaili MacLeod, Cassie Smith-Christmas
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- Book:
- Gaelic in Contemporary Scotland
- Published by:
- Edinburgh University Press
- Published online:
- 18 December 2019
- Print publication:
- 30 September 2018, pp 141-155
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Summary
Introduction
It is only relatively recently that scholars and the public have become aware of the accelerating loss of linguistic diversity around the world; consequently, the develop-ment of organised planning for survival in response to the crisis is also relatively new. Given that language planning for linguistic diversity is such a new endeavour, it is not surprising that a culture of professionalism and expertise among its practitioners is also still in the early stages of development. We have much to learn about what does and does not work when it comes to language planning in this respect, and there is also much work to be done in terms of disseminating this knowledge to those language planners, educators and activists working on the ground in indigenous communi-ties who might use it. This chapter explores the levels of training experienced and required by individuals involved in the implementation of planning interventions in the Scottish Gaelic context.
Background
In Scotland, the development of an organised, national response to the demographic decline of Gaelic-speaking communities is very recent indeed (see, for example, Dunbar 2010 and Macleod 2008). In the last quarter of the twentieth century, as language activists became increasingly concerned about the growing crisis in Gaelic-speaking communities, various initiatives in education, in the media, and in local-government service provision, were effected aiming to re-strengthen the transmission and use of Gaelic. These early efforts, while motivated by good intentions, were nonetheless characterised by a general lack of professional expertise. In the absence of a clear understanding of the nature of the problem, and without access to state-of-the-art theory of best practice in indigenous-language education and revitalisation, these early efforts tended to be of limited efficacy (McLeod 2002). Commenting in 2001, McLeod identified a lack of professionalisation in Scottish language planning bodies as a pervasive problem:
Despite the growing institutionalization of the Gaelic movement in Scotland – an institutionalization underpinned by millions of pounds of government investment every year – very little specialist professional expertise is brought to bear on Gaelic develop-ment, a phenomenon one activist has unkindly described as ‘amateur hour’. Almost none of those steering the various Gaelic organisations have any specialist training or experience in applied linguistics or language planning, and there is relatively little awareness of theoreti-cal and analytical advances in the field of language revitalization and language planning in general […]. (McLeod 2001: 23)
6 - The morphology and sedimentology of landforms created by subglacial megafloods
- Edited by Devon M. Burr, University of Tennessee, Paul A. Carling, University of Southampton, Victor R. Baker, University of Arizona
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- Book:
- Megaflooding on Earth and Mars
- Published online:
- 04 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 24 September 2009, pp 78-103
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Summary
Summary
Subglacial landforms across various scales preserve the history of movement, deposition and erosion by the last great ice sheets and their meltwater. The origin of many of these landforms is, however, contentious. In this chapter these forms are described both individually and as suites that make up entire landscapes. Their interpretations are discussed with reference to the megaflood hypothesis. A description is provided of individual forms via their size, shape, landform associations, sedimentology and the relationship between landform surfaces and internal sediments. The possible origins of each are then discussed. To simplify the chapter the landforms are categorised by their size (micro, meso, macro and mega), although, importantly, it should be noted that several landforms show similarities across scales. Also discussed is the relevant subglacial hydrology associated with the described forms, especially the volume and discharge rates of megaflood flows, and where water may have been stored prior to the megaflood events.
Introduction
As early as 1812, Sir James Hall interpreted the famous Castle Rock in Edinburgh, Scotland, a crag and tail, as a landform created by immense, turbulent floods. Likening the hill to features carved in snow by wind, he could only hypothesise that water was responsible; probably giant tidal waves, as, at that time, he knew of no other mechanism that could conceivably create such streamlining. It is now very clear that the streamlined forms first noted by Hall are part of a continuum containing landforms of many shapes and sizes.