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17 - Cellular 5G Access for Massive Internet of Things
- from Part III - Network Protocols, Algorithms, and Design
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- By Germán Corrales Madueño, Aalborg University, Denmark, Nuno Pratas, Aalborg University, Denmark, Čedomir Stefanović, Aalborg University, Denmark, Petar Popovski, Aalborg University, Denmark
- Edited by Vincent W. S. Wong, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Robert Schober, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Li-Chun Wang, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
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- Book:
- Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
- Published online:
- 28 April 2017
- Print publication:
- 02 March 2017, pp 380-401
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Summary
Introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT)
The IoT refers to the paradigm of physical and virtual “things” that communicate and collaborate over the Internet, with or without human intervention. The spectra of things that may be connected within the IoT ranges from complex machines, such as aircraft and cars, to everyday appliances, such as consumer refrigerators, and very simple devices such as humidity sensors. The emphasis of the IoT is on services, which represent the primary driver for interconnecting things. Examples of IoT services include micro-climate monitoring of homes, asset tracking during transportation, and, on a larger scale, controlling the power consumption of all the refrigerators in a country depending on the load. Current and forecast market evaluations (such as Cisco's forecast of a $14.4 trillion global IoT market by 2022 [1]) show that the IoT has a huge revenue potential, to be shared between operators, service providers, hardware vendors, and testing-solutions vendors. Thus, it is not surprising that the IoT is currently one of the hottest topics in the telecommunications world, endorsed by both industry and academia.
A term closely related, but not identical to IoT is machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, or, in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) terminology, machine-type-communications (MTC). M2M communications refer to the concept in which machines (i.e., standalone devices) communicate with a remote server without human intervention. “M2M can be considered as the plumbing of IoT” [2] or, more formally stated, M2M communications are the key enabler of IoT services. A natural question that arises is how well the existing networking solutions and technologies can serve as the basis for M2M communications and, more broadly, IoT services and, when they cannot support them, how to design other, suitable connectivity solutions. These questions have in recent years instigated a significant body of research and development by industry, standardization bodies, and academia. The general conclusion is that the existing technologies, in their present form, cannot efficiently support M2M communications. The reason is that existing communication systems, particularly in the wireless domain, are designed to efficiently support human-type communications (HTC), such as web browsing, voice calls, and video streaming, where high data rates are essential but the volume of users that simultaneously require service is far beyond the expected number of interconnected devices.
4 - Machine-type communications
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- By Joachim Sachs, Ericsson, Petar Popovski, Aalborg University, Andreas Höglund, Ericsson, David Gozalvez-Serrano, BMW, Peter Fertl, BMW
- Edited by Afif Osseiran, Jose F. Monserrat, Patrick Marsch
- Foreword by Mischa Dohler, King's College London, Takehiro Nakamura
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- Book:
- 5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology
- Published online:
- 05 June 2016
- Print publication:
- 02 June 2016, pp 77-106
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Summary
Introduction
Machine-Type Communication (MTC) denotes the broad area of wireless communication with sensors, actuators, physical objects and other devices not directly operated by humans. Different types of radio access technologies are targeting MTC (see [1]). For Long Term Evolution (LTE), it has emerged as an important communication mode during the recent standard evolution. The research and development efforts made to enhance LTE in a way to support MTC clearly indicate the need for the wireless system architecture to address MTC. As the role of MTC is expected to grow in the future, there is a good opportunity in the development of a 5G wireless system to address MTC from the very beginning in the system design.
This chapter is organized in the following way. Section 4.1 outlines some of the most important use cases for MTC and categorizes MTC into the groups of massive MTC (mMTC) and ultra-reliable and low-latency MTC (uMTC). The requirements for these two MTC categories are defined. Section 4.2 describes some fundamental techniques for MTC. Sections 4.3 and 4.4 address mMTC and uMTC respectively and explain the corresponding design principles and technology components. Section 4.5 summarizes the chapter.
Use cases and categorization of MTC
The general use case of low-rate MTC
MTC use cases exist in a wide range of areas. They are mainly related to large numbers of sensors monitoring some system state or events, potentially with some form of actuation to control an environment. One example is automation of buildings and homes, where the state e.g. of the lighting, heating, ventilation and air condition, energy consumption, are observed and/or controlled. There are also wide area use cases, such as environmental monitoring over larger areas, monitoring of some infrastructure (e.g. roads, industrial environments, ports), available parking spaces in cities, management of object fleets (e.g. rental vehicles/bicycles), asset tracking in logistics, monitoring and assistance of patients. There are use cases that comprise remote areas, such as in smart agriculture. In the context of the use cases described in Chapter 2, MTC appears as an important, if not the crucial, element in (1) autonomous vehicle control, (3) factory cell automation, (6) massive amount of geographically spread devices, (10) smart city, (12) teleprotection in smart grid network and (15) smart logistics/remote control of industry applications.
10 - Relaying and wireless network coding
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- By Elisabeth De Carvalho, Aalborg University, Mats Bengtsson, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Florian Lenkeit, University of Bremen, Carsten Bockelmann, University of Bremen, Petar Popovski, Aalborg University
- Edited by Afif Osseiran, Jose F. Monserrat, Patrick Marsch
- Foreword by Mischa Dohler, King's College London, Takehiro Nakamura
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- Book:
- 5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology
- Published online:
- 05 June 2016
- Print publication:
- 02 June 2016, pp 277-302
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Summary
Relaying and network coding are powerful techniques that improve the performance of a cellular network, for example by extending the network coverage, by increasing the system capacity or by enhancing the wireless link reliability. This chapter focuses on relaying and wireless network coding in 5G. After reviewing the history of relaying, the key envisioned scenarios for relaying in 5G are highlighted, namely the provisioning of wireless backhaul in Ultra-Dense Networks (UDNs), for nomadic cells or for data aggregation in the context of massive machine-type communications. While full-duplex technology is slowly gaining maturity, it is expected that due to complexity reasons most relaying scenarios in 5G will be based on half-duplex devices. Therefore, finding solutions to overcome the half-duplex limitation remains critical. The chapter describes the following three key innovations for efficient half-duplex relaying:
• By applying the principles of wireless network coding to distributed multi-way traffic, in-band relaying becomes a spectrally efficient solution for wireless backhaul in ultra-dense networks of small cells, despite conventional views.
• Non-orthogonal multiple access techniques, as required by physical-layer network coding, are essential for increased spectral efficiency when simultaneous multi-flows are exchanged through a same relay. Here, Interleave-Division Multiple-Access (IDMA) is put forward for its ability to support flexible rate requirements.
• Buffer-aided relaying is featured where different ways to exploit buffering are described for improved diversity and increased rates. This technique targets delay tolerant applications having high data rate requirements.
The role of relaying and network coding in 5G wireless networks
Relaying was a common technique used to convey messages over large distances in ancient empires such as Egypt, Babylon, China, Greece, Persia and Rome [1]. The messages were transmitted in various forms, such as beacon fires relayed by towers or mountain peaks. A more common method was sending messengers on horseback between Relay Stations (RSs) until the final destination was reached. With the advent of science, communication techniques improved. In 1793, the Chappe brothers of France proposed a telegraph system relying on RSs equipped with telescopes and lighted by lamps.
In modern times, RSs were initially simple devices that amplify a signal and forward it immediately, and were mainly intended to extend the coverage of the wireless system. These were low-cost devices, compared to Base Stations (BSs), that did not include any baseband processing, and hence no network protocol operation was possible.