18 results
Contributors
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- By Waiel Almoustadi, Brian J. Anderson, David B. Auyong, Michael Avidan, Michael J. Avram, Roland J. Bainton, Jeffrey R. Balser, Juliana Barr, W. Scott Beattie, Manfred Blobner, T. Andrew Bowdle, Walter A. Boyle, Eugene B. Campbell, Laura F. Cavallone, Mario Cibelli, C. Michael Crowder, Ola Dale, M. Frances Davies, Mark Dershwitz, George Despotis, Clifford S. Deutschman, Brian S. Donahue, Marcel E. Durieux, Thomas J. Ebert, Talmage D. Egan, Helge Eilers, E. Wesley Ely, Charles W. Emala, Alex S. Evers, Heidrun Fink, Pierre Foëx, Stuart A. Forman, Helen F. Galley, Josephine M. Garcia-Ferrer, Robert W. Gereau, Tony Gin, David Glick, B. Joseph Guglielmo, Dhanesh K. Gupta, Howard B. Gutstein, Robert G. Hahn, Greg B. Hammer, Brian P. Head, Helen Higham, Laureen Hill, Kirk Hogan, Charles W. Hogue, Christopher G. Hughes, Eric Jacobsohn, Roger A. Johns, Dean R. Jones, Max Kelz, Evan D. Kharasch, Ellen W. King, W. Andrew Kofke, Tom C. Krejcie, Richard M. Langford, H. T. Lee, Isobel Lever, Jerrold H. Levy, J. Lance Lichtor, Larry Lindenbaum, Hung Pin Liu, Geoff Lockwood, Alex Macario, Conan MacDougall, M. B. MacIver, Aman Mahajan, Nándor Marczin, J. A. Jeevendra Martyn, George A. Mashour, Mervyn Maze, Thomas McDowell, Stuart McGrane, Berend Mets, Patrick Meybohm, Charles F. Minto, Jonathan Moss, Mohamed Naguib, Istvan Nagy, Nick Oliver, Paul S. Pagel, Pratik P. Pandharipande, Piyush Patel, Andrew J. Patterson, Robert A. Pearce, Ronald G. Pearl, Misha Perouansky, Kristof Racz, Chinniampalayam Rajamohan, Nilesh Randive, Imre Redai, Stephen Robinson, Richard W. Rosenquist, Carl E. Rosow, Uwe Rudolph, Francis V. Salinas, Robert D. Sanders, Sunita Sastry, Michael Schäfer, Jens Scholz, Thomas W. Schnider, Mark A. Schumacher, John W. Sear, Frédérique S. Servin, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Tom De Smet, Martin Smith, Joe Henry Steinbach, Markus Steinfath, David F. Stowe, Gary R. Strichartz, Michel M. R. F. Struys, Isao Tsuneyoshi, Robert A. Veselis, Arthur Wallace, Robert P. Walt, David C. Warltier, Nigel R. Webster, Jeanine Wiener-Kronish, Troy Wildes, Paul Wischmeyer, Ling-Gang Wu, Stephen Yang
- Edited by Alex S. Evers, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mervyn Maze, University of California, San Francisco, Evan D. Kharasch, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis
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- Book:
- Anesthetic Pharmacology
- Published online:
- 11 April 2011
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- 10 March 2011, pp viii-xiv
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Contributors
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- By Sonia Ancoli-Israel, Ragnar Asplund, Michel Billiard, Theresa M. Buckley, Rohit Budhiraja, Robert N. Butler, Daniel J. Buysse, Scott S. Campbell, Daniel P. Cardinali, Julie Carrier, Cynthia L. Comella, Jana R. Cooke, Pietro Cortelli, Agnès Demazieres, Glenna A. Dowling, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, Philip R. Gehrman, Nalaka Sudheera Gooneratne, David S. Hallegua, Patrick J. Hanly, David G. Harper, Orla P. Hornung, Magdolna Hornyak, Michal Karasek, Milton Kramer, Andrew D. Krystal, Malcolm H. Lader, Rachel Leproult, Kenneth L. Lichstein, Andrea H.S. Loewen, Rémy Luthringer, Laurin J. Mack, Evelyn Mai, Atul Malhotra, Jennifer L. Martin, Judy Mastick, Monique A.J. Mets, Andrew A. Monjan, Timothy H. Monk, Daniel Monti, Jaime M. Monti, Patricia J. Murphy, C. Ineke Neutel, Eric A. Nofzinger, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Scott B. Patton, Donald B. Penzien, Max H. Pittler, Giora Pillar, Marc J. Poulin, Louis J. Ptácek, Stuart F. Quan, Jeanetta C. Rains, Megan E. Ruiter, Bruce D. Rybarczyk, Colin M. Shapiro, Vijay Kumar Sharma, D. Warren Spence, Kai Spiegelhalder, Luc Staner, Stephanie A. Studenski, Nikola N. Trajanovic, Eve Van Cauter, Gregory S. Vander Wal, Joris C. Verster, Aleksandar Videnovic, Matthew P. Walker, Daniel J. Wallace, David K. Welsh, David P. White, Barbara Wider, Theresa B. Young, Stefano Zanigni
- Edited by S. R. Pandi-Perumal, Jaime M. Monti, Universidad de la República, Uruguay, Andrew A. Monjan, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
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- Principles and Practice of Geriatric Sleep Medicine
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- 04 August 2010
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- 26 November 2009, pp ix-xii
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3 - Solar–terrestrial activity
- Wallace H. Campbell, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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- Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields
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- 05 June 2012
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- 10 April 2003, pp 111-188
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Summary
Introduction
When the phrase solar–terrestrial activity is used, the intent is to describe those changes of energetic particles and electromagnetic fields that originate at the Sun, travel to the Earth's magnetosphere, and have drastic effects upon the Earth's atmosphere and geomagnetic field. The activity is on time scales that are short in the human perception of events. The Sun is said to be “active” when the magnitude of such changes is distinguishably large with respect to the average behavior over tens of years. A specific region or process on the Sun is said to be an active source region when a particle or field disturbance in the Earth's magnetosphere can be traced to some special change in that region of the Sun. The vagueness in these definitions should disappear as we become more specific in the description of such phenomena as sunspots, flares, coronal holes, coronal mass ejections, solar wind, geomagnetic storms, ionospheric disturbances, auroras, and substorm processes.
We call the moving plasma of ionized particles and associated magnetic fields that are expanding outward from the Sun the solar wind. Its associated field is the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The wind exists out past 150 times the Sun–Earth distance because the pressure of the interstellar medium is insufficient to confine the energetic particles coming from the hot solar corona. We call this solar-wind dominated region the heliosphere.
Outer space is filled with particles and fields originating from the formation of the universe and from stars.
Appendix B - Geomagnetic organizations, services, and bibliography
- Wallace H. Campbell, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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- Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields
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International Unions and Programs
The following quotation was taken, with permission, from The National Geomagnetic Initiative copyright 1993 by the National Academy of Sciences, courtesy of the National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Revisions of this quoted material have been provided by J.H. Allen in order to modernize the statement to year 2002.
The study of the Earth is intrinsically global. This was recognized by geologists, geodeticists, and geophysicists in the nineteenth century. During the past hundred years, the need for global collaboration in geosciences has become axiomatic; many mechanisms have been developed to encourage international cooperation in Earth sciences. Much international cooperation in science takes place under the non-governmental International Council for Science (ICSU).
By the latter part of the nineteenth century, international expeditions and exchange of datawere common in the geosciences. This led to the development of international mechanisms for ongoing cooperation in geophysical and geological sciences. Seismic and magnetic observatories were being established worldwide. These de facto global networks of magnetic and seismic observatories led to international agreements on measurement standards and data exchange. These international activities led to the formation of an international organization that was the predecessor to the modern International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). The objectives of IUGG are the promotion and coordination of physical, chemical, and mathematical studies of the Earth and geospace environment. IUGG now consists of seven essentially autonomous associations: one of these, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA), is principally concerned with geomagnetism.
Preface
- Wallace H. Campbell, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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- Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields
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- 10 April 2003, pp ix-xi
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Summary
This second edition of Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields has been redesigned as a classroom textbook for a semester course in geomagnetism. Student exercises have been added at the end of each chapter. Outdated figures and tables are replaced with more modern equivalents. Recent discoveries, field information, and references have been added along with special websites and computer programs. The basic structure of the original edition remains, providing a condensed and more readable coverage of geomagnetic topics than is afforded by existing textbooks.
My intention has been to focus upon the basic concepts and physical processes necessary for understanding the Earth's natural magnetic fields. When mathematical presentation is required, I have tried to remove the mystery of the scientists' special jargon and to emphasize the meanings of important equations, rather than obscure the relationships with complex formulas. Because some formulas are needed to appreciate geomagnetism, I have included, in an appendix, a succinct review of the required mathematical definitions and facts. For those readers who are approaching the subject of Earth magnetic fields for the very first time it may be helpful to start with the small layman's presentation, devoid of all mathematical equations, that I provided as Earth Magnetism: A Guided Tour Through Magnetic Fields, Academic Press, San Diego, 151 pp, 2001.
The student reader is expected to have a familiarity with the elementary scientific concepts identified by words of specific meaning, such as “force, velocity, energy, temperature, heat, charge, light waves, and fields of electric, magnetic, and gravitational nature”.
Index
- Wallace H. Campbell, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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- Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields
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- 10 April 2003, pp 332-337
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4 - Measurement methods
- Wallace H. Campbell, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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- Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields
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- 10 April 2003, pp 189-227
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Summary
Introduction
Man has no obvious sensation of the presence or change of the Earth's magnetic field such as he does for the sensation of rain, wind, or earthquakes. He must rely upon the field's interaction in other physical processes to produce measurable effects. In this chapter we will look at some methods of providing such geomagnetic information.
From a physicist's viewpoint the geomagnetic field we wish to measure has some interesting singular characteristics. It is ever-present; we must take deliberate action to create any required field-free environments. Because of the great spatial extent of the field with respect to available sensor dimensions, only single-point measurements are typically obtained. The natural field is constantly changing and cannot be stopped at will by the experimenter. A conglomeration of Earth-core, magnetospheric, ionospheric, and induced currents all contribute to the simple measurement of a geomagnetic field magnitude and direction at each instant of time; occasionally, special frequency-analysis techniques allow us to identify some of these contributing sources.
The Earth's field changes are not easily stoppered in a bottle and brought to the laboratory for testing like a paleomagnetic rock sample. Those who want the measurement usually must move to a sampling spot that they have selected with care in order to minimize unwanted “noise” and to indicate special upper-atmosphere or deep-Earth characteristics. Everywhere at the Earth's surface, the “steady” field (i.e., slowly varying with respect to the spectral components at active times) is quite strong compared to the relatively infinitesimal fields of rapid (micro) pulsations.
Contents
- Wallace H. Campbell, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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Appendix A - Mathematical topics
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Summary
This appendix presents a number of mathematical topics that arise in the book. The review is not meant to be comprehensive; it is limited to only items that could be helpful for understanding the flow of ideas in the chapters of this book.
Variables and Functions
Variable is the name we give to a value of something that changes. When we call a variable independent we mean that it can be any size within a prescribed physical domain of realistic values. A dependent variable is the value that we call a function of the independent variable. On a daily magnetogram, the magnitudes of the scaled H (a “dependent” variable) are dependent upon the selection of the “independent” variable of daily hourly time that we can take to be any value (in the domain) from 0 to 24. Maxwell's equations (Chapter 1) allow a unique field value to be determined from a given source-current distribution; however, given the field values, a number of possible currents might be the source. The dependent-variable field is a function of the independent-variable current. The extreme highest and lowest values of the dependent variable that occur over the domain of the independent variable define the range of the dependent variable.
The term function has a very special meaning in mathematics. When we say, for example, “the variable y is a function of the variable x” it is written as y = f(x).
Acknowledgements
- Wallace H. Campbell, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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2 - Quiet-time field variations and dynamo currents
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Summary
Introduction
It is the nature of geomagnetic fields to not divulge their sources simply. The observatory magnetometers (Earth-field measuring devices described in Chapter 5) respond to all the fields reaching the local environment, add them together, and limit recording only by the frequency response designed into the instruments. A large part of research in geomagnetism concerns the dissection of field variation recordings to isolate the individual contributing sources, discover the physical processes that cause these currents, and thereby understand another feature of our global environment. Occasionally, a newly revealed feature becomes immediately important and useful to society's needs; usually, its utility is discovered only after many years. One of the first field sources to be discovered (Stewart, 1883; Schuster, 1889, 1908) was a current driven by tidal forces and winds in a conducting region above the Earth that was subsequently named the ionosphere. Such currents are indicated by a recurring field pattern on quiet-time daily recordings. The accurate determination of quiet-day field variation now finds utility in improvement of satellite main-field modeling, in profiling the Earth's electric conductivity, and in establishment of baselines from which magnetospheric disturbances are quantified.
The purpose of this chapter is to explain the origin and behavior of the regularly recurring field variations that have periods of a day or less. Because the principal source for these currents lies in a naturally ionized layer above the Earth, we will examine the basic features of this ionosphere.
Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields
- 2nd edition
- Wallace H. Campbell
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Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields is a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of geophysics. It explains the natural magnetic fields in and surrounding the Earth that arise from a variety of electric currents. The author clearly presents these different components of the Earth's magnetic field with a minimum of mathematical complexity. Readers are also introduced to the techniques and instrumentation for measuring geomagnetic fields, and to the range of applications for which these measurements are used. This second edition has been fully revised. It has been designed as a textbook for use with semester courses in geomagnetism and includes student exercises at the end of each chapter. Special appendices review relevant mathematical techniques and direct the reader to various journals, books, organizations, and websites where computer programs for geomagnetism may be downloaded.
1 - The Earth's main field
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Summary
Introduction
The science of geomagnetism developed slowly. The earliest writings about compass navigation are credited to the Chinese and dated to 250 years B.C. (Figure 1.1). When Gilbert published the first textbook on geomagnetism in 1600, he concluded that the Earth itself behaved as a great magnet (Gilbert, 1958 reprint) (Figure 1.2). In the early nineteenth century, Gauss (1848) introduced improved magnetic field observation techniques and the spherical harmonic method for geomagnetic field analysis. Not until 1940 did the comprehensive textbook of Chapman and Bartels bring us into the modern age of geomagnetism. The bibliography in the Appendix, Section B.7, lists some of the major textbooks about the Earth's geomagnetic field that are currently in use.
For many of us the first exposure to the concept of an electromagnetic field came with our early exploration of the properties of a magnet. Its strong attraction to other magnets and to objects made of iron indicated immediately that something special was happening in the space between the two solid objects. We accepted words such as field, force field, and lines of force as ways to describe the strength and direction of the push or pull that one magnetic object exerted on another magnetic material that came under its influence. So, to start our subject, I would like to recall a few of our experiences that give reality to the words magnetic field and dipole field.
References
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5 - Applications
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Summary
Introduction
In this chapter we will look at some of the ways in which geomagnetism finds utility in today's world. The main subjects are the impact of the geomagnetic field on modern technological systems and the application of geomagnetism to the discovery of the physical nature of our world. I also include interesting observations for which geomagnetic connections imply future application directions.
Each period range of natural geomagnetic field fluctuations can be identified with special utilization topics. For example, consider the following:
(a) For the period range from 0.25 seconds to 1 minute the primary subjects of interest are Earth crust exploration, detection of hidden conductivity anomalies, electric power transformer failures, studies of hydromagnetic wave propagation, and discovery of magnetospheric processes.
(b) For the range from 1 minute to 24 hours, studies include the structure of magnetospheric deformation and currents, thermospheric heating and winds, ionospheric currents and tides, and conductivity characteristics of the Earth's lower crust, mantle, and continental coastlines. Geomagnetic storms in this time scale affect a multitude of man-made systems such as satellites, communication systems, electric-power grids, and long pipelines (see Heirtzler et al., 2002).
(c) From the range 1 day to 1 year we obtain information about the fluid motions within the Earth's core and at the core–mantle boundary, solar activity and solar sector changes, tropospheric weather changes, and magnetospheric deformation. Our main field magnetic navigation charts are obtained from data in this period range.
Appendix C - Utility programs for geomagnetic fields
- Wallace H. Campbell, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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Summary
Below is a description of computer program files, mentioned throughout this textbook, that may be obtained by the readers in two ways: (1) free of charge at the website prepared by Susan McLean of NGDC/NOAA (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/potfld/geomag.shtml) or (2) on a high-density (1.4 Mb) floppy disk sold by NGDC/ NOAA.
At the website main page, select the highlighted “useful computer programs.” The executable files are designed for a DOS-compatible, personal computer. The programs were designed to assist the user in understanding the subject of geomagnetic fields; no claim is made regarding the suitability of the software for any other purpose. No restriction has been placed on the sharing of these programs; also, no warranty (expressed or implied), no endorsement, no guarantee of accuracy, and no responsibility for the program's functioning, can be made by the program authors, the author or publisher of this book, or by the National Geophysical Data Center. The files ending in. EXE are the executable programs; all the other files provide necessary input for some of the programs and must also be copied for proper operation of the set. If the files have been downloaded from the NGDC website, then copy all of them to a disk on your computer before running.
Geomagnetic Coordinates 1940–2005
The GMCORD program provides a determination of the geomagnetic coordinates for any selected global location. The program uses a polynomial fit (see the POLYFIT program below) of the dipole Gauss coefficients from the geomagnetic reference field models (see file ALL-IGRF.TAB below).
Frontmatter
- Wallace H. Campbell, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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