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This authoritative new book provides a comprehensive overview of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in hematopoietic cell transplantation, explaining key concepts, successes, controversies and challenges. The authors and editors discuss current and future strategies for major challenges, such as graft-versus-host-disease, including new prophylaxis and treatments. They also discuss long-term complications, such as second malignancies and cardiovascular complications. Chapters are written by leading world experts, carefully edited to achieve a uniform and accessible writing style. Each chapter includes evidence-based explanations and state-of-the-art solutions, providing the reader with practice-changing advice. Full reference lists are also supplied to facilitate further exploration of each topic. Each copy of the printed book is packaged with a password, giving readers online access to all text and images. This inspiring resource demystifies both the basics and subtleties of hematopoietic cell transplantation, and is essential reading for both senior clinicians and trainees.
This is an essential guide to the data, basic science, outcome studies and decision-making processes involved in blood and marrow stem cell transplantation. Organized according to disease types and procedures, it contains more than 100 tables, figures and algorithms that reflect up-to-date research and give guidance on the choices between different types of chemotherapy, autologous vs. allogeneic transplantation, peripheral blood vs. bone marrow stem cells, and standard vs. experimental treatments. This new edition summarizes the research of the last four years and gives mature data for all established indications, such as acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. New chapters discuss global trends in stem cell transplantation, cellular therapies including donor lymphocytes, and pediatric neurologic and metabolic disorders. With an expanded complications section, links to electronic databases and discussion of new drugs and alternative stem cell sources, this text belongs in every transplant unit.
The last 15 years have seen a major change, expansion, and improvement in the discipline of clinical bone marrow and blood stem cell transplantation. Unifying bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell transplants, the term hematopoietic cell transplantation has been proposed. New data have become available to support the decision for or against transplantation. The future has started already. Basic science has made progress: new genes and microRNAs have been characterized as risk factors in the outcomes of hematologic malignancies. The involvement of natural killer cells in the graft-versus-tumor reactions has been recognized. New cell populations like dendritic cells and mesenchymal stem cells have been characterized. Clinical science has made progress. New indications for transplants have been developed and evaluated. Examples are renal cell cancer, autoimmune disorders, and amyloidosis. New stem cell sources (e.g., from cord blood) were implemented. Owing to sophisticated typing methods, unrelated transplants have become safer. Because of increased donor numbers, matched unrelated transplants can now be offered to more than 70% of patients who do not have a family match. Old indications (breast cancer) have become obsolete or are being reevaluated (chronic myelogenous leukemia) because of advances in the nontransplant arena. In the first edition of this book, transplant for multiple myeloma was put into context against “conventional” treatments. Now, autologous transplant has become the standard of care for multiple myeloma, which has to compete and will join forces with antiangiogenic agents or proteasome inhibitors. New treatment protocols for older patients or those who have significant comorbidities were introduced (reduced-intensity conditioning).
ALL-L1: MPO-negative, with small cells predominating. Cells have a high nuclear–cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio (scant amount of cytoplasm), regular nuclear borders, and inconspicuous nucleoli. Tdt is usually positive
ALL-L2: MPO-negative heterogeneous population, often with larger blasts. The cells have a low N/C ratio (moderate amount of cytoplasm), with irregular nuclear borders and prominent nucleoli. Tdt is usually positive
ALL-L3, Burkitt type: MPO-negative, homogeneous population of large blasts. The cells have a moderate amount of deeply basophilic cytoplasm and prominent cytoplasmic vacuolation. The nuclei are regular, with one or more prominent nucleoli. The blasts are Tdt-negative and may be associated with t(2;8), t(8;14), or t(8;22) chromosomal abnormalities
Immune phenotype classification
ALL is also classified on the basis of the cell surface immune phenotype:
T-ALL
B-ALL, also designated as mature ALL
Pre-B-ALL
Pre-pre-B-ALL (or pro-B-ALL)
Note: “Null ALL” (CD10-, non-B, non-T, with expression of early B-cell antigens, e.g., CD19) predominantly represents pre-pre-B-ALL. The term “null ALL” is no longer in use.
Many conventional chemotherapy protocols for ALL currently stratify treatment according to risk status. This status, in turn, is determined by the immune phenotype and cytogenetic abnormality present.