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- By Naila A. Ahmad, Dua M. Anderson, Jennifer Aunspaugh, Sabrina T. Bent, Adam Broussard, Staci Cameron, Rahul Dasgupta, Ravinder Devgun, Ofer N. Eytan, Sean H. Flack, Terry G. Fletcher, Charles James Fox, Mary Elise Fox, Scott Friedman, Louise K. Furukawa, Sonja Gennuso, Stanley M. Hall, Hani Hanna, Jacob Hummel, James E. Hunt, Ranu Jain, Joe R. Jansen, Deepa Kattail, Alan David Kaye, David J. Krodel, Gregory J. Latham, Sungeun Lee, Michael G. Levitzky, Alexander Y. Lin, Carl Lo, Hoa N. Luu, Camila Lyon, Kelly A. Machovec, Lizabeth D. Martin, Maria Matuszczak, Patrick S. McCarty, Brenda C. McClain, J. Grant McFadyen, Helen Nazareth, Dolores B. Njoku, Christina M. Pabelick, Shannon M. Peters, Amit Prabhakar, Michael Richards, Kasia Rubin, Joel A. Saltzman, Lisgelia Santana, Gabriel Sarah, Katherine Stammen, John Stork, Kim M. Strupp, Lalitha V. Sundararaman, Rosalie F. Tassone, Douglas R. Thompson, Nicole C. P. Thompson, Paul A. Tripi, Jacqueline L. Tutiven, Navyugjit Virk, Stacey Watt, B. Craig Weldon, Maria Zestus
- Edited by Alan David Kaye, Louisiana State University, Charles James Fox, Tulane University School of Medicine, Louisiana, James H. Diaz, Louisiana State University
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- Essentials of Pediatric Anesthesiology
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- 05 November 2014
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- 16 October 2014, pp ix-xii
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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8 - Glossary
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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- 05 June 2012
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- 02 July 2007, pp 180-209
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Summary
UGARITIC LEXICOGRAPHY
The resources for the student in Ugaritic lexicography are quickly becoming quite abundant with the recent publication of G. del Olmo Lete and J. Sanmartín's, A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition [DULAT] (2002). Indeed, the field has advanced so quickly that even W. Watson's survey of the field in the 1999 Handbook of Ugaritic Studies is slightly out of date. The study of the Ugaritic lexicon is now aided by much more complete resources in other Semitic languages, e.g., Chicago Assyrian Dictionary; Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. And, the Hebrew lexicon by Koehler and Baumgartner includes extensive etymological comparisons.
In spite of advances in lexicography, difficulties in Ugaritic lexicography remain. These problems are easy to understand, but difficult to overcome. The corpus of Ugaritic alphabetic texts is rather limited, and texts are often broken or have limited context. The poetic texts, in particular, often lack context that would help establish precise meanings. Moreover, the nature of poetry as a genre lends itself to ambiguity. The lack of vowels also makes it difficult to establish the exact word. Fortunately, a large number of words are known from cognate languages. In this glossary, we systematically provide cognates from Akkadian and Hebrew for pedagogical reasons. One needs to remember, however, that Ugaritic is not Akkadian or Hebrew.
Introduction
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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- 05 June 2012
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Summary
This primer for is intended for the beginning student. It introduces the language and literature of ancient Ugarit and provides some historical and social contexts. As the student advances in the study of Ugaritic language and literature, it will be necessary to learn to use the plethora of scholarly resources now available.
The pedagogy of this primer is guided by two questions. The first is what does the modern student of Ugaritic know when they come to learn Ugaritic and how can we build on that? The second is what would an ancient Ugaritic scribe have known and how would the Ugaritic language reflect it? The first question contextualizes the study of Ugaritic from the modern student's perspective. The second question contextualizes Ugarit from the ancient scribe's perspective.
We began this primer from the practical experience of teaching. Typically, the student who studies Ugaritic knows Hebrew. This is certainly the case for the students from the Claremont School of Theology, Fuller Seminary, and UCLA who were used as guinea pigs for this primer. At UCLA, there have also been students whose main languages were Akkadian, Hurrian, Hittite, and Egyptian. With this in mind, the primer does not presume knowledge of Hebrew or Akkadian; however, the more Semitic languages that a student brings to the study of the Ugaritic language, the easier it will be to begin to understand the Ugaritic texts.
A Primer on Ugaritic
- Language, Culture and Literature
- William M. Schniedewind, Joel H. Hunt
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- 05 June 2012
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- 02 July 2007
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A Primer on Ugaritic is an introduction to the language of the ancient city of Ugarit, a city that flourished in the second millennium BCE on the Lebanese coast, placed in the context of the culture, literature, and religion of this ancient Semitic culture. The Ugaritic language and literature was a precursor to Canaanite and serves as one of our most important resources for understanding the Old Testament and the Hebrew language. Special emphasis is placed on contextualization of the Ugaritic language and comparison to ancient Hebrew as well as Akkadian. The book begins with a general introduction to ancient Ugarit, and the introduction to the various genres of Ugaritic literature is placed in the context of this introduction. The language is introduced by genre, beginning with prose and letters, proceeding to administrative, and finally introducing the classic examples of Ugaritic epic. A summary of the grammar, a glossary, and a bibliography round out the volume.
7 - Grammatical Precís
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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Summary
ORTHOGRAPHY
The Ugaritic alphabet consists of 30 cuneiform signs:
ʾ(ʾa ʾi ʾu) b g d ḏ h w z ḥ ḫ ṭ ẓ y k l m n s ṣ ʿǵ p ṣ q r š t ṯ.
This order is used in most dictionaries as well as in the glossary of this primer. Ugaritic school texts (see §2.4.2; Figure 2.1), which were discovered after Ugaritic scholars had established the above order, which follows the Hebrew alphabet apart from the additional letters, used a slightly different order.
The alphabet does not indicate vowels except for the three aleph-signs. Two of these graphemes (ʾi ʾu) occur at the end the alphabet in school tablets, which suggests that the first aleph sign (ʾa) was original and omnivalent and that at a later stage in the language two symbols were added to differentiate vowels following a glottal catch (i.e., the aleph). This is an early application of matres lectionis, or vowel letters. The three alephs reflect the following vowel (whether short or long), except when the aleph closes the syllable (i.e., has no following vowel), in which case the ʾi-aleph is used.
Index
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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- 05 June 2012
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- 02 July 2007, pp 222-226
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9 - Resources for Further Study
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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Summary
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
This primer is intended only to guide a student through the first semester of a course in Ugaritic. We realize that many students will not go much further. Here we offer a selected annotated bibliography for those students who desire further study. This bibliography is not complete, but it should give the student more than enough resources to begin further study. Some students will also know (or should soon be studying) European languages that are necessary for scholarly research into Ugaritic. We have given some annotation to the more significant works.
For further studies, students will want to have Daniel Sivan's A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language, which is now the standard reference grammar in English. Research into Ugaritic grammar should begin with J. Tropper's monumental, Ugaritische Grammatik (2000), along with D. Pardee's equally monumental review in Archiv für Orientforschung 50 (2003/2004). The standard dictionary is G. del Olmo Lete and J. Sanmartín's A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Excellent digital images of the Ugaritic tablets can be found at the Inscriptifact web site, http://www.inscriptifact.com/, an image database of inscriptions and artifacts compiled by Bruce Zuckerman, Marilyn Lundberg, and Leta Hunt of West Semitic Research. The student will find that Watson and Wyatt's Handbook for Ugaritic Studies[=HUS]—though too expensive for many impoverished students to buy—will be a good starting place for most areas of research into the Ugaritic language, literature, history and culture.
Acknowledgments
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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- 05 June 2012
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- 02 July 2007, pp xv-xvi
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2 - School Texts
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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- 02 July 2007, pp 31-39
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Contents
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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- 02 July 2007, pp vii-x
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5 - Legal Texts (KTU 3)
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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Summary
KTU classifies ten texts as legal material, which indicates at a cursory level that the texts record some important transactions. Two of these documents are disbursement records (KTU 3.1; 3.10), two are royal grants of property (KTU 3.2; 3.5), two are guarantees of one or two persons (KTU 3.3; 3.8), two deal with some obligation called ʾunṯ (KTU 3.4; 3.7), one attests to the establishment of a mrzḥ (KTU 3.9), and one is uncertain (KTU 3.6). In this chapter you will read a guarantee document (KTU 3.3), a text documenting the ransom of people (KTU 3.4), and the establishment of a mrzḥ (KTU 3.9).
The cadre of alphabetic cuneiform legal texts is diverse, but not numerous. Legal documents were drawn up in the lingua franca appropriate for this learned city and the ancient Near East, usually Akkadian. Thus, the writing of administrative documents in the Akkadian language and form provides yet another witness to the close connection between Ugarit and Mesopotamia. This kind of Akkadian transaction text reveals something of Ugaritic society. For instance, on the basis of 17.238, a legal document from Hattusilis III detailing the treatment of fugitives from Ugarit to Hatti, three kinds of people were considered “Ugaritians”: “a son of Ugarit” (dumukurUgarit) was a citizen who received a salary, “a slave of the king of Ugarit” (ìr lugal šakurUgarit) was not a citizen but had land granted by the king, and “a slave of the slave of the king of Ugarit” (ìr ìr lugal šakurUgarit).
Abbreviations
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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4 - Administrative Texts (KTU 4)
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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Summary
Most of the alphabetic cuneiform texts from Ugarit are administrative and economic texts. The administrative texts, which are collected together under KTU 4, number more than 700 and comprise about 70% of the corpus of texts. Many more administrative texts are fragmentary, unreadable, or unpublished. These texts are usually short and the tablets were usually unbaked, suggesting that they were ephemeral records kept in the royal archive. They date to between the thirteenth century BCE and 1180 BCE, and were excavated almost exclusively in the royal palace. To be sure, the administrative texts have received little attention compared to the literary texts, but they nevertheless can provide rich insight into the politics, administration, economy, and social structure of the ancient kingdom of Ugarit.
There are two classes of people mentioned in these texts: “the sons of Ugarit,” which included the villagers and general citizenry, and “the servants of the king,” which included the royal officials (in charge of taxes, conscription, and forced labor) and professional classes (e.g., craftsmen and priestly groups). The types of administrative texts can be loosely classified as follows: lists of villages, lists and activities of the economic administrative centers (called gt), texts dealing with the “sons of the king” (bnš mlk), registers of taxes, land ownership and military conscription, texts concerning ships and maritime activities, lists of palace personnel, texts concerning royal storage facilities and contents, genealogical texts, and texts concerning cultic personnel and activities.
Frontmatter
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- A Primer on Ugaritic
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6 - Literary Texts (KTU 1)
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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Most of the major literary texts from Ugaritic are in the form of narrative poems. Included here are selections from the three most famous poems: the Baal Cycle (§§6.2 and 6.5), the Keret Epic (§6.3), and the Story of Aqhat (§6.6). In addition, we have provided a selection from El's Marziḥu (§6.1), which can be read with the legal text dealing with the Marziḥu in Chapter 5 (§5.3). The so-called Snake Bite Text (§6.4) has been the subject of numerous studies and has been one of the more difficult texts to understand; it seems to have been used in a ritual. The Birth of the Goodly Gods (§6.7) describes the sexual activity of the god El with much metaphorical language and the birth of two gods with ravenous appetites.
Near Eastern literary texts, including Ugaritic texts, rely heavily on parallelism and standard formulas. Parallelism involves the juxtaposition of phrases using similar syntactic and semantic structures. Standard formulas include the marking of time, the introduction of direct speech, the entrance and exit of characters, and the use of divine epithets. Although these can seem redundant, they reflect the oral recitation of these literary texts (see S. Parker, Stories in Scripture and Inscriptions). A main problem that the student will face in studying these literary texts is their fragmentary nature. Even where they are complete, there are many obscurites in the vocabulary or in understanding the ancient Ugaritic social context.
List of Figures
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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3 - Letters (KTU 2)
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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INTRODUCTION TO LETTERS
Letter writing throughout the Fertile Crescent, as in all cultures, was formulaic. The origins of these formulas lie in oral messages transmitted via intermediaries. An intermediary, who carried the missive from sender to recipient as a document of authorization, was allowed to expand the content should the recipient request any explanatory information. Depending upon the culture, this agent would be called mār šipri (Akkadian), wpwty (Egyptian), or mlʾak (Ugaritic; compare with the Hebrew ךאלמ). Scribes in Ugarit and other Eastern Mediterranean sites inherited and adapted the conventions of correspondence developed over centuries in Mesopotamia. Terms like “lord” and the metaphorical use of kinship terminology like “father,” “mother,” and “brother” indicated the relative social status of the correspondents. One notices a predictable obsequiousness on the part of a person requesting help from a superior. These and other features reflect the absorption of the long tradition of cuneiform letter writing by scribes who composed correspondence in Syria and Palestine. The Ugaritian scribes, who were trained in multiple languages, drew heavily upon Akkadian epistolary phraseology to write letters in their own language.
To assist you in seeing the similarities in the formulaic nature of the Akkadian syllabic and the Ugaritic alphabetic letters, we have placed this Akkadian letter alongside a Ugaritic letter in Figure 3.2. Since the Ugaritian scribes wrote in both languages, the forms of the dominant Akkadian epistolary style no doubt helped shaped the Ugaritic style.
1 - Ancient Ugarit
- William M. Schniedewind, University of California, Los Angeles, Joel H. Hunt, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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UGARIT'S LOCATION
The city of Ugarit lies on the northern coast of the eastern Mediterranean. The city is situated about a half mile (1 km) from the Mediterranean Sea, 6 miles north of the modern city of Latakia (ancient Greek, Laodikeia; Crusader, Port Blanc), and 150 miles north of Damascus (see Figure 1.1). The island of Cyprus lies just 50 nautical miles to the west. To the east, Ugarit was only a short distance from Alalakh. It was on the trade route from Mesopotamia up the Euphrates River from Mari, Emar, and Ebla—three well-known Late Bronze Age cities.
Natural boundaries defined the city of Ugarit. To the west, the Mediterranean Sea shaped its history as a commercial port. To the north, east, and south, Ugarit was bounded by mountains. A valley to the northeast of Ugarit (toward Alalakh and Ebla) provided an ideal gateway for commerce with the ancient kingdoms in north Syria and Mesopotamia. The ideal physical situation of Ugarit as a port on the Mediterranean and as a gateway to Mesopotamia and Asia Minor can be visualized as in Figure 1.2. Ugarit was as good a port as any of the famed Phoenician cities to the south but was much better situated as a gateway overland toward Mesopotamia. At its greatest extent, the kingdom of Ugarit extended north to Mount Zaphon, eastward to the Orontes River, and as far south as the tiny city-state of Siyannu, which became part of Ugarit's kingdom during its heyday during the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries BCE.