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Jason Scott-Warren. Shakespeare's First Reader: The Paper Trails of Richard Stonley. Material Texts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. Pp. 344. $45.00 (cloth).
- Alan H. Nelson
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- Journal:
- Journal of British Studies / Volume 60 / Issue 4 / October 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 October 2021, pp. 970-971
- Print publication:
- October 2021
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Shakespeare’s First Folio: Four Centuries of an Iconic Book. Emma Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. xiv + 380 pp. $29.95.
- Alan H. Nelson
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- Journal:
- Renaissance Quarterly / Volume 70 / Issue 3 / Fall 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 November 2018, pp. 1228-1230
- Print publication:
- Fall 2017
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21 - His literary patrons
- from Part III - Colleagues and Patrons
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- By Alan H. Nelson, University of California, Berkeley
- Edited by Paul Edmondson, Stanley Wells
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- The Shakespeare Circle
- Published online:
- 05 November 2015
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- 22 October 2015, pp 275-288
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Summary
Shakespeare's many patrons included magnates who lent their names or the names of their offices to his playing company; dedicatees of literary works; and powerful individuals for whom he performed specific services. In each case the question arises: did patronage involve personal acquaintance, or even grow into friendship?
Theatrical patronage
Without a patron, early modern stage-players risked being classified as masterless men, no better than rogues and vagabonds. While knights or minor lords might patronise players in the middle of the sixteenth century, the privilege became restricted to barons and earls during the reign of Elizabeth (1558–1603), and to members of the royal family during the reign of James (1603–25) (Chambers 1923, 4, pp. 269–71).
Shakespeare's playing company was patronised by the Lord Chamberlain from about 1594, and by King James from 1603. During the years leading up to 1594 Shakespeare can be connected, with varying degrees of certainty, to a plethora of patrons. His Titus Andronicus, according to the title-page of its first edition (1594), was performed by the players of three earls: Derby, Pembroke, and Sussex. Philip Henslowe's contemporary ‘Diary’ (Foakes 2002, pp. 21–2) reports that the same play was performed by players of the Earl of Sussex, the Lord Admiral and the Lord Chamberlain.
At the very beginning of 1594 the Earl of Derby was Ferdinando Stanley (d. 16 April 1594), styled Lord Strange until his father's death on 25 September 1593. Pembroke was William Herbert (d. 1601). Sussex was Robert Radcliffe, who succeeded at the death of his father, Henry, on 4 December 1593. The Lord Admiral was Charles Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham: his patronage of the Admiral's Men extended from 1576 to 1603. The Lord Chamberlain was Henry Carey (d. 4 July 1596), 1st Baron Hunsdon; succeeded by Sir William Brooke (d. 6 March 1597), 10th Baron Cobham; and by George Carey (d. 9 September 1603), 2nd Baron Hunsdon (ODNB 2004; Cokayne 1910–59).
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- By Michael H. Allen, Leora Amira, Victoria Arango, David W. Ayer, Helene Bach, Christopher R. Bailey, Ross J. Baldessarini, Kelsey Ball, Alan L. Berman, Marian E. Betz, Emily A. Biggs, R. Warwick Blood, Kathleen T. Brady, David A. Brent, Jeffrey A. Bridge, Gregory K. Brown, Anat Brunstein Klomek, A. Jacqueline Buchanan, Michelle J. Chandley, Tim Coffey, Jessica Coker, Yeates Conwell, Scott J. Crow, Collin L. Davidson, Yogesh Dwivedi, Stacey Espaillat, Jan Fawcett, Steven J. Garlow, Robert D. Gibbons, Catherine R. Glenn, Deborah Goebert, Erica Goldstein, Tina R. Goldstein, Madelyn S. Gould, Kelly L. Green, Alison M. Greene, Philip D. Harvey, Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, Donna Holland Barnes, Andres M. Kanner, Gary J. Kennedy, Stephen H. Koslow, Benoit Labonté, Alison M. Lake, William B. Lawson, Steve Leifman, Adam Lesser, Timothy W. Lineberry, Amanda L. McMillan, Herbert Y. Meltzer, Michael Craig Miller, Michael J. Miller, James A. Naifeh, Katharine J. Nelson, Charles B. Nemeroff, Alexander Neumeister, Matthew K. Nock, Jennifer H. Olson-Madden, Gregory A. Ordway, Michael W. Otto, Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Giampaolo Perna, Jane Pirkis, Kelly Posner, Anne Rohs, Pedro Ruiz, Molly Ryan, Alan F. Schatzberg, S. Charles Schulz, M. Katherine Shear, Morton M. Silverman, April R. Smith, Marcus Sokolowski, Barbara Stanley, Zachary N. Stowe, Sarah A. Struthers, Leonardo Tondo, Gustavo Turecki, Robert J. Ursano, Kimberly Van Orden, Anne C. Ward, Danuta Wasserman, Jerzy Wasserman, Melinda K. Westlund, Tracy K. Witte, Kseniya Yershova, Alexandra Zagoloff, Sidney Zisook
- Edited by Stephen H. Koslow, University of Miami, Pedro Ruiz, University of Miami, Charles B. Nemeroff, University of Miami
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- A Concise Guide to Understanding Suicide
- Published online:
- 05 October 2014
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- 18 September 2014, pp vii-x
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- By Janine B. Adams, Kirsten B. Barnes, Guy C. Bate, Greg A. Botha, Meyrick B. Bowker, Sarah J. Bownes, Nicola K. Carrasco, Clinton P. Chrystal, Robynne A. Chrystal, Xander Combrink, Allan D. Connell, Digby P. Cyrus, Colleen T. Downs, William N. Ellery, Anthony T. Forbes, Nicolette T. Forbes, Caroline Fox, Nuette Gordon, Michael C. Grenfell, Suzanne E. Grenfell, Sylvi Haldorsen, Marc S. Humphries, Hendrik L. Jerling, Bruce E. Kelbe, C. Fiona MacKay, Christopher M. Maine, Andrew Z. Maro, Andrew A. Mather, Nelson A. F. Miranda, David G. Muir, Holly A. Nel, Sibulele Nondoda, Renzo Perissinotto, Deena Pillay, Naomi Porat, Roger N. Porter, Sean N. Porter, Justin J. Pringle, Ursula M. Scharler, Derek D. Stretch, Ricky H. Taylor, Jane Turpie, Jonathan K. Warner, Alan K. Whitfield
- Edited by Renzo Perissinotto, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Derek D. Stretch, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Ricky H. Taylor
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- Ecology and Conservation of Estuarine Ecosystems
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- 05 April 2013
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- 16 May 2013, pp xiii-xvi
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4 - The life and theatrical interests of Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford
- from Part I - Sceptics
- Edited by Paul Edmondson, Stanley Wells
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- Shakespeare beyond Doubt
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- 05 April 2013
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- 18 April 2013, pp 39-48
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Summary
For sixty-three years following the 1857 publication of Delia Bacon's The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspeare Unfolded, conspiracy theorists unwilling to concede that William Shakespeare wrote his own poems and plays tended to accept Delia's namesake Sir Francis Bacon as the true author. This all changed in 1920, with the publication of J. T. Looney's ‘Shakespeare’ Identified in Edward de Vere the Seventeenth Earl of Oxford. Looney drew up a list of propositions declaring what Shakespeare must have been like given the particular characteristics of his surviving poems and plays. Thus, for example, because the plays often portray aristocrats, the author himself must have been an aristocrat. Predictably (judging from his title), Looney discounted the authorship of the historical William Shakespeare and promoted the authorship of the hyper-aristocratic seventeenth Earl of Oxford, Edward de Vere.
Looney's primary source of information on Oxford was Sidney Lee's entry in the respected Dictionary of National Biography. In 1928 B. M. Ward followed up with The Seventeenth Earl of Oxford, 1550–1604, From Contemporary Documents. True to his title, Ward significantly increased the number of historical documents from which Oxford's life can be reconstructed; but his Victorian sensibilities balked at Oxford's apparent homosexuality. Two years later (1930), Percy Allen published, as the first of many titles, The Case for Edward de Vere 17th Earl of Oxford as ‘Shakespeare’. Allen eventually embarrassed the cause by consulting spiritual mediums. In 1952 Dorothy and Charlton Ogburn published This Star of England: ‘William Shakespeare,’ Man of the Renaissance. The elder Ogburns represent an odd tradition in which Americans, having cast off English monarchy, grow besotted with English aristocracy; the Ogburns also promote the ‘Prince Tudor theory’ (discussed below) which undermines the scholarly integrity of the entire Oxfordian enterprise. A generation later, in 1984, their son Charlton Ogburn (the younger) published The Mysterious William Shakespeare: The Myth and the Reality. This Ogburn was more a publicist than a scholar, but what a publicist! He is more responsible than any individual since Looney for the current vitality of the ‘authorship debate’.
The science of EChO
- Giovanna Tinetti, James Y-K. Cho, Caitlin A. Griffith, Olivier Grasset, Lee Grenfell, Tristan Guillot, Tommi T. Koskinen, Julianne I. Moses, David Pinfield, Jonathan Tennyson, Marcell Tessenyi, Robin Wordsworth, Alan Aylward, Roy van Boekel, Angioletta Coradini, Therese Encrenaz, Ignas Snellen, Maria R. Zapatero-Osorio, Jeroen Bouwman, Vincent Coudé du Foresto, Mercedes Lopez-Morales, Ingo Mueller-Wodarg, Enric Pallé, Franck Selsis, Alessandro Sozzetti, Jean-Philippe Beaulieu, Thomas Henning, Michael Meyer, Giuseppina Micela, Ignasi Ribas, Daphne Stam, Mark Swain, Oliver Krause, Marc Ollivier, Emanuele Pace, Bruce Swinyard, Peter A.R. Ade, Nick Achilleos, Alberto Adriani, Craig B. Agnor, Cristina Afonso, Carlos Allende Prieto, Gaspar Bakos, Robert J. Barber, Michael Barlow, Peter Bernath, Bruno Bézard, Pascal Bordé, Linda R. Brown, Arnaud Cassan, Céline Cavarroc, Angela Ciaravella, Charles Cockell, Athéna Coustenis, Camilla Danielski, Leen Decin, Remco De Kok, Olivier Demangeon, Pieter Deroo, Peter Doel, Pierre Drossart, Leigh N. Fletcher, Matteo Focardi, Francois Forget, Steve Fossey, Pascal Fouqué, James Frith, Marina Galand, Patrick Gaulme, Jonay I. González Hernández, Davide Grassi, Matt J. Griffin, Ulrich Grözinger, Manuel Guedel, Pactrick Guio, Olivier Hainaut, Robert Hargreaves, Peter H. Hauschildt, Kevin Heng, David Heyrovsky, Ricardo Hueso, Pat Irwin, Lisa Kaltenegger, Patrick Kervella, David Kipping, Geza Kovacs, Antonino La Barbera, Helmut Lammer, Emmanuel Lellouch, Giuseppe Leto, Mercedes Lopez Morales, Miguel A. Lopez Valverde, Manuel Lopez-Puertas, Christophe Lovi, Antonio Maggio, Jean-Pierre Maillard, Jesus Maldonado Prado, Jean-Baptiste Marquette, Francisco J. Martin-Torres, Pierre Maxted, Steve Miller, Sergio Molinari, David Montes, Amaya Moro-Martin, Olivier Mousis, Napoléon Nguyen Tuong, Richard Nelson, Glenn S. Orton, Eric Pantin, Enzo Pascale, Stefano Pezzuto, Ennio Poretti, Raman Prinja, Loredana Prisinzano, Jean-Michel Réess, Ansgar Reiners, Benjamin Samuel, Jorge Sanz Forcada, Dimitar Sasselov, Giorgio Savini, Bruno Sicardy, Alan Smith, Lars Stixrude, Giovanni Strazzulla, Gautam Vasisht, Sandrine Vinatier, Serena Viti, Ingo Waldmann, Glenn J. White, Thomas Widemann, Roger Yelle, Yuk Yung, Sergey Yurchenko
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 6 / Issue S276 / October 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 November 2011, pp. 359-370
- Print publication:
- October 2010
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The science of extra-solar planets is one of the most rapidly changing areas of astrophysics and since 1995 the number of planets known has increased by almost two orders of magnitude. A combination of ground-based surveys and dedicated space missions has resulted in 560-plus planets being detected, and over 1200 that await confirmation. NASA's Kepler mission has opened up the possibility of discovering Earth-like planets in the habitable zone around some of the 100,000 stars it is surveying during its 3 to 4-year lifetime. The new ESA's Gaia mission is expected to discover thousands of new planets around stars within 200 parsecs of the Sun. The key challenge now is moving on from discovery, important though that remains, to characterisation: what are these planets actually like, and why are they as they are?
In the past ten years, we have learned how to obtain the first spectra of exoplanets using transit transmission and emission spectroscopy. With the high stability of Spitzer, Hubble, and large ground-based telescopes the spectra of bright close-in massive planets can be obtained and species like water vapour, methane, carbon monoxide and dioxide have been detected. With transit science came the first tangible remote sensing of these planetary bodies and so one can start to extrapolate from what has been learnt from Solar System probes to what one might plan to learn about their faraway siblings. As we learn more about the atmospheres, surfaces and near-surfaces of these remote bodies, we will begin to build up a clearer picture of their construction, history and suitability for life.
The Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory, EChO, will be the first dedicated mission to investigate the physics and chemistry of Exoplanetary Atmospheres. By characterising spectroscopically more bodies in different environments we will take detailed planetology out of the Solar System and into the Galaxy as a whole.
EChO has now been selected by the European Space Agency to be assessed as one of four M3 mission candidates.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- By Hideki Azuma, Susan Mary Benbow, Bettina Heike Bewernick, T. K. Birkenhäger, Hal Blumenfeld, Tom G. Bolwig, Stanley N. Caroff, Sidney S. Chang, Pinhas N. Dannon, Renana Eitan, Alan R. Felthous, Felipe Fregni, Gabor Gazdag, Nataliya Giagou, Mustafa M. Husain, Charles H. Kellner, Barry Alan Kramer, Galit Landshut, James Stuart Lawson, Bernard Lerer, Jerry Lewis, Dongchen Li, Colleen Loo, Michelle Magid, Stephan C. Mann, Limore Maron, W. Vaughn McCall, Shawn M. McClintock, Niall McCrae, Andrew McDonald, Nikolaus Michael, Paul S. Mueller, Alexander I. Nelson, Unnati D. Patel, Kathy Peng, Keith G. Rasmussen, William H. Reid, Joseph M. Rey, Barbara M. Rohland, Marina Odebrecht Rosa, Moacyr Alexandro Rosa, Oded Rosenberg, Peter B. Rosenquist, Thomas E. Schläpfer, Edward Shorter, Pascal Sienaert, Conrad M. Swartz, Kenneth Trevino, Gabor S. Ungvari, Walter W. van den Broek, Garry Walter, Julie A. Williams
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28 - Orazio Coquo
- from Part IV - Exploration 1574–1576
- Alan H. Nelson
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As Burghley's memoranda constitute first-person reports of his agony following Oxford's return from the Continent in April 1576, so Orazio Coquo's testimony to the Venetian Inquisition on his return in August 1577 constitutes an eyewitness report of Oxford's life in Venice and London in 1576 and early 1577. Orazio's interrogation was conducted by Pasquale Ciconia on Tuesday 27 August 1577.
[Inquisition of] Horatius [=Orazio], son of a certain Francesco Coquo, clerk of the Church of Santa Marina; and he was asked his age: Orazio: I am seventeen years old.
He was asked: Have you been out of this country? Orazio: Sirs, yes.
He was asked: In what place? Orazio: In England. He said further (being asked): It was a year and a half ago, as I recall, that I left this city for England. He said further (being asked): I went with a count related to the Queen of England named My Lord of Oxford (‘Millort d'Voxfor’).
He was asked: How long did you reside in England? Orazio: Eleven months. He said further (being asked): I lived the whole time in the house of this count.
He was asked: What office did you hold in his house? Orazio: I was a page.
He was asked: Did you live with anyone else? Orazio: Sirs, not while I was in England.
He was asked: How long has it been since you left England? Orazio: Seven or eight months.
He was asked: How long has it been since you arrived back here? Orazio: (I arrived) on the Assumption of the Virgin last (=15 August 1577)
He was asked: With whom did you leave England? Orazio: Only with [certain] gentlemen [Signori].
He was asked: Where were you and with whom in these [past] seven or eight months? Orazio: I lived in Flanders for four months with Captain Signore Juan Battista da Monte, and then I left Antwerp where I lived with the same Captain and I lived in Borgogne for a time, from Borgogne to Lorenzo, and in Lorenzo for a time, and then from Savoia to Cremona, from Cremona to Mantua, from Mantua to Padua, from Padua to Venice.
He was asked: Where did you depart from the Captain? Orazio: At Fontanelle above Cremona.
Part XIII - Aftermath 1604–1613
- Alan H. Nelson
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41 - Sodomite
- from Part VI - Intrigue 1579–1580
- Alan H. Nelson
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Charles Arundel accused Oxford of sexual crimes under the heading ‘Dishonestye of life’:
– [Oxford] confessid buggerie to William Cornwallis.
– The cooke, wepeinge to my Lord Harry and my selfe at Hampton Corte, confessid how my Lord had almost spoyleid him, and yet he durst not open his grefe to Baker.
– Rafe Hopton, beinge commawnedid by my Lord to staye Mackwilliam in his bed chamber till he came downe, wept to my Lord Harry and me, fearinge least yf my Lord shuld deale with him as he delte with Rocco in Brodstrete, the matter comminge owte he might be callid to accownte for an instrument; declaringe further that his harte akeid to consider what he knewe and what the worel[d] vnderstode at this time, sayinge that once when he was my Lordes page he was abowte to have stabbid him [=Oxford] with his [=Oxford's] dagger for profferinge so great a villonye. …
– Auracio [=Orazio] that came with him owte of Italie made it the quarrell of his departure, as Henrye Locke can testefie.
– He wold often tell my Lord Harrye, my selfe, and Sowthewell that he had abusid a mare.
– That the Ingelishe men were doltes and idiots for ther was better sporte in passa pecora – which they knewe not – then in all ther occupiynge.
– That when wemen were vnswete, fine (yonge) boyes were in season.
– He hathe a yerelie celebracion of the Neapolitan malaldye.
The passa pecora that surpasses all sexual habits practised by the English is an unorthodox position, recorded by Aretino and translatable as the ‘grazing sheep’. Henry Howard's charges echo Arundel's, with greater circumspection. Francis Southwell, even more circumspect, confesses the hearing of scandalous reports, but will not accuse Oxford of ‘pedication’.
Arundel and Howard drew upon both the broad and the narrow range of significations attached to buggery or sodomy. On the one hand, Oxford was a ‘compleat’ sodomite, guilty of the triple crime of atheism, pederasty, and necromancy, and their correlatives: prevarication, murder, and lèse majesté. Arundel characterizes Oxford as a ‘monster’ capable of any crime: ‘my monstrus adversarye Oxford, who wold drinke my blud rather than wine, as well as he loves it’ (LIB-5.12).
Editorial Procedures
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The documents that lie at the heart of this biography are, with few exceptions, freshly transcribed from original sources. To preserve the flavour of the originals I retain original spellings (in which u is essentially interchangeable with v, i with j and y) and something of the original format. I print the archaic ‘thorn’ (π or y) as th, and long-s as s. I silently expand abbreviations; incorporate scribal corrections, additions, and interlineations; suppress cancellations; restore missing text; and insert letters, words, and comments, as needed for clarity, within square brackets. Dates are normalized to a calendar year beginning 1 January (rather than 25 March).
More pedantically accurate transcriptions of many of the same documents are posted on my website: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ahnelson/. I will add more documents as I complete full transcriptions: but as websites are not forever, I will deposit printouts and other items in the Edward de Vere Collection at Concordia University, Portland, Oregon; and the Massachusetts Center for Renaissance Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
For items in the Calendar of State Papers I have recorded both the ‘article’ and the folio number:
CSPD, 1581–90, p. 395 (PRO SP12/199[/38], f. 71)
The document, noted and partly described in the Calendar of State Papers, volume 1581– 90, page 395, survives in the Public Record Office, Kew. SP12/199 is a typical guard-book into which documents – often letters – have been bound. This is the thirty-eighth document, and the citation is from leaf 71 (as marked by a mechanical stamping-machine). The reader may consult CSPD, 1581–90 in almost any major library, or SP12/199 on microfilm at the PRO, and in specialist libraries elsewhere.
I will maintain a webpage for corrections of factual errors, along with announcements of newly discovered or overlooked documents. An example of the latter was brought to my attention by Nina Green too late for inclusion in this volume:
By a Deed of Covenant [PRO C.54/626, No.45], the 16th Earl conveyed some of his lands (there was a statutory limit of two-thirds) in trust, to various members of his family, but temporarily away from his principal heir [i.e. Oxford: NG]. The trustees were the Duke of Norfolk and lord Robert Dudley – later Earl of Leicester.
37 - Oxford vs. Sidney
- from Part VI - Intrigue 1579–1580
- Alan H. Nelson
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From 17 to 27 August 1579 Elizabeth entertained Alençon and his French ‘Commissioners’, having arrived without the contemplated exchange of hostages. While Oxford seems to have been sympathetic to a possible marriage, the determined opposition of Sir Philip Sidney and his uncle Leicester may have triggered an incident between Oxford and Sidney known to history as the ‘tennis-court quarrel’.
Sidney, born in 1554 and thus four years younger than his rival, had been formally pledged to Anne Cecil before she married Oxford instead (Ward, p. 61). Sidney had accompanied Lincoln to Paris in 1572, along with Henry Burrough and Charles Arundel: there Sidney witnessed the St Bartholomew's Day massacre. Sidney was returning from his three-year Continental tour when he ran into Oxford's entourage at Strasbourg in April 1575, Ralph Hopton leaving Sidney for Oxford. In August 1578 Oxford and Sidney had accompanied Elizabeth to Saffron Walden, whence both men became dedicatees of Harvey's Gratulationes Valdenenses.
The most elaborate description of the ‘tennis-court quarrel’ occurs in Fulke Greville's ‘Life of Sidney’, in manuscript until 1652. Born in 1554, Greville was Sidney's exact contemporary, indeed his schoolmate. He characterizes Sidney as one who enjoyed ‘the freedome of his thoughts’; rather than naming Oxford, he calls him simply ‘a Peer of this Realm’:
And in this freedome of heart [Sir Philip] being one day at Tennis, a Peer of this Realm, born great, greater by alliance [i.e., to Burghley], and superlative in the Princes [=the Queen's] favour, abruptly came into the Tennis-Court; and speaking out of these three paramount authorities, he forgot to entreat that, which he could not legally command. When by the encounter of a steady object, finding unrespectiveness in himself (though a great Lord) not respected by this Princely spirit, he grew to expostulate more roughly. The returns of which stile comming still from an understanding heart, that knew what was due to it self, and what it ought [=owed] to others, seemed (through the mists of my Lords passions, swoln with the winde of his faction then reigning) to provoke in yeelding. Whereby, the lesse amazement, or confusion of thoughts he stirred up in Sir Philip, the more shadowes this great Lords own mind was possessed with: till at last with rage (which is ever illdisciplin'd) he commands them to depart the Court.
60 - Another Grissel for her Patience
- from Part IX - Reiteration 1586–1591
- Alan H. Nelson
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Burghley notes in his retrospective Diary (ii, p. 787) that in January 1588, ‘The Earl of Derby, Lord Cobham, Sir James Crofts, and Dr. Dale sent to Ostend to treat with Commissioners of the King of Spayne’:
And Robert Cecill, my Son, did attend upon them, and went to the Duke of Parma and to Antwerp.
This entry explains Cecil's presence in Ostend on 27 February, whence he wrote to Burghley:
If my lady of Oxford were here her beauty would quickly be marred, for when we sit in our poor lodging by the fire, we look all as pale and wan as ashes by the smoke of our turfs, which makes me envy your lordship's porter, that sits all day by a sweet fire of sea coal in your lodge. Sed ferre quamsortem patiuntur omnes nemo recuset [=‘But we must each bear the fate which is appointed us’].
Two days later Cecil sent another letter, with a separate message (now lost) for Oxford:
I have written to the Earl of Oxford and pray that my lady his wife may send it to him.
Cecil assumes that Anne is in touch with her (absent) husband. From Cecil's compliment to his sister's beauty and because he takes for granted that she will forward his letter, we may infer that she was in good health. Doubtless she was preoccupied with her three daughters, Elizabeth fourteen (the age at which Anne was engaged to Oxford), Bridget nearly four, and Susan not yet out of her first year.
In April, Oxford received votes from three of the seven electors for the Order of the Garter; as usual, Burghley was one of his backers (G-BL). As usual, Oxford was not appointed to the Order. In May, as Burghley noted in his retrospective Diary (ii, p. 788), Elizabeth re-granted Oxford two ancient properties:
A Graunt of the Priory of Earles Colne, and the Mannor of Colne in Essex, to the Earl of Oxford, and the Heyres of his Body, yelding the Rent of 66l.
Oxford had of course already sold these lands to Roger Harlackenden.
On 5 June, quite unexpectedly, Anne died at Greenwich, in her thirty-second year. Her funeral is described by Sir William Dethicke, Garter King at Arms:
7 - The Earl is Dead
- from Part I - Roots 1548–1562
- Alan H. Nelson
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- Book:
- Monstrous Adversary
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 28 July 2017
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- 31 December 2003, pp 29-33
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Summary
On New Year's Day 1562 Earl John gave Queen Elizabeth £10 ‘in a red silk purse, in dimy soveraigns’; similarly, Margery gave £5 ‘in a red purse, in dimy soveraignes’. Conversely, Elizabeth gave Oxford ‘oone guilt cup with a cover’, and Margery a smaller version of the same.
On 1 July the Earl put his signature to a marriage contract, called an indenture of covenants, between his twelve-year-old son, on the one part, and Elizabeth or Mary Hastings, younger sisters of Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, on the other part. The indenture provided that on his eighteenth birthday (which would fall on 12 April 1568) Edward should choose for wife whichever of the two Hastings sisters he might prefer at the time. Witnesses to the indenture were John Wentworth, Thomas Golding, John Gibon, Henry Golding, John Booth, Jasper Jones, and John Lovell, of whom ‘Iohn Wentworth’, ‘Thomas Goldyng’, and ‘Henry Goldyng’ attached signatures. Though ethically reprehensible by modern standards, the practice of arranging a marriage, and even of offering a young son the choice between two prospective brides, was conventional among the higher nobility of sixteenth-century England. Not that such negotiations inevitably achieved their intended goal: often as not, youth had its way.
About the same time, an entail was executed on behalf of the earldom:
the Erldome of Oxinford and the honors, castles … of the same Erldome together with the Offyce of Greate Chamberlayneshipp of England … have of longetyme contynued remayned and bene in the name of the Veeres from heire male to heire male by tytle of an ancyent entayle thereof … shoulde and myght contynew go remayne and be in the name of the Veeres from heire male to heire male forever yf yt maye please Almyghtye God so to permytt and suffer.
Since most honours and properties passed to the male heir in any case, the point of this legal exercise may have been to assure that the office of Great Chamberlain was included in the inheritance. Under Elizabeth the office would transfer without question, but rights to the office would become a matter of dispute in subsequent years.
Part X - Renewal 1592–1595
- Alan H. Nelson
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- Monstrous Adversary
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 28 July 2017
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- 31 December 2003, pp 336-354
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List of Illustrations
- Alan H. Nelson
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- Monstrous Adversary
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 28 July 2017
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- 31 December 2003, pp xi-xii
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61 - Rid of my Lord Oxford
- from Part IX - Reiteration 1586–1591
- Alan H. Nelson
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- Monstrous Adversary
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 28 July 2017
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- 31 December 2003, pp 311-318
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Summary
Even as Anne was laid to rest, a great Armada threatened England from across the Bay of Biscay. On 19 July 1588, about four weeks after Anne's interment, Spanish ships appeared off the coast of Cornwall and Devon.
The saga of the Spanish Armada is immense, surviving documentation vast. For our purposes it is enough to appreciate that the huge Spanish fleet was constantly harried by the English as it made its way along the south coast, prevented from landing at Portsmouth; it was then driven towards the sandbanks off Gravelines (near Calais) as it made a fruitless attempt to rendezvous with Parma, commander of Spanish land troops. A plan to tow barges full of Parma's men into the mouth of the Thames near Tilbury was thwarted not only by Parma's reluctance, but by the inherent difficulty of the enterprise, and by English fireships launched into the anchored Spanish fleet. By 29 July the Armada broke to the north, facing open seas, enormous distances, starvation, capture, and shipwreck, limping around Scotland and through the Irish Sea before finding safety in Spanish ports.
Evidence for Oxford's role in the battle of the Armada takes two separate forms: literary-historical reports and contemporary letters from Leicester. A modern recapitulation of the literary-historical thesis is given by Duff Hart-Davis, writing in 1988, the ‘Armada Year’:
… a huge wave of patriotism had sent volunteers pouring into the ports along the south coast, many of them physically alerted by the thunder of the day's engagement, which had been audible for miles inland. Just as the Spanish noblemen now drifting helplessly up the Channel had been drawn to join the Armada by dreams of loot and glory, so now young English bloods came flocking (in Hakluyt's description) ‘as unto a set field, where immortal fame and glory was to be attained, and faithful service performed unto their prince and country’.
Chief among them were the Earls of Oxford, Northumberland and Cumberland, Sir Thomas and Sir Robert Cecil, Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir William Hatton, besides many other knights and gentlemen.