2 results
Contributors
-
- By Peter J. D. Andrews, Sandeep Ankolekar, Issam A. Awad, Omar Ayoub, Philip Bath, Jürgen Bardutzky, Alexander Beck, Patrícia Canhão, J. Ricardo Carhuapoma, Winward Choy, Mahua Dey, Rajat Dhar, Michael C. Diringer, Arnd Dörfler, Joshua R. Dusick, Justin A. Dye, Corina Epple, José M. Ferro, Reiner Fietkau, Anthony Frattalone, Philippe Gailloud, Oliver Ganslandt, Anil Gholkar, Philipp Gölitz, Barbara A. Gregson, Daniel Hanley, Thomas M. Hemmen, Dan Holmes, Hagen B. Huttner, Jennifer Jaffe, Olav Jansen, Eric Jüttler, Karl L. Kiening, Martin Köhrmann, Rainer Kollmar, Kara L. Krajewski, Joji B. Kuramatsu, Perttu J. Lindsberg, Andrew Losiniecki, Patrick Lyden, Neil A. Martin, Heinrich P. Mattle, A. David Mendelow, Patrick Mitchell, Daniel T. Nagasawa, Neeraj S. Naval, Jan-Oliver Neumann, Tim Nowe, Berk Orakcioglu, Soenke Peters, Sara Pitoni, François Proust, Adnan I. Qureshi, Martin Radvany, Elise Rowan, Tiina Sairanen, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Edgar Santos, Peter D. Schellinger, Stefan Schwab, Günter Seidel, Sabine Semrau, Louise Sinclair, Dimitre Staykov, Thorsten Steiner, Jeanne Teitelbaum, Wondwossen G. Tekle, Andreas W. Unterberg, Katayoun Vahedi, H. Bart van der Worp, Paul M. Vespa, Raghu Vindlacheruvu, Jens Witsch, Isaac Yang, Wendy C. Ziai, Mario Zuccarello, Klaus Zweckberger
- Edited by Stefan Schwab, Daniel Hanley, A. David Mendelow
-
- Book:
- Critical Care of the Stroke Patient
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
- Print publication:
- 05 June 2014, pp viii-xii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
3 - Seeing is believing: strategies for studying microRNA expression
- from I - Discovery of microRNAs in various organisms
-
- By Joshua W. Hagen, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute Department of Developmental Biology 521 Rockefeller Research Labs 1275 York Avenue, Box 252 New York, NY 10021 USA, Eric C. Lai, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute Department of Developmental Biology 521 Rockefeller Research Labs 1275 York Avenue, Box 252 New York, NY 10021 USA
- Edited by Krishnarao Appasani
- Foreword by Sidney Altman, Victor R. Ambros
-
- Book:
- MicroRNAs
- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 20 December 2007, pp 42-57
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
Studies during the early 1990s uncovered a novel mechanism by which lin-4 inhibits the nuclear factor encoded by lin-14 to promote the transition between the first and second larval stages of C. elegans development. In particular, lin-4 encodes a small RNA that binds to multiple sites in the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the lin-14 transcript, thereby negatively regulating lin-14 at a post-transcriptional level (Lee et al., 1993; Wightman et al., 1993). Nearly a decade would pass before it became fully evident that lin-4 was actually the prototype of a novel and extensive class of regulatory RNA, now collectively referred to as the microRNA (miRNA) family (Lagos-Quintana et al., 2001; Lau et al., 2001; Lee and Ambros, 2001; Reinhart et al., 2000). These miRNAs are ∼21–24 nucleotide RNAs that are processed from precursor transcripts containing a characteristic hairpin structure, and have been identified in diverse animals, plants and even viruses (Bartel, 2004; Griffiths-Jones et al., 2006; Lai, 2003). MiRNAs now constitute one of the largest gene families known, with hundreds to perhaps a thousand or more genes in individual species.
Knowledge of temporal and spatial elements of gene expression is essential for a comprehensive understanding of gene function, whether in the context of normal physiology or pathology. With whole genome sequences and extensive databases of expressed sequences in hand, the systematic analysis of mRNA expression patterns using microarrays, in situ hybridization, and even promoter fusions is well underway.