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Editorial
- Penny Andrews, Marc Hertogh, Jane Holder, David Nelken
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- International Journal of Law in Context / Volume 10 / Issue 1 / March 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 January 2014, pp. 1-4
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- By Nozomi Akanuma, Gonzalo Alarcón, R. Arunachalam, Sarah H. Bernard, Frank M. C. Besag, Istvan Bodi, Stephen Brown, Franz Brunnhuber, Antonella Cerquiglini, J. Helen Cross, R. Shane Delamont, Archana Desurkar, Lee Drummond, Rona Eade, Robert D. C. Elwes, Bidi Evans, Peter Fenwick, Colin D. Ferrie, Paul L. Furlong, Laura H. Goldstein, Sally Gomersall, Sushma Goyal, Jane Hanna, Yvonne Hart, Dominic C. Heaney, Graham E. Holder, Mrinalini Honavar, Elaine Hughes, Jozef M. Jarosz, John G. R. Jefferys, Jane Juler, Mathias Koepp, Michalis Koutroumanidis, Maureen Lahiff, Louis Lemieux, David McCormick, Brian Meldrum, John D. C. Mellers, Nicholas Moran, John Moriarty, Robin G. Morris, Nandini Mullatti, Lina Nashef, Jennifer Nightingale, T. J. von Oertzen, Corina O'Neill, Philip N. Patsalos, Stella Pearson, Charles E. Polkey, Ronit Pressler, Edward H. Reynolds, Mark P. Richardson, Leone Ridsdale, Robert Robinson, Greg Rogers, Euan M. Ross, Richard P. Selway, Stefano Seri, Simeran Sharma, Graeme J. Sills, Andrew Simmons, Shiri Spector, Mark Stevenson, Jade N. Thai, Brian Toone, Antonio Valentín, Nuria T. Villagra, Matthew Walker, William Whitehouse
- Edited by Gonzalo Alarcón, King's College London, Antonio Valentín, King's College London
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- Introduction to Epilepsy
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- 05 July 2012
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- 26 April 2012, pp xii-xv
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Spatializing Law: An Anthropological Geography of Law in Society - Edited byFranz von Benda-Beckmann, Keebet von Benda-Beckmann and Anne Griffiths, Farnham, Ashgate, 2009. 225pp. incl index. ISBN978-0-7546-7291-3£65.00 hardback
- Jane Holder
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- International Journal of Law in Context / Volume 6 / Issue 3 / September 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 August 2010, pp. 315-318
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Locality, environment and law: the case of town and village greens*
- Donald McGillivray, Jane Holder
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- International Journal of Law in Context / Volume 3 / Issue 1 / March 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 July 2007, pp. 1-17
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In this paper we explore one type of commons – town and village greens – which are an important feature of the rural and, increasingly, the urban, English landscape. Greens are an ancient form of commons, but they are increasingly recognised as having contemporary significance, particularly because of their potential to act as a reservoir for natural resources and their enjoyment. They are, in other words, emerging out of a ‘feudal box’. We focus on the fact that town and village greens are recognised in law by their association with a group of people defined by their physical proximity to the land which is to be registered. Although this does not in itself constitute a community, the law requires for the registration of land as a town or village green a certain degree of organisation and self-selection and this has in the past fostered both a sense of subjective belief in ‘belonging’, as well as exclusion (the rights of local people being potentially ‘diluted’ by the use of the land by those from outside the locality). As well as helping to produce and recognise community and community identity, then, commons may simultaneously produce the conditions for disassociation and exclusion. In this context, we consider how law defines and upholds notions of locality, and also the ways in which an increasingly powerful environmental discourse might be seen to challenge the primacy given to locality as a way of defining and creating greens and, more generally, the practical effects of this on how decisions are made about preserving these spaces as ‘common’. We consider the scope of the public trust doctrine as providing an example of how law is capable of accommodating ideas of shared nature and natural resources, in this case providing a form of public ownership over natural resources. Whilst our analysis is rooted firmly in the law relating to town and village greens in England and Wales, this body of law displays certain important features more broadly applicable to a range of other types of common land, and raises more general issues about how law supports certain interests in land, often to the exclusion of others.
Preface
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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- Environmental Protection, Law and Policy
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 July 2007, pp xli-xlvi
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A book about environmental law fits remarkably well in the Law in Context series. Understanding environmental problems, even at a simple level, requires some appreciation of the concepts and methods employed by disciplines other than law. In turn, the law is shaped by the results of research in these different fields, with legal regulation and legal activities (for example standard setting, enforcement, prosecution) supported and legitimated by the work of biologists, chemists, economists, engineers, geneticists and physicists. As Dan Farber states, ‘it has long been a cliché that environmental regulation operates on the frontier of science’. But, importantly, environmental law is also underpinned by cultural assumptions, the sources of which – philosophies, popular culture, ecological theories – are diverse and sometimes obscure, but arguably no less influential than those from the more traditional scientific domains. A contextual approach to environmental law is therefore less a choice of research methodology, and more an imperative arising from the subject itself. The title of this book, Environmental Protection, Law and Policy, is a deliberate reflection of this, emphasising the political context, or policy world, from which environmental law is drawn and nourished, and also making clear that law is but one aspect of ‘environmental protection’. Philip Selznick has highlighted these and other aspects of a law in context approach – not specifically with regard to environmental law, but many of his observations are highly pertinent to the approach that we have adopted in writing this book.
Part II - The EU Context
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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- Environmental Protection, Law and Policy
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 July 2007, pp 135-142
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In this Part of the book we embed environmental law and policy in a European context. This context is made up of a complex of European law and policy-making institutions and adjudication and enforcement bodies. The relationship between European Union (EU) law and policy in this context is highly intricate and politically charged (both at the EU and Member State levels) such that the line between non-binding legal instruments and areas of policy ‘hardened’ up over time to create firm obligations is at times difficult to draw. Key principles (for example precaution) also appear to straddle the law–policy divide: although their legal nature is somewhat uncertain, they do feature in the European Community (EC) Treaty's Title on the Environment, and the Court of First Instance (CFI) and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) have been prepared to assess the actions of both the EU institutions and the Member States by reference to them. The status of ‘principles’, and the absence of a hard definition, both makes them important policy guidance and suggests that they are not likely to play a very strong role in judicial review. A sense of the complexity of the institutional arrangements, and the relationship between law and policy, is provided by Damian Chalmers.
7 - ‘Globalisation’ and international trade
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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- Environmental Protection, Law and Policy
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 July 2007, pp 264-318
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Introduction: the international trading system
Environmental law is often described as a still ‘young’ discipline, and the law of sustainable development is barely in its infancy. Trade law has deeper foundations. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) came into effect in 1947, when ‘environment’ simply did not exist as a policy issue. As environment and sustainable development entered the political radar screen in the 1970s, the United Nations (UN) was seen as a more appropriate forum for their international development than the GATT. The societal and environmental relevance of trade rules has only slowly become clear, and environmental concern is being accommodated within those rules even more slowly.
Environmental lawyers often approach trade as a threat to environmental protection. Trade rules can constrain the autonomy of states (or the European Union (EU)) to set standards pursuing social objectives such as public health or environmental protection; and even when states join together in treaties promoting environmental protection, the relationship between core trade law and those ‘multi-lateral environmental agreements’ (MEAs) is uncertain. And the effects of trade liberalisation go beyond regulatory effects: transport of goods around the world has obvious environmental implications. And ‘free trade’ promises greater production and consumption – all things being equal, increasing pollution and resource use.
9 - Licensing as a regulatory technique: the example of integrated pollution prevention and control
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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- Environmental Protection, Law and Policy
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 July 2007, pp 352-380
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Introduction
In this chapter we examine the most traditional and prevalent tool through which environmental regulators exercise ongoing control over regulated parties, that is the licence (or authorisation or permit – the terms seem to be used indiscriminately in legislation). We consider elsewhere other areas of environmental law that have licensing at their centre (e.g. water in Chapter 10, waste in Chapter 11, planning in Chapter 13). Here though, we examine in detail the permitting scheme under the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive, using it as an opportunity to study in detail one particular system of licensing. Direct regulation by licensing is at the core of the regime: Art. 4 requires Member States to ‘take the necessary measures to ensure that no new installation is operated without a permit issued in accordance with this Directive’. The study of the IPPC Directive allows us to examine a number of features of licensing regimes more generally, including for example, in section 4, the use of a variety of ‘standards’. As well as being a good example of a permitting system, the IPPC Directive is also much more, simultaneously responding to certain concerns about direct environmental regulation (and indeed about European Community (EC) environmental regulation), as we will see; in part this is about flexibility, but we will also discuss the IPPC Directive's use of procedure to control flexibility, including procedures that encourage learning and reflection and participatory procedures, as discussed in Chapter 3.
5 - Multi-level decision making: the EU and GMOs
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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- Environmental Protection, Law and Policy
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 July 2007, pp 186-210
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Introduction
The regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has a rather fraught history in the European Union (EU), becoming embroiled in the profound political, ethical and social choices implied by the technology. As discussed in Chapter 2, the regulation of GMOs at EU level fell into disarray in 1998. Intense public concern about GMOs, coupled with an inappropriately technical and ultimately centralised decision making process, led to a moratorium on authorisations from 1998. Rather than seeking either to enforce the existing legislation, or to regularise the moratorium, the EU institutions put intensive efforts into negotiating a new legislative framework for the regulation of GMOs. The ideal sought was the creation of a system that would respond more effectively to public concern, whilst simultaneously allowing in principle the possibility of widespread GM agriculture in the EU. The effort to compromise between ‘pro’ and ‘anti’ GM sentiments (and the success of this compromise is still to be seen) led to the negotiation of politically contentious and legally complex legislation – the subject of this chapter.
The regulation of GMOs in the EU involves, in most cases, and certainly the most controversial cases, a centralised, Community-level decision on whether particular GMOs should be marketed in the EU. Once the decision has been taken, it applies throughout the EU: free movement of goods applies. In many respects the centralised authorisation procedure is rather unusual in EC environmental law.
Part III - The International Context
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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- Book:
- Environmental Protection, Law and Policy
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 19 July 2007, pp 211-216
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Summary
This is not a book about international law. However, to ignore the global dimension to contemporary environmental law would be almost wilfully misleading. In this Part, rather than attempting to describe and analyse international environmental law and international decision making processes, we focus on two issues in the international arena that are of particular salience for domestic and European environmental lawyers: the evolution of the concept of ‘sustainable development’ and the relationship between international trade rules and environmental protection.
International action to protect the environment rests on the commonplace reality that environmental problems respect no borders: pollution travels, and the degradation of certain environmental resources, such as the rainforests or atmospheric ozone, have immediate and more indirect global impacts. And just as environmental problems are increasingly global, so is a global solution increasingly necessary: one state's response to climate change, for example, is meaningless in isolation.
World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 4–5 (The Brundtland Report)
Until recently, the planet was a large world in which human activities and their effects were neatly compartmentalized within nations, within sectors (energy, agriculture, trade), and within broad areas of concern (environmental, economic, social). These compartments have begun to dissolve. This applies in particular to the various global ‘crises’ that have seized public concern, particularly over the past decade. […]
Table of EU legislation
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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4 - The development and state of EU environmental law and policy
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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Introduction
The EU is currently engaged in far-reaching regulatory activity over a broad range of areas relating to environmental protection, many of which are not confined to the borders of Europe – pollution control, nature conservation and biodiversity, town and country planning, waste (including the ‘end of life’ of some products), ozone depletion, regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), protection of endangered species and rainforests, and climate change. This accretion of environmental law has been a key trend in the European Community (EC) since the early 1970s, when the (then) European Economic Community (EEC) pledged in its First Environmental Action Programme (1973) primarily to enact legislation to combat existing pollution. This was a significant goal, but of only marginal importance when compared to the over-riding aims of the European body politic at that time, which was concerned with fostering economic growth and competition in the Community by the establishment of a common market. Nevertheless, during its relatively short history, the environmental law of the EC has deployed the full scope of available legal instruments and regulatory techniques over a wide range of policy areas. Importantly, EC environmental law has also operated as a testing ground for principles (particularly subsidiarity and integration) and regulatory techniques (most notably environmental impact assessment (EIA)) before they have been applied to the core areas of Community policy.
14 - Environmental assessment
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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Introduction
In this chapter we consider a different technique of environmental protection from those discussed so far: environmental assessment. As a procedural requirement that the likely effects of policies, plans and projects be taken into account before authorisation is granted, environmental assessment is strikingly different from substantive and prescriptive measures, which have until recently made up the bulk of modern environmental law. A type of assessment now pervades most environmental decision making. The form of environmental assessment has also been appropriated for use in areas which are not usually defined as ‘environmental’, for example in determining the likely impact (in social and economic terms) of a piece of proposed legislation, or the possible effects of changes to family structures.
The remarkable evolution of environmental assessment as a foundation for decision making reflects many of the developments in environmental law that we have discussed throughout this book – the development of integrated and preventive methods of control, the fostering of responsibility (or stewardship) for the environment, and the growing acceptance of the validity of pre-emptive or even precautionary measures. Environmental assessment also increasingly provides a vehicle for enhancing public participation in environmental decision making. The hopeful expectation is that this encourages some qualitative comment on the suitability of particular projects or policies capable of supporting, balancing or even countering scientific information about possible effects on the environment which has traditionally made up the bulk of information fed into decision making procedures as we discuss in Chapter 1, pp. 12–34.
6 - Sustainable development: quality of life and the future
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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Introduction
‘Sustainable development’ has been an enormously influential concept in environmental law since at least the early 1980s. The World Commission on Environment and Development published the seminal work on sustainable development, Our Common Future (more commonly known as the ‘Brundtland Report’, after its chair) in 1987. The Brundtland Report has been built on at an international level, most prominently by the United Nations Convention on Environment and Development (the famous Rio Earth Conference) in 1992, and more recently by the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. Sustainable development is now extraordinarily widely accepted and supported across the world. We begin this chapter by discussing the evolution of sustainable development through international law. The most widely quoted ‘definition’ of sustainable development comes from the Brundtland Report, according to which sustainable development is development that ‘meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (pp. 8 and 43). The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development provides an alternative in its reference to ‘the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development – economic development, social development and environmental protection’ (para. 5), although this three-pillared approach is an evolution of earlier approaches, rather than a break with the past.
Sustainable development has clearly entered the political and academic mainstream, and those interested in environmental law cannot afford to ignore questions of sustainable development.
Table of legislation
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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8 - The institutional architecture of pollution control
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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Introduction
Pollution has long been a concern of government, property owners and citizens, and law has been laid down in response for centuries. But Britain was the first country to industrialise, and, by the mid nineteenth century, the effects of pollution were no longer limited by the scale of polluting activities and the size of cities. Cities began to swell, London becoming ‘the murky, modern Babylon’, Manchester ‘a Babel built of brick’, its warehouses ‘Babylonian monuments’. In the next section of this chapter we outline the development of a legal response to polluting activities in the nineteenth century.
If the nineteenth century can be usefully identified as marking the beginning of a focussed response to pollution control, the late 1960s are generally identified as the beginning of a focussed and conscious environmental awareness, moving (at least in principle) beyond the Victorian concern with private property and public health. The modern era of environmental law is usually dated from the early 1970s. ‘Environmental’ law, however, is part of a slow historical process, not a sudden development. The early measures of pollution control reflected the ad hoc nature of the public pressures that stimulated their development, which were primarily focussed on the protection of property and public health. Towards the end of the 1960s, a more self-consciously and recognisably ‘environmental’ awareness developed among the public, and that demanded a more focussed government response.
Frontmatter
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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Contents
- Jane Holder, University College London, Maria Lee, University College London
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Environmental Protection, Law and Policy
- Text and Materials
- 2nd edition
- Jane Holder, Maria Lee
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This 2007 book examines environmental law from a range of perspectives, emphasising the policy world from which environmental law is drawn and nourished. Those working within the discipline of environmental law need to engage with concepts and methods employed by disciplines other than law. The authors analyse the ways in which legal activities are supported and legitimated by work in traditional scientific or technical domains, as well as by certain more obscure but also influential cultural or philosophical assumptions. A range of regulatory techniques is explored in this book, through a close examination of both pollution control and land use. The highly complex nature of current environmental problems, demanding sophisticated and responsive legal controls, is illustrated by several in-depth case studies, including legal and policy analysis of the highly contested issues of genetically modified organisms and renewable energy projects.