7 results
Chapter 4 - Patterns of Industry
- Edited by John Gardner, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, David Stewart, Northumbria University, Newcastle
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- Book:
- Nineteenth-Century Literature in Transition: The 1830s
- Published online:
- 30 May 2024
- Print publication:
- 06 June 2024, pp 84-104
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Summary
This chapter examines Harriet Martineau’s approach to gender politics through her understanding of ‘manliness’ as explored in a selection of her Illustrations of Political Economy (1832−4). It was a concept essential to her configuration of male leadership fit for the testing times of the early 1830s, and highly topical. Published when the pressures experienced by men of all classes were being highlighted in periodicals and novels, the tales address the differences between ‘personality’ and ‘character’ in crises faced by fathers and husbands, magistrates and petty criminals, trades union activists, landowners, and slave-owners, at home and in the colonies, as they debate the injustices of their living and working conditions. This chapter argues that Martineau’s interventions in contemporary debates about masculinity shift the focus to a new kind of conscientious working man whose values are tested in cross-class dialogues in public places. It explores the ways in which the Illustrations show how men collaborate and compete within their communities, and the ambiguous gender messages arising from patterns of reward and punishment that seem to devalue otherwise positive characteristics.
A Large Outbreak of Peritonitis Among Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) Following Transition in PD Equipment
- Sukarma Tanwar, Lauren Tanz, Ana Bardossy, Christine Szablewski, Nicole Gualandi, Matthew Brian Crist, Paige Gable, Molly Hoffman, Carolyn Herzig, Joann F Gruber, Kristina Lam, Valerie Stevens, Carries Sanders, Hollis R. Houston, Judith Noble-Wang, Zack Moore, Melissa Tobin-Dangelo, Jennifer MacFarquha, Priti Patel, Shannon Novosad
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2020, pp. s95-s96
- Print publication:
- October 2020
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Background: Peritoneal dialysis is a type of dialysis performed by patients in their homes; patients receive training from dialysis clinic staff. Peritonitis is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis, most commonly caused by gram-positive organisms. During March‒April 2019, a dialysis provider organization transitioned ~400 patients to a different manufacturer of peritoneal dialysis equipment and supplies (from product A to B). Shortly thereafter, patients experienced an increase in peritonitis episodes, caused predominantly by gram-negative organisms. In May 2019, we initiated an investigation to determine the source. Methods: We conducted case finding, reviewed medical records, observed peritoneal dialysis procedures and trainings, and performed patient home visits and interviews. A 1:1 matched case–control study was performed in 1 state. A case had ≥2 of the following: (1) positive peritoneal fluid culture, (2) high peritoneal fluid white cell count with ≥50% polymorphonuclear cells, or (3) cloudy peritoneal fluid and/or abdominal pain. Controls were matched to cases by week of clinic visit. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate univariate matched odds ratios (mOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We conducted microbiological testing of peritoneal dialysis fluid bags to rule out product contamination. Results: During March‒September 2019, we identified 157 cases of peritonitis across 15 clinics in 2 states (attack rate≍39%). Staphylococcus spp (14%), Serratia spp (12%) and Klebsiella spp (6.3%) were the most common pathogens. Steps to perform peritoneal dialysis using product B differed from product A in several key areas; however, no common errors in practice were identified to explain the outbreak. Patient training on transitioning products was not standardized. Outcomes of the 73 cases in the case–control study included hospitalization (77%), peritoneal dialysis failure (40%), and death (7%). The median duration of training prior to product transition was 1 day for cases and controls (P = .86). Transitioning to product B (mOR, 18.00; 95% CI, 2.40‒134.83), using product B (mOR, 18.26; 95% CI, 3.86‒∞), drain-line reuse (mOR, 4.67; 95% CI, 1.34‒16.24) and performing daytime exchanges (mOR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.71‒8.45) were associated with peritonitis. After several interventions, including transition of patients back to product A (Fig. 1), overall cases declined. Sterility testing of samples from 23 unopened product B peritoneal dialysis solution bags showed no contamination. Conclusions: Multiple factors may have contributed to this large outbreak, including a rapid transition in peritoneal dialysis products and potentially inadequate patient training. Efforts are needed to identify and incorporate best training practices, and product advances are desired to improve the safety of patient transitions between different types of peritoneal dialysis equipment.
Funding: None
Disclosures: None
23 - By the Fireside: Margaret Oliphant's Armchair Commentaries
- from Part IV - Making Space for Women
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- By Valerie Sanders, Professor of English at the University of Hull.
- Edited by Alexis Easley, University of St Thomas, Minnesota, Clare Gill, Beth Rodgers, Aberystwyth University
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- Book:
- Women, Periodicals and Print Culture in Britain, 1830s–1900s
- Published by:
- Edinburgh University Press
- Published online:
- 25 October 2019
- Print publication:
- 03 April 2019, pp 379-392
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Summary
One does not expect to obtain from a ‘Commentary in an Easy-Chair’ much information as to either the objects, methods, or record of Trade-Unionism.
(Spectator 27 Sep 1890: 406)THIS WAS THE OPINION of May E. Abraham, Honorary Treasurer of the Women's Trade Union League, who wrote to the editor of the Spectator in 1890, questioning the accuracy of Margaret Oliphant's commentary on female rag-sorters in one of her many opinion-pieces about women's employment and the plight of the poor. It was clearly dismissive of Oliphant's credentials as a social commentator who apparently derived her knowledge of trade unionism not from real-life experience, but through Walter Besant's Children of Gibeon (1886), a novel often cited approvingly by Oliphant in relation to discussion of East End ‘sweaters’ and needlewomen. Abraham's letter to the editor, headed ‘A Commentary in an Office-Chair,’ was clearly mocking Oliphant's ‘Easy Chair,’ suggestive as it was of the unprofessional bystander's take on issues too complicated for her to understand. Oliphant, for her part, was equally unimpressed by ‘the little trumpet from the Women's Trade-Union League’ (Spectator 4 Oct 1890: 439).
Margaret Oliphant (1828–97) wrote two sets of periodical ‘Commentaries’ between 1888 and 1890: ‘A Fireside Commentary’ for the St James's Gazette from January to June 1888, and ‘A Commentary from [changed to ‘in'] an Easy Chair’ for the Spectator from December 1889 to November 1890. Published toward the end of a long career in periodical journalism, which had been concentrated in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, and continued in that journal through her ‘Old Saloon’ series until 1892, these relaxed-sounding articles allowed Oliphant, as a ‘Looker-on’ (as she called herself in a later Blackwood's series), to range freely over topics which caught her fancy. The term ‘Looker-on’ in itself is significant for Oliphant, and will be further unpacked shortly. In the meantime, as Judith Van Oosterom has observed, both the Spectator and St James's Gazette series showed Oliphant ‘less on her guard,’ revealing ‘more sides to her character,’ and not all of them ‘particularly pleasant’ (2004: 247).
One purpose of this essay collection is to consider how women journalists made use of ‘space’ in periodicals as places where they could develop both their subjectivities and their opinions, especially on issues affecting women.
High-throughput pH monitoring method for application in dairy fermentations
- Valery Gutsal, Sander Sieuwerts, Rodrigo Bibiloni
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 85 / Issue 4 / November 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 August 2018, pp. 453-459
- Print publication:
- November 2018
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Optimization of dairy fermentation processes often requires multiplexed pH measurements over several hours. The method developed here measures up to 90 samples simultaneously, where traditional electrode-based methods require a lot more time for handing the same number of samples. Moreover, the new method employs commonly used materials and can be used with a wider range of fluorescence readers than commercial 96-well plates with optical pH sensors. For this application, a milk-like transparent medium is developed that shows acidification properties with dairy starters that are similar to milk. Combination of this milk-like medium and 3 fluorescent indicators allow precise measurements of pH in a range of 4·0–7·0. The new method showed much higher throughput compared to the benchmark electrode systems while being as accurate, as shown by successful application for a comparison of various dairy starter cultures and for optimizing the inoculation rate.
Contributors
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- By James Ahn, Eric L. Anderson, Annette L. Beautrais, Dennis Beedle, Jon S. Berlin, Benjamin L. Bregman, Peter Brown, Suzie Bruch, Jonathan Busko, Stuart Buttlaire, Laurie Byrne, Gerald Carroll, Valerie A. Carroll, Margaret Cashman, Joseph R. Check, Lara G. Chepenik, Robert N. Cuyler, Preeti Dalawari, Suzanne Dooley-Hash, William R. Dubin, Mila L. Felder, Avrim B. Fishkind, Reginald I. Gaylord, Rachel Lipson Glick, Travis Grace, Clare Gray, Anita Hart, Ross A. Heller, Amanda E. Horn, David S. Howes, David C. Hsu, Andy Jagoda, Margaret Judd, John Kahler, Daryl Knox, Gregory Luke Larkin, Patricia Lee, Jerrold B. Leikin, Eddie Markul, Marc L. Martel, J. D. McCourt, MaryLynn McGuire Clarke, Mark Newman, Anthony T. Ng, Barbara Nightengale, Kimberly Nordstrom, Jagoda Pasic, Jennifer Peltzer-Jones, Marcia A. Perry, Larry Phillips, Paul Porter, Seth Powsner, Michael S. Pulia, Erin Rapp, Divy Ravindranath, Janet S. Richmond, Silvana Riggio, Harvey L. Ruben, Derek J. Robinson, Douglas A. Rund, Omeed Saghafi, Alicia N. Sanders, Jeffrey Sankoff, Lorin M. Scher, Louis Scrattish, Richard D. Shih, Maureen Slade, Susan Stefan, Victor G. Stiebel, Deborah Taber, Vaishal Tolia, Gary M. Vilke, Alvin Wang, Michael A. Ward, Joseph Weber, Michael P. Wilson, James L. Young, Scott L. Zeller
- Edited by Leslie S. Zun
- Edited in association with Lara G. Chepenik, Mary Nan S. Mallory
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- Book:
- Behavioral Emergencies for the Emergency Physician
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
- Print publication:
- 21 March 2013, pp viii-xii
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7 - Women, fiction and the marketplace
- Edited by Joanne Shattock, University of Leicester
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- Book:
- Women and Literature in Britain 1800–1900
- Published online:
- 03 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 30 August 2001, pp 142-161
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Summary
I have now so large and eager a public, that if we were to publish the work without a preliminary appearance in the Magazine, the first sale would infallibly be large, and a considerable profit would be gained even though the work might not ultimately impress the public so strongly as ‘Adam’ has done.
George Eliot, discussing with John Blackwood the best way to publish The Mill on the Floss, sounds shrewd and confident. Her comments show an awareness of the business issues involved in selecting the right formula for a relative newcomer on the literary scene, and one whose first appearance had set the public gossiping and speculating. Margaret Oliphant's observation that the nineteenth century, ‘which is the age of so many things – of enlightenment, of science, of progress – is quite as distinctly the age of female novelists’, has now become a truism. Yet the ways in which professional women writers handled their careers changed significantly from the early 1800s, when Jane Austen was being ignored by publishers and reviewers, to the 1890s, when Mrs Humphry Ward, riding high on the success of Robert Elsmere (1888), was insisting on the early release of a cheap edition of Marcella (1894). According to John Sutherland, ‘the reprint of Marcella was the torpedo that sunk the three-decker and by so doing stripped Mudie of his dictatorial powers’. Women novelists, who had begun the century in apologetic mode, ended it, to a considerable extent, calling the shots.
2 - Marriage and the antifeminist woman novelist
- Edited by Nicola Diane Thompson, Kingston University, London
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- Book:
- Victorian Women Writers and the Woman Question
- Published online:
- 01 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 01 July 1999, pp 24-41
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All the world believed that she did really love her black-haired, florid, big-fisted Plutus, who was not a gentleman for all his acres; and that he in turn loved his faded, elderly, ultra-refined wife; and the belief counted as a medal of gold and a chain of silver in their honour.
This cynical comment from Eliza Lynn Linton's novel Patricia Kemball describes the marriage of Jabez Hamley, a self-made businessman and bully in the Bounderby mould, with the ladylike Rosina Kemball, twenty years his senior. In many respects it represents the low watermark reached by marriage in the English middle-class novel three quarters of the way through the century, when images of early Dickensian dimpling girl-brides and rosy-cheeked children were looking outmoded, even to Dickens himself. Of course the unequal marriage – whether in terms of age or status – had long been the staple material of comedy; but in the later Victorian novel, it becomes a new source of tragic social concern, as, for instance, in the marriage of Dorothea and Casaubon in Middlemarch. Moreover, it was not just the unequal marriage that novelists explored, but the failed marriage of all kinds. It was as if the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857, which recognized a more widespread need for divorce, gave novelists fresh license to query the state their writing traditionally celebrated as the desirable norm.
The novelists one might have expected to correct the picture are the antifeminists: novelists such as Charlotte M. Yonge, Eliza Lynn Linton, Mary (Mrs. Humphry) Ward, and Margaret Oliphant, who agreed that women essentially belonged at home – ideally as wives, but failing that, as dutiful single daughters or sisters.
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