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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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6 - Otitis Externa
- from Part I - Systems
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- By Theresa A. Gurney, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, Andrew H. Murr, Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, Chief of Service San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
- Edited by Rachel L. Chin, University of California, San Francisco
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- Book:
- Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases
- Published online:
- 15 December 2009
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- 30 June 2008, pp 37-38
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Summary
INTRODUCTION – AGENTS
Otitis externa (OE) or “swimmer's ear” is a relatively common infection of the pinna and/or external auditory canal. Most episodes of OE are caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Other bacterial etiologies include Staphylococcus aureus, other Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus, Proteus, and Klebsiella.
OE can occasionally be caused by fungi, most often Aspergillus species such as Aspergillus niger, flavus, and fumigatus. Candida albicans can also cause OE.
Less commonly, a herpetic viral etiology can cause OE, or an eruption of herpetic vesicles can become secondarily infected by bacteria.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Otitis externa occurs in both children and adults, and is often seen in months when swimming is a popular activity. This association may result from injury to the ear canal skin in the process of drying ears after swimming, which facilitates bacterial infection. Patients with chronic moisture in their ears are more susceptible to OE, and increased incidence is seen in warm, humid environments and seasons. Hearing aid wearers or frequent ear-plug users may also be at increased risk.
A history of trauma, laceration, or a recent intra-aural foreign body may be an inciting event. Overaggressive Q-tip users are frequent OE patients because of abrasion and subsequent infection of the ear canal. A careful history must be elicited in refractory cases, because although patients may have claimed that they have ceased using Q-tips, other objects such as pins, paper clips, and the ends of eyeglasses are often substituted.
10 - Deep Neck Space Infections
- from Part I - Systems
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- By Theresa A. Gurney, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, Andrew H. Murr, Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, Chief of Service San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
- Edited by Rachel L. Chin, University of California, San Francisco
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- Book:
- Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases
- Published online:
- 15 December 2009
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- 30 June 2008, pp 47-50
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Summary
INTRODUCTION – AGENTS
The head and neck contain a variety of fascial planes forming potential spaces for the spread of infection. If these spaces are seeded, infection may travel to vital structures such as the carotid artery, jugular vein, or mediastinum. Deep neck spaces include the submandibular, peritonsillar, parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, and prevertebral spaces.
The majority of deep neck space infections are caused by the organisms that frequently infect or colonize the upper aerodigestive tract. These include Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species, as well as bacteria commonly found in the oral cavity such as Bacteroides species, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Actinomyces, and Eikenella corrodens. Often these infections involve mixed flora.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Both adults and young children can develop deep neck space infections. Teenagers and young adults present with peritonsillar space abscesses more commonly than other age groups. A recent dental infection or procedure may be a predisposing factor for a submental or submandibular space infection (see Chapter 3, Dental and Odontogenic Infections). Intravenous or subcutaneous injection of illicit substances into neck veins or tissue also predisposes to neck infections.
CLINICAL FEATURES
The clinical features of a particular deep neck space infection will reflect the anatomic characteristics of the deep neck space involved (Table 10.1). A submandibular space infection may reveal a concomitant infection of the submandibular duct. Odontogenic infections can progress to submental or sublingual infections, and therefore a through dental examination is always indicated.
7 - Sinusitis
- from Part I - Systems
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- By Theresa A. Gurney, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, Andrew H. Murr, Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, Chief of Service San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
- Edited by Rachel L. Chin, University of California, San Francisco
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- Book:
- Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases
- Published online:
- 15 December 2009
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- 30 June 2008, pp 39-42
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Summary
INTRODUCTION – AGENTS
Causative agents of acute bacterial sinusitis are similar to those seen in other infections of the head and neck and include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Anaerobes are less frequently encountered in acute sinusitis but play a role in chronic sinusitis. Viruses can also cause acute rhinosinusitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Sinusitis is a common chronic condition for which patients seek physician attention in the United States. There are more than 25 million patient visits per year pertaining to sinus problems, including allergic rhinitis, viral upper respiratory infections, vasomotor rhinitis, bacterial rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyposis. Sinusitis occurs in patients of all ages but is more common in adults. Children with cystic fibrosis, however, are a unique population at much higher risk for sinus disease caused by atypical organisms, especially Pseudomonas.
CLINICAL FEATURES
The spectrum of acute to chronic sinusitis is mostly dependent on the duration of signs and symptoms. Acute sinusitis is defined as an infection that generally clears within 4 weeks. Chronic sinusitis is an infection that has been present for about 12 weeks despite treatment. Subacute sinusitis lasts longer than 4 weeks but less than 12 weeks. Recurrent acute sinusitis may be referred to as chronic (recurrent) sinusitis if a patient is afflicted with more than four infections in a year, each clearing completely (Tables 7.1 and 7.2).
11 - Mumps
- from Part I - Systems
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- By Theresa A. Gurney, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, Andrew H. Murr, Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, Chief of Service San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
- Edited by Rachel L. Chin, University of California, San Francisco
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- Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases
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- 15 December 2009
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- 30 June 2008, pp 51-52
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Once considered a common childhood illness, mumps has dramatically declined in incidence with the widespread usage of the mumps vaccine, though there have been significant sporadic outbreaks in the United States recently. Mumps is still a common disease in countries without widespread vaccination programs.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Mumps is an enveloped negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxovirus family. In the United States between 2001 and 2005, only 200–300 cases of mumps were diagnosed annually. Between January and May, 2006, however, there were more than 2,500 outbreaks in 11 states. Unvaccinated individuals are particularly at risk for infection, though the majority of outbreak cases have occurred among those who have been vaccinated and have not achieved immunity.
Current recommendations are that children receive a first dose of MMR vaccine at ages 12 to 15 months and a second dose at ages 4 to 6 years. Two doses of MMR vaccine are also recommended for students attending colleges and other post–high school institutions and who do not have proof of two prior doses or other evidence of immunity.
CLINICAL FEATURES
Patients with mumps commonly present with painful, bilateral parotid swelling (Figure 11.1). They may also have fevers, dry mucous membranes, dysphagia, and trismus (Table 11.1). On questioning, the patient may describe prodromal symptoms including malaise, fevers, and a sore throat. Milking of saliva along Stenson's duct should reveal clear saliva (purulent saliva suggests a bacterial etiology).
9 - Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
- from Part I - Systems
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- By Theresa A. Gurney, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, Andrew H. Murr, Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, Chief of Service San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
- Edited by Rachel L. Chin, University of California, San Francisco
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- Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases
- Published online:
- 15 December 2009
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Summary
INTRODUCTION – AGENTS
Pharyngitis and tonsillitis both are most frequently caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus). However, many other organisms have been cultured in pharyngitis and tonsillitis, including viridans group Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae. Oral flora such as Actinomyces can also be a bacterial etiology. It is not uncommon for the infection to be caused by a mix of aerobic and anaerobic flora.
Viruses with a predilection for the upper respiratory tract can also be causative and are, in fact, more prevalent. These include rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, adenovirus, enteroviruses, reovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, and coronaviruses. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is common and may be accompanied by extensive tonsillar exudates. Other etiologies include toxoplasmosis, candida, tularemia, and cytomegalovirus.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are most commonly seen in children and teenagers (though rarely in children under 2), and are not unusual in adults. In general, it is more likely for children than for adults to have a bacterial etiology of a sore throat. There is a peak incidence in Streptococcus pharyngitis from November to May.
CLINICAL FEATURES
Pharyngitis and tonsillitis both present with dysphagia, odynophagia, and a low-grade fever (Table 9.1). There may be erythema of the pharynx. In a tonsillar infection in which the many crevices (or crypts) harbor bacterial infection, patients may complain of bad breath and foul-tasting whitish lumps on the tonsils.
8 - Supraglottitis
- from Part I - Systems
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- By Theresa A. Gurney, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, Andrew H. Murr, Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, Chief of Service San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
- Edited by Rachel L. Chin, University of California, San Francisco
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- Book:
- Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases
- Published online:
- 15 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 30 June 2008, pp 43-44
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Summary
INTRODUCTION – AGENTS
Patients with supraglottitis may present to the acute care setting with complaints of a sore throat and difficulty breathing. These symptoms may reflect a self-limited upper respiratory infection (URI) or, infrequently, an impending airway emergency.
Supraglottitis describes inflammation of the supraglottic structures, which include the epiglottis, the false vocal cords and arytenoids, and the aryepiglottic folds. In the past these infections were all called epiglottitis, but supraglottitis is a more anatomically accurate description as the surrounding supraglottic structures are usually involved. The vallecula and tongue base, technically part of the oropharynx, may also be affected.
Haemophilus influenzae was previously the primary organism responsible for epiglottitis/supraglottitis. With the advent of the H. influenzae type B (HIB) vaccine and its widespread use, the overall incidence of supraglottitis and H. influenza as a causative organism has decreased significantly. Other causative etiologies include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes Staphylococcus species, and other Haemophilus species, such as Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Less commonly involved are bacteria such as Klebsiella or Pseudomonas, viruses, or Candida.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
In the past, young children made up the majority of cases of epiglottitis (see Chapter 49, Pediatric Respiratory Infections). With widespread HIB vaccination of the pediatric population, however, the disease is now more common in adults than children in the United States.
5 - Otitis Media
- from Part I - Systems
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- By Theresa A. Gurney, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, Andrew H. Murr, Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, Chief of Service San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
- Edited by Rachel L. Chin, University of California, San Francisco
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- Book:
- Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases
- Published online:
- 15 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 30 June 2008, pp 33-36
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Summary
INTRODUCTION – AGENTS
The majority of otitis media (OM) infections are caused by organisms commonly found in the upper aerodigestive tract, including the ears, nose, sinuses, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. These agents include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and less commonly, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Anaerobic bacteria may play a role in OM in the neonatal period. Viruses that infect the upper respiratory tract also frequently cause OM.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Young children compromise the majority of cases of OM. Children with craniofacial syndromes or trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) may be particularly prone to OM. Children with a cleft palate or submucous cleft palate are at high risk for persistent or recurrent acute OM.
Some adults also may be predisposed to OM, including those with HIV and concomitant adenoid hypertrophy that obstructs the eustachian tube orifice, as well as recipients of head and neck radiation. Additionally, certain ethnic groups, including Native Americans, have a higher incidence of OM. An otherwise healthy adult with persistent unilateral OM warrants additional work-up for a possible underlying malignancy.
CLINICAL FEATURES
Acute OM is one of the most frequently encountered otologic infections in children (Table 5.1). Young children may be inconsolable and will sometimes tug or pull on the affected ear, though this sign is very nonspecific in children under 2. They will often complain of pain or otalgia as a prominent symptom.
J - Jaw Swelling and Masses
- Edited by Bruce F. Scharschmidt
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- Book:
- Internal Medicine
- Published online:
- 04 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 27 August 2007, pp 878-882
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