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CHAPTER 25 - Lacewings and snake-flies in Piedmont vineyards (northwestern Italy)
- Edited by P. K. McEwen, Cardiff University, T. R. New, La Trobe University, Victoria, A. E. Whittington, National Museums of Scotland
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- Book:
- Lacewings in the Crop Environment
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- 04 May 2010
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- 07 June 2001, pp 471-480
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Vineyards are an ancient Mediterranean agroecosystem, which spread all over the world in geographic areas with adequate climatic conditions. Wherever Vitis vinifera L. was introduced, it came into contact with new pests, such as the Nearctic phylloxerid Viteus vitifolii (Fitch) which also produced dramatic effects in the area of origin of this plant (Goidanich, 1960), and new biocoenoses were established (Vidano, 1988).
Grapevine pests are well known and have been thoroughly listed by Englert & Maixner (1992) for Europe, and by Delrio et al. (1989) and Pollini (1998) for Italy. Further studies on the main pests and their biocoenoses were made by Vidano (1988). On the other hand, only some guilds of useful insects have been studied in depth. This is the case, for example, of the parasitoids of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) and Empoasca vitis (Göthe), about which there is a vast literature including, for the geographic area of our interest and for the many references cited, the papers by Vidano et al. (1988), Cerutti et al. (1989), and Marchesini & Dalla Montà (1994). Information on predators is on the other hand very scarce, and, with few exceptions, concerns mainly Orthoptera, anthocorids, mirids, and phytoseid mites (Duso & Girolami, 1983; Arzone et al., 1988; Camporese & Duso, 1996).
In most different geographic areas, lacewings are present on grapevines as predators of all the main groups of pests.
CHAPTER 23 - Lacewings in Sardinian olive groves
- Edited by P. K. McEwen, Cardiff University, T. R. New, La Trobe University, Victoria, A. E. Whittington, National Museums of Scotland
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- Book:
- Lacewings in the Crop Environment
- Published online:
- 04 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 07 June 2001, pp 435-446
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Chrysopid taxocoenoses of the olive agroecosystem are well known and have been studied in nearly all Mediterranean countries (Canard & Laudého, 1977, 1980; Canard, 1979; Canard et al., 1979; Alrouechdi et al., 1980a, b; Neuenschwander & Michelakis, 1980; Neuenschwander et al., 1981; Neuenschwander, 1982; Campos & Ramos, 1983; Yayla, 1983; Alrouechdi, 1984; Liber & Niccoli, 1988). Pantaleoni & Curto (1990) suggested that they were influenced by environmental conditions such as the spatial pattern of trees, chemical treatments, and the surrounding vegetation, besides zoogeography.
The results of adult captures, where the species of the genus Dichochrysa often dominate, are, however, in contrast with the larval collection results, where Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) s. lat. is by far the most abundant species, to the point that this species is practically considered the only chrysopid species developing on olive trees (Alrouechdi et al., 1980a; Neuenschwander & Michelakis, 1980). Some doubts on this conclusion were raised by Pantaleoni & Curto (1990) and Pantaleoni et al. (1993) who suggested that the efficiency of different sampling methods can be influenced by the behaviour of the different chrysopid genera and for these reasons the presence of some species can easily be underestimated.
The key pests in Sardinian olive agricultural systems are the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), the olive moth, Prays oleae (Bernard), and the black olive scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier). Chrysopids can prey on the last two and are considered important predators of the olive moth (Ramos & Ramos, 1990).
CHAPTER 24 - Lacewing occurrence in the agricultural landscape of Pianura Padana
- Edited by P. K. McEwen, Cardiff University, T. R. New, La Trobe University, Victoria, A. E. Whittington, National Museums of Scotland
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- Book:
- Lacewings in the Crop Environment
- Published online:
- 04 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 07 June 2001, pp 447-470
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Techniques of manipulation of agroecosystems have an important role among the strategies of integrated pest management (IPM) (van den Bosch & Telford, 1964) and its successive developments, i.e. vegetational management (Altieri& Letourneau, 1982) or ecosystem management (Speight, 1983). This technique is a complex agronomic practice leading to diversification of the agroecosystem which creates a less suitable environment for the development of the phytophagous populations (Delucchi, 1997). In this context the natural enemies are augmented either by removing and mitigating adverse elements or by providing lacking requisites (DeBach, 1974).
It appears evident that to reach these aims more must be known about the ecology of the various guilds of useful, harmful, and innocuous insects or at least about the main species. Such knowledge must necessarily concern not only crops, but also all the surrounding territory in relation to it. Numerous species, in fact, spend only a part of their life in cultivated fields needing other habitats for activities such as nesting, reproduction, overwintering, or for simple refuge (Maini, 1995).
In relation to chrysopids and other lacewings, attention has been directed for years more towards the field release of artificially reared individuals (augmentation method) than towards the above aspects. Ridgway & Kinzer (1974) and Ridgway & Murphy (1984), reviewing the use of lacewings in biological control, only once mention environmental manipulations speaking almost exclusively about the food attractants. These techniques are now well developed but their results depend on the natural populations in neighbouring areas, and on which more information is also needed.