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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. 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Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
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Contributors
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- By Gareth Allen, Rowan Burnstein, Mick Cafferkey, Joseph Carter, Jonathan Cole, Giles Critchley, Marek Czosnyka, Egidio J. da Silva, Bruce Downey, Susan Dutch, Jonathan J. Evans, Peter Farling, Judith Fewings, Clare N. Gallagher, Helen M. K. Gooday, Arun K. Gupta, Adel Helmy, Camilla Herbert, David A. Hilton, Peter J. Hutchinson, Roisin Jack, Thérèse Jackson, Deva S. Jeyaretna, Peter J. Kirkpatrick, W. Hiu Lam, Fiona Lecky, Paul McArdle, Duncan McAuley, William W. McKinlay, Chris Maimaris, Alexander R. Manara, Anjum Memon, Patrick Mitchell, H. C. Patel, Brian Pentland, Puneet Plaha, Ann-Marie Pringle, Richard Protheroe, Heinke Pülhorn, Robert Redfern, Jane V. Russell, Ayan Sen, Martin Smith, Fiona Summers, Matthew J. C. Thomas, Elfyn O. Thomas, I. Timofeev, Lorna Torrens, Rikin A. Trivedi, Martin B. Walker, Laurence Watkins, Ruwan Alwis Weerakkody, Peter C. Whitfield, Maggie Whyte, Maralyn Woodford
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Aborigines and the Land
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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- Aboriginal Autonomy
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- 17 October 1994, pp 23-23
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18 - Negotiating future autonomy
- Herbert Cole Coombs
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Summary
THE ABORIGINAL DESIRE FOR AUTONOMY
Ideally, this final chapter should return to the two themes which seem to me to dominate Aboriginal society, their ways of thought and their plans for the future. These are, firstly, the autonomy which they see as vital to their own personal existence and, secondly, the reciprocal obligation to nurture and care for others within the social groups in which their Aboriginal identity will emerge and develop. Contemporary Aboriginal history can be viewed as a continuing effort to balance the personal and group tensions inherent in these two key principles of autonomy and nurture, and to realise and maintain them in the colonised pattern of life which dispossession has imposed on that history. The earlier chapters of this book, I believe, demonstrate that Aboriginal society remains strongly committed to the pursuit of autonomy for its people in their diverse individual and corporate lives, and to the acceptance of respect, responsibility and accountability for the rights and autonomy of others.
The events and initiatives described in these chapters demonstrate that in the years since the apparent ‘consensus’ in approach by the Whitlam and Fraser Governments, the direction of change has inexorably been towards greater independence for Aboriginal Australians. Despite the repudiation of that ‘consensus’, Aborigines have made by their own initiatives, intelligence and dedication, remarkable progress in the achievement of a lifestyle more healthy, more creative and more characteristically Aboriginal than has previously been possible since their dispossession.
16 - Education: taking control
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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EDUCATION AS ASSIMILATION
At present, the education system is felt by Aborigines to be an instrument of assimilation: children are there to be changed; to unlearn what their parents and kin have taught them; to be weaned away from the loyalties that have made them Aboriginal. The result is evident in the fundamental conflict that characterises black-white relationships throughout Australia. The importance of this source of conflict within the education system was highlighted by a task force of Aboriginal women who reported:
Differences in cultural values between the home and school manifest themselves on the very first day of school. The gaps in learning begin then and widen as Aboriginal children progress through schooling.
(Daylight and Johnstone 1986: 5)There is a widespread demand among teachers, especially Aboriginal teachers and those who are training them, for an independent professional review of the Aboriginal educational system. There are serious doubts about the wisdom of a system which places the highest levels of decision about education in the hands of politicians and their officials who see its purposes almost solely in terms of the needs of industrial and commercial employers for acquiescent employees, narrowly skilled to meet their needs, or who see education as the instrument to impose the drab uniformity of the managerial industrial society on all who pass through the school system.
12 - Aboriginal political leadership and the role of the National Aboriginal Conference
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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Edited version, published originally in H C Coombs, ‘The Role of the National Aboriginal Conference’, Report to the Honourable Clyde Holding, Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1984. Commonwealth of Australia copyright reproduced by permission.
REVIEWING THE NAC
The initiative taken by the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs in 1983, in sponsoring a review of the structure and functions of the National Aboriginal Conference (NAC) provides an opportunity to achieve significant change. The Minister expressed the desire to see a representative Aboriginal organisation at the national level which would be acknowledged in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal quarters as an effective agent of Aboriginal political initiative and to which he could turn for meaningful advice and debate. He also indicated a willingness to entrust greater power to this organisation; indeed, to make its operations a significant step towards self-determination. The Minister has drawn an analogy between the Aboriginal organisation he envisages and the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), the national political instrument of the industrial labour movement, and has suggested that there is a need in the Aboriginal movement for a similar overarching organisation whose relationships with other Aboriginal organisations would presumably be similar to those of the Federal Council of the ACTU to its constituent unions and State councils.
Such a body would be very different from the National Aboriginal Conference as at present structured.
The Recognition of Native Title
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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14 - Aboriginal initiatives on the land
- Herbert Cole Coombs
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- 17 October 1994, pp 156-170
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The anthropologist W E H Stanner has argued that ever since it became apparent that Europeans were here to stay and that Aborigines lacked the fire power to prevent them, Aborigines have had a conscious agenda directed at a ‘composition’ with the invaders. There was then no way that this agenda could be articulated as a basis for negotiation and in any case, the fire power was generally in the hands of an enemy interested only in final solutions. However after killing, disease and starvation had eliminated major resistance, the needs of the pastoralists made it possible for the Aboriginal agenda for a composition to be expressed increasingly in Aboriginal actions – in what they did and what they refrained from doing.
In this chapter I draw attention to some instances of Aboriginal initiative and innovation which provide information about the Aboriginal agenda for the achievement of such a composition. It is only when white society becomes aware of that agenda and its purposes that reconciliation can become a meaningful objective. There could be many instances which would serve that purpose. Those which I have chosen are instances where their character and their compatibility have to some extent become clear. They are also ones in which I personally have been involved. This is not to suggest that my involvement was especially significant, but that it ensured that my account of the instances is based to a greater or lesser degree on personal observation.
Aboriginal Autonomy
- Issues and Strategies
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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After more than two hundred years, one of the most important moral issues facing Australian society in the 1990s remains the need for reconciliation with its indigenous people. In this selection of essays, H. C. Coombs reflects on the nature of Aboriginal identity and the importance of autonomy for Australia's Aboriginal people. He also suggests strategies by which self-determination might be achieved in practice. Many of the chapters have been written especially for this volume - including one in which Dr Coombs makes a thoughtful and provocative contribution to the Mabo debate, linking the High Court's historic 1992 decision on native title to prospects for Aboriginal autonomy. Dr Coombs writes with the conviction that 'mainstream' Australia stands to gain as much, if not more, than Aboriginal people from the fulfilment of Aboriginal aspirations. It is a personal and passionate plea for a just society, from one of white Australia's most influential and eloquent advocates of self-determination for its indigenous people.
Select Bibliography of work by H.C. Coombs
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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1 - The making of Aboriginal identity
- Herbert Cole Coombs
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A CERTAIN HERITAGE
In the early eighties I worked with Maria Brandl, an anthropologist, and Warren Snowdon, a teacher and political activist, on a project to prepare for the Minister for Social Security, Senator Margaret Guilfoyle, a volume to help public servants and others involved with Aboriginal people and their children understand something of those among whom they were to work. The volume was called A Certain Heritage and was dedicated
… to those public servants in Australia who seek to understand Aboriginality and to accommodate it.
(Coombs et al. 1983: iii)Maria, who alone among us was a professional anthropologist, was our guide in developing an awareness of the existence, the strength and the persistence of that heritage among the various groups of Aborigines. She also made it possible for us to recognise how little public policy and its programs, including those in which we ourselves had been involved, were based on an understanding of the content of that heritage and how, so far from accommodating Aboriginality, they worked to weaken and destroy it.
The book reviewed the Aboriginal heritage – social and cultural – recognising many components which have become, at least to some degree, part of the public image of Aboriginal people.
Acknowledgments
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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Appendix: The Eva Valley Statement
- Herbert Cole Coombs
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1. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people held their first national meeting at Eva Valley in the Northern Territory, 3–5 August 1993, to formulate a response to the High Court decision on native title. It was resolved to present the Eva Valley Statement to the Prime Minister.
2. There is an urgent need for this Statement which follows to be considered by all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. We reject the Commonwealth Government's position on the proposed legislation. We want legislation based on native title to advance Aboriginal rights to land. The Federal Government proposal does not. The government must only move on this issue with the support of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The development of any legislation regarding the Commonwealth Government's response to the High Court's decision on native title will need the full and free participation and consent of those peoples concerned.
4 - The implications of land rights
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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Summary
Originally published as ‘Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies Working Paper No. 9’, CRES, Australian National University, Canberra, 1978.
THE LAND RIGHTS MOVEMENT
The land rights movement basically expresses the desire of Aborigines to acquire title to, and control of, land which they regard as theirs by traditional right and with which they identify in a complex and spiritually charged manner. By logical extension it comprehends their desire, when links with their ancestral lands have been broken or cannot be demonstrated, to gain title to other land for their own economic and social purposes. Accordingly, it also includes calls to be compensated for the loss of land which was taken from their ancestors by force and without treaty or compensation, and for the destruction of the way of life which had sustained those ancestors for more than 40,000 years.
It is a movement being expressed in political action not merely by Aborigines, but by influential elements in white Australian society. It had initial success during the period of the Whitlam Government when legislation based on the report of the Woodward Commission (1973, 1974) was introduced, but did not become law before that government was replaced. The incoming Fraser Government, however, legislated on substantially similar lines. Since then, the movement has encountered increasing resistance.
The Aboriginal World View
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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- Aboriginal Autonomy
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- 17 October 1994, pp 1-1
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Asserting Autonomy: Recent Aboriginal Initiatives
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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- Aboriginal Autonomy
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- 17 October 1994, pp 155-155
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3 - Warlpiri land use and management
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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- Aboriginal Autonomy
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- 17 October 1994, pp 32-38
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Summary
Originally presented as a submission to the Aboriginal Land Commissioner, Mr Justice Toohey, for the Warlpiri and Kartangarurru–Kurintji land claim in 1978. Subsequently published as ‘Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies Working Paper No. 8’, CRES, Australian National University, Canberra, 1978.
BACKGROUND
From my association since 1967 with Aboriginal Australians I have become aware, firstly, of the strength of the association between them and the land with which their clan or family group is identified and secondly, how important it is to them that their title to those lands be acknowledged in Australian law. More recently, as a result of my interest in environmental matters my attention has been drawn to fears held by some conservationists that Aborigines, armed and equipped as they now can be with contemporary weapons of destruction and transporting themselves in motor vehicles, would damage as ruthlessly as white men the environment and the wildlife of land over which they might gain title. These fears have led some conservationists to oppose the acknowledgment of Aboriginal title to lands which have been, or are proposed to be, reserved as national parks or wildlife sanctuaries. Some of them have spoken against the current land claim by Warlpiri and Kartangarurru–Kurintji peoples currently before this land claim tribunal on these grounds.
15 - Initiatives in Aboriginal political organisation
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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- Aboriginal Autonomy
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- 17 October 1994, pp 171-186
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SOME EARLY GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
After the referendum of 1967 I was approached by the then Prime Minister, Harold Holt, for advice about an appropriate organisation to guide his government in the much neglected area of Aboriginal affairs. In relation to this new responsibility I recommended that the government should not rush a decision on this matter of organisation, but should initially appoint a small council supported by an office with a strong research basis, to study the nature of the problems it would face and advise the government in relation to policies and the administrative and executive means by which they might be carried out. My early contact with the administration of Aboriginal affairs in the Northern Territory and Queensland, in both of which the tendency for separatism and paternalistic dominance seemed strong, convinced me that unless the council and office were free of executive responsibility they could not avoid being identified with the status quo and would, as a consequence, be inhibited in the advocacy of change. I hoped the council could develop an independent but influential role, seeking to mould policy and administration widely by the quality of its research, knowledge of and links with Aborigines and by persuasiveness, rather than authority.
Accordingly, in September of 1967 the Council and the Office of Aboriginal Affairs were set up and I was appointed chairman.
Index
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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- Aboriginal Autonomy
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- 17 October 1994, pp 247-251
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Aborigines, Resources and Development
- Herbert Cole Coombs
- Foreword by Mick Dodson
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- Aboriginal Autonomy
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- 17 October 1994, pp 85-85
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