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Contributors
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- By Cecil S. Ash, Paul Barach, Ulrike Buehner, M. Ross Bullock, Leonardo Canale, Henry G. Chou, Jeffrey A. Claridge, John J. Como, Armagan Dagal, Martin Dauber, James S. Davis, Shalini Dhir, François Donati, Roman Dudaryk, Richard P. Dutton, Talmage D. Egan, Yashar Eshraghi, John R. Fisgus, Jeff Gadsden, Sugantha Ganapathy, Mark A. Gerhardt, Inderjit Gill, Joseph F. Golob, Glenn P. Gravlee, Marcello Guglielmi, Jana Hambley, Peter Hebbard, Elena J. Holak, Khadil Hosein, Ken Johnson, Matthew A. Joy, George W. Kanellakos, Olga Kaslow, Arthur M. Lam, Vanetta Levesque, Jessica Anne Lovich-Sapola, M. Jocelyn Loy, Peter F. Mahoney, Donn Marciniak, Maureen McCunn, Craig C. McFarland, Maroun J. Mhanna, Timothy Moore, Cynthia Nguyen, Maxim Novikov, E. Orestes O’Brien, Ketan P. Parekh, Claire L. Park, Michael J. A. Parr, Elie Rizkala, Steven Roth, Alistair Royse, Colin Royse, Kasia Petelenz Rubin, David Ryan, Claire Sandstrom, Carl I. Schulman, Rishad Shaikh, Ranjita Sharma, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Peter Slinger, Charles E. Smith, Christopher Smith, Paul Soeding, Rakesh V. Sondekoppam, P. David Soran, Eldar Søreide, Elizabeth A. Steele, Kristian Strand, Dennis M. Super, Kutaiba Tabbaa, Nicholas T. Tarmey, Joshua M. Tobin, Kalpana Tyagaraj, Heather A. Vallier, Sandra Werner, Earl Willis Weyers, William C. Wilson, Shoji Yokobori, Charles J. Yowler
- Edited by Charles E. Smith
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- Book:
- Trauma Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 April 2015
- Print publication:
- 09 April 2015, pp vii-x
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Chapter 39 - From IPM to organic and sustainable agriculture
- Edited by Edward B. Radcliffe, University of Minnesota, William D. Hutchison, University of Minnesota, Rafael E. Cancelado
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- Book:
- Integrated Pest Management
- Published online:
- 01 September 2010
- Print publication:
- 11 December 2008, pp 489-505
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Summary
Agricultural production is moving from less to more sustainable practices. This is a response to changing cultural values that promote environmental stewardship and ensure a healthy planet for future generations. Producers supply and consumers demand a product that is economical and uncomplicated. Consequently, most agriculture is a monoculture, an oversimplified system where crops grow in neat rows with little genetic diversity. This structure invites pest and disease problems and urges over-reliance on synthetic pesticides. IPM, then, is an essential tool in reducing dependence on pesticides because IPM balances economic and environmental interests through biological and chemical controls (see Chapter 1). Pesticide-treated products and industrially driven systems are now less appealing because of greater attention paid to food quality and agricultural practices, a fact underscored by the 20% annual increase in organic food consumption in comparison to a 2% to 3% increase for industrially produced foods (US Department of Agriculture, 2005, 2007; National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2006). This rising public awareness makes organic and sustainable agriculture increasingly attractive, challenging existing IPM methods to bridge our desire to grow crops outside their natural habitats and our want of a healthier environment.
Definitions
Comprehensible definitions for the terms organic and sustainable were in order given the host of organizations actively concentrating agricultural, academic and marketing efforts in these areas. In 1990, the US Farm Bill and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) through the National Organic Program (NOP) defined organic production as a “system that is managed in accordance with the Act and regulations in this part to respond to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance and conserve biodiversity” (US Congress, 1990; Pollack & Lynch, 1991).