29 results
A Bottom-Up Approach to Understanding Low-Income Patients: Implications for Health-Related Policy
- Madhu Viswanathan, Ronald Duncan, Maria Grigortsuk, Arun Sreekumar
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- Journal:
- Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics / Volume 46 / Issue 3 / Fall 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2021, pp. 658-664
- Print publication:
- Fall 2018
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A bottom-up approach grounded in micro-level understanding of the thinking, feeling, behavioral, and social aspects of living with low income and associated low literacy can lead to greater understanding and improvement of interactions in the health arena. This paper draws on what we have learned about marketplace interactions in subsistence economies to inform innovations in medical education, design and delivery of healthcare for lowincome patients, outreach education, and future micro-level research at the human-healthcare interface.
Contributors
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- By Zachary W. Adams, Margarita Alegría, Atalay Alem, Jordi Alonso, Victor Aparicio, Rifat Atun, Florence Baingana, Emily Baron, Marco Bertelli, Dinesh Bhugra, Sanchita Biswas, José Miguel Caldas de Almeida, Edwin Cameron, Somnath Chatterji, Erminia Colucci, Janice L. Cooper, Carla Kmett Danielson, Diego De Leo, Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good, Marten W. de Vries, Maureen S. Durkin, Xiangming Fang, Julia W. Felton, Sally Field, Andrea Fiorillo, Lance Gable, Teddy Gafna, Sandro Galea, Patrick Gatonga, Sofia Halperin-Goldstein, Yanling He, Grace A. Herbert, Sabrina Hermosilla, Simone Honikman, Takashi Izutsu, Ruwan M. Jayatunge, Janis H. Jenkins, Rachel Jenkins, Lynne Jones, Jayanthi Karunaratne, Ronald C. Kessler, Rob Keukens, Lincoln I. Khasakhala, Hanna Kienzler, Sarah Kippen Wood, M. Thomas Kishore, Robert Kohn, Natasja Koitzsch Jensen, Sheri Lapatin, Anna Lessios, Isabel Louro Bernal, Feijun Luo, Laura MacPherson, Matthew J. Maenner, Anne W. Mbwayo, David McDaid, Ingrid Meintjes, Victoria N. Mutiso, David M. Ndetei, Samuel O. Okpaku, Lijing Ouyang, Ramachandran Padmavati, Clare Pain, Duncan Pedersen, Jordan Pfau, Felipe Picon, Rodney D. Presley, Reima Pryor, Shoba Raja, Thara Rangaswamy, Jorge Rodriguez, Diana Rose, Moosa Salie, Norman Sartorius, Ester Shapiro, Manuela Silva, Daya Somasundaram, Katherine Sorsdahl, Dan J. Stein, Deborah M. Stone, Heather Stuart, Athula Sumathipala, Hema Tharoor, Rita Thom, Lay San Too, Atsuro Tsutsumi, Chris Underhill, Anne Valentine, Claire van der Westhuizen, Thandi van Heyningen, Robert van Voren, Inka Weissbecker, Gail Wyatt
- Edited by Samuel O. Okpaku
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- Book:
- Essentials of Global Mental Health
- Published online:
- 05 March 2014
- Print publication:
- 27 February 2014, pp x-xiv
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Results from a Large-Scale Epidemiologic Look-Back Investigation of Improperly Reprocessed Endoscopy Equipment
- Mark Holodniy, Gina Oda, Patricia L. Schirmer, Cynthia A. Lucero, Yury E. Khudyakov, Guoliang Xia, Yulin Lin, Ronald Valdiserri, William E. Duncan, Victoria J. Davey, Gerald M. Cross
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 33 / Issue 7 / July 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 649-656
- Print publication:
- July 2012
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Objective.
To determine whether improper high-level disinfection practices during endoscopy procedures resulted in bloodborne viral infection transmission.
Design.Retrospective cohort study.
Setting.Four Veterans Affairs medical centers (VAMCs).
Patients.Veterans who underwent colonoscopy and laryngoscopy (ear, nose, and throat [ENT]) procedures from 2003 to 2009.
Methods.Patients were identified through electronic health record searches and serotested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Newly discovered case patients were linked to a potential source with known identical infection, whose procedure occurred no more than 1 day prior to the case patient's procedure. Viral genetic testing was performed for case/proximate pairs to determine relatedness.
Results.Of 10,737 veterans who underwent endoscopy at 4 VAMCs, 9,879 patients agreed to viral testing. Of these, 90 patients were newly diagnosed with 1 or more viral bloodborne pathogens (BBPs). There were no case/proximate pairings found for patients with either HIV or HBV; 24 HCV case/proximate pairings were found, of which 7 case patients and 8 proximate patients had sufficient viral load for further genetic testing. Only 2 of these cases, both of whom underwent laryngoscopy, and their 4 proximates agreed to further testing. None of the 4 remaining proximate patients who underwent colonoscopy agreed to further testing. Mean genetic distance between the 2 case patients and 4 proximate patients ranged from 13.5% to 19.1%.
Conclusions.Our investigation revealed that exposure to improperly reprocessed ENT endoscopes did not result in viral transmission in those patients who had viral genetic analysis performed. Any potential transmission of BBPs from colonoscopy remains unknown.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Contribution of the retinal ON channels to scotopic and photopic spectral sensitivity
- Earl L. Smith III, Ronald S. Harwerth, M.L.J. Crawford, Gary C. Duncan
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- Journal:
- Visual Neuroscience / Volume 3 / Issue 3 / September 1989
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 June 2009, pp. 225-239
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Visual information encoded by the middle-wavelength-sensitive (MWS) and long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) cones in the primate retina are processed by both depolarizing (ON) and hyperpolarizing (OFF) bipolar cells. In contrast, signals from the short-wavelength-sensitive (SWS) cones and dark-adapted rod photoreceptors are thought to be carried almost exclusively by ON bipolar cells (Gouras & Evers, 1985). Consequently, it would be expected that functional inactivation of the retinal ON channels at the bipolar cell level would produce selective deficits in visual functions mediated by rods and SWS cones. We have examined this hypothesis by injecting rhesus monkeys with 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), a pharmacological agent that reduces the responsiveness of retinal ON neurons, and psychophysically measuring the changes in spectral sensitivities. Under adaptation conditions that isolated rod function, APB caused, as expected, a substantial loss in rod-mediated spectral sensitivity. However, under photopic conditions, cone-mediated spectral sensitivity, including that associated with the SWS cones, was relatively unaffected. These results demonstrate distinct organizational differences between the rod and cone systems; specifically, they indicate that the rod system is more dependent upon retinal ON channels than the cone system. Our failure to find a selective visual deficit related to SWS cone function under photopic viewing conditions suggests that the OFF system can mediate stimulus detection throughout the visible spectrum and that the ability of the OFF system to process signals from the SWS cones has been underestimated.
The Lowland Maya “Protoclassic”: A reconsideration of its nature and significance
- James E. Brady, Joseph W. Ball, Ronald L. Bishop, Duncan C. Pring, Norman Hammond, Rupert A. Housley
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- Journal:
- Ancient Mesoamerica / Volume 9 / Issue 1 / Spring 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 October 2008, pp. 17-38
- Print publication:
- Spring 1998
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The term “Protoclassic,” employed regularly but inexplicitly in the literature of lowland Maya archaeology, has become increasingly nebulous and ambiguous in both meaning and usage. This paper reviews the history and use of the term and presents a formal redefinition of the Protoclassic as a ceramic stage based explicitly and exclusively on ceramic criteria. Some suggestions regarding future use of the term also are offered. The paper further addresses and resolves a number of persisting questions regarding Protoclassic orange wares, including problems concerning the actual existence of the “Aguacate ceramic group.” and the relationships of Aguacate-group pottery to other emergent orange wares of the terminal Late Preclassic and initial Early Classic periods. The nature and significance of the “Holmul I Style,” the “Floral Park Ceramic Sphere.” and the relationships of the two to each other and the larger, redefined “protoclassic” ceramic stage also are examined. A spatial distribution for protoclassic ceramics considerably expanded over what has ever been reported previously is described, and Chronometric data are presented to support a revised chronology for the protoclassic ceramic stage. Finally, ceramic data are offered that suggest a real subdivision of the protoclassic ceramic stage into an early, emergent facet originating entirely within Late Preclassic lowland traditions, and a later, fully “Classic” facet corresponding to the early Tzakol (Tzakol 1) ceramic horizon.
8 - Changing consumption patterns
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- Book:
- The World Food Outlook
- Published online:
- 06 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 06 March 1997, pp 73-105
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Summary
Growth in food demand is important in assessing the sustainability of the world food system. The role of structural changes in demand due to demographic transitions and increasing incomes in developing economies has usually been omitted in previous assessments of the world food outlook. In fast-developing countries in Asia, direct per capita consumption of traditional foods is declining as people add variety to their diet by eating higher-valued and processed foods. In Africa, millet, sorghum and starchy roots remain the major source of calories, but the per capita intake and their dietary share have declined in most economies while consumption of non-staple cereals (rice and wheat) has steadily increased. In high-income economies, on the other hand, consumers are looking for ‘healthier’ foods and are reducing consumption of red meats and animal fats.
Since 1961, per capita consumption of rice in Japan has declined from about 107 kilograms to less than 65 kilograms, while meat consumption has increased from about 5 to nearly 40 kilograms. While Japan is not typical of Asian economies, since it has achieved the highest income level in Asia (US$26,920 per capita in 1991, World Bank 1991), similar changes in consumption patterns also appear to be under way in other economies such as Malaysia, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand and Taiwan. In China, per capita rice consumption has not increased in nearly a decade while meat consumption has risen rapidly (figure 8.1).
While there have been numerous food demand studies, most have focused on single commodities.
7 - Raising yields
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- Book:
- The World Food Outlook
- Published online:
- 06 November 2009
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- 06 March 1997, pp 57-72
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Summary
Modern crop varieties are more dependent on non-land inputs to achieve their yield potential than traditional varieties, which have evolved in the environment provided by existing soil nutrients. The land's importance as a factor of production has therefore declined as improved varieties of crops have increased yields per hectare and mechanization has reduced labour requirements. World cereals production increased by 185 per cent between 1950 and 1990, with 90 per cent of this increase due to higher yields, and only 10 per cent due to increased land area.
The resource base devoted to agriculture has historically responded to increased production requirements by expanding and thus increasing output. When land was readily available, additional production was obtained by extending the crop area. Yields were further increased by adding fertilizers and irrigation, and improving crop varieties to maximize the return from these inputs. During the 1950s, land was relatively abundant and world production of cereals was mainly increased by expanding land area. When this option became more costly, yield increases became more important. This pattern of resource use is evident today. For example, Africa and Latin America have large areas of land suitable for crop production, while Asia and Western Europe have utilized most of their suitable land and have substantially higher fertilizer use per hectare.
Current and potential yield levels
Yield increases accounted for 90 per cent of the growth of world cereals production from 1950 to 1990 when the annual rate of yield growth was 2.24 per cent. In developing economies yields grew at 2.17 per cent per annum and accounted for 82.5 per cent of the increase in cereals production.
List of figures
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- Book:
- The World Food Outlook
- Published online:
- 06 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 06 March 1997, pp viii-x
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4 - World food production increases
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- The World Food Outlook
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- 06 November 2009
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- 06 March 1997, pp 28-33
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Summary
A third indicator of the world food situation is domestic food production (or output) as it is the major source of food in most economies. In economies where food production increases more rapidly than population, consumers benefit from increased per capita food supplies and from falling real food prices. As income levels increase, domestic food production is not as useful as a measure of the food situation since people can afford imported food. In industrial economies, domestic food production is even less meaningful as it often exceeds the population's needs.
An aggregate measure of food output is difficult to compute because it requires the use of food prices, which vary. Consequently it is necessary to separate price changes from quantity changes by using average fixed prices to convert production into value terms. The resulting index measures the quantity of production at prices of a specified period. Using such an index, the FAO estimates a 28.9 per cent increase in per capita food production from 1961 to 1991 in industrial economies and a 19.3 per cent increase in developing economies (table 4.1).
Among developing economies, production increased in all major regions, except Africa which experienced a decline of 16.5 per cent in per capita food production. Asia experienced the most rapid increase (33.3 per cent), followed by Latin America (12.7 per cent). These increases in per capita food production reflect increases in per capita calorie supplies.
The food situation in Africa has deteriorated rapidly since the early 1970s, with only Côte d'Ivoire and Tanzania experiencing higher per capita food production in 1989–91 than in 1961–5.
9 - Simulating the future world food situation
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- The World Food Outlook
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- 06 November 2009
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- 06 March 1997, pp 106-119
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In order to evaluate whether the dramatic changes in the world food situation experienced since the 1960s are likely to continue, an econometric model of the world cereals markets is simulated to the year 2010. An initial set of assumptions for key variables basically defines the ‘best estimate’ for the future. These assumptions are used to produce a baseline simulation. Alternative assumptions are then introduced to test the sensitivity of the projected world food situation to changes in the original assumptions. The most important variables are
Population. The world population growth rate is projected to slow over the next fifteen years from about 1.7 per cent per annum in 1992 to about 1.4 per cent per annum in 2010. If this occurs, it will assist in the task of feeding the world. If population grows at a faster rate, more investment, particularly in research, would be required to increase crop yields.
Cereals yields. Yields have accounted for 90 per cent of the increase in cereals production since 1950. If yields continue to grow at the same rate as in the 1980s – 2.5 per cent per annum – then meeting projected food demand increases will be achieved comfortably. Even slower yield growth may be adequate if population growth slows as projected.
Reforms in the former centrally planned economies. The former centrally planned economies of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union could represent a safety valve for the world food system. Because of distorted prices and centrally controlled decision-making, food production in these economies stagnated during the 1970s and 1980s while consumption accelerated. This led to the region becoming a large food importer.
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5 - Population growth and food demand
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- The World Food Outlook
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- 06 November 2009
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- 06 March 1997, pp 34-43
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Population growth is the most crucial determinant of food demand. Other demand determinants, such as income or price changes, generally have less of an effect on food demand. Developing economies which have low population growth rates have had the most success in increasing per capita food consumption, while those with high growth rates have had difficulty in maintaining or increasing consumption. But there is not a direct line of causation from the population growth rate to per capita food consumption. Rather, economic policies which lead to good economic performance, including good agricultural performance, in time lead to lower population growth rates.
World population reached an estimated 5.3 billion in 1990, increasing 75 per cent from 1960 to 1990. In the next 30 years, world population is projected to increase by a further 50 per cent (United Nations 1991). Despite this projection of slower growth, world population will actually increase by 2.8 billion in this period and will provide a formidable challenge to world agriculture.
During the 1960s and 1970s, population growth accounted for one-half of the increase in total cereals consumption in developing economies and two-thirds of the increase in industrial economies (table 5.1). Cereals consumption and population growth slowed during the 1980s, possibly reflecting slow economic growth or a curbing of growth in per capita demand for cereals. Cereals consumption growth during the 1980s was about 3 percentage points faster than population growth. In industrial economies, cereals consumption increased by 9.5 per cent during the 1980s, while population increased by 6.1 per cent. In developing economies, cereals consumption increased by 27 per cent and population increased by 23 percent.
Index
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- The World Food Outlook
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Contents
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- The World Food Outlook
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1 - The world food problem
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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Since Malthus wrote his Essay on Population in 1798, many have been concerned that with growing population the world would be less and less able to feed itself. This has not occurred, but modern-day Malthusians warn that Malthus will ultimately be right. The evidence to support this view is scant but the arguments are compelling: population keeps expanding, no new land is being created, crop yields have increased considerably and may have peaked, and the environment may not tolerate the pressure of more intensive agriculture. Yet the evidence to the contrary is also compelling: prices of agricultural commodities are at their lowest level in history, crop yields continue to rise faster than population, and world cereal yields grew more rapidly during the 1980s than during the 1960s or the 1970s.
Despite the concerns expressed, the food situation has improved dramatically for most of the world's consumers. World output of cereals, the main food source for the majority of consumers, has increased by 2.7 per cent per annum since 1950 while population has grown by about 1.9 per cent per annum. Cereal yields (i.e., output per unit of land cropped) alone have increased more rapidly than world population since 1950 – at 2.25 per cent per annum. This has allowed per capita calorie consumption in developing economies to increase by about 27 per cent since the early 1960s. These gains offer the hope that access to food will cease to be a problem for most people.
This does not mean that all people have adequate diets, but rather that the diets for most of the world's consumers have improved dramatically in recent years and should continue to improve.
6 - The quantity and quality of the resource base
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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The resource base available to agriculture includes factors of production such as land, labour and machinery. It also includes the farmer's knowledge, the production potential of crop varieties, climatic factors such as sunlight and water, and the methods used to increase yields and control weeds, disease and insects.
The size and quality of the resource base available to agriculture can be increased by investment or reduced by neglect – nearly all aspects of the resource base can be altered. Increased land production, for example, could be achieved by levelling which allows easier access by machinery, better water control and reduced erosion. Additionally, organic residue from either plants or animals can be added to aerate the soil, add nutrients and consequently increase yields. On the other hand, land can also become less productive owing to erosion, salinization, waterlogging or nutrient deficiency – all of which are caused by poor farming practices.
Government policies subsidizing or taxing certain factors of production also affect the resource base. For example, subsidizing irrigation systems can lead to excess use of water which in turn contributes to problems such as salinization, waterlogging and fertilizer run-off into streams and lakes, as well as reducing the water available for other agricultural and non-agricultural uses.
A concern raised in recent years is whether or not the production potential of agriculture is deteriorating because of changes in the quality of the resource base, particularly cropland. As the resource base can adjust to economic incentives, its production potential is difficult to measure. Nevertheless, it is important to attempt to measure it as accurately as possible.
References
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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11 - A robust prediction?
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- The World Food Outlook
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- 06 March 1997, pp 148-163
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How easily could the expected surplus in the world cereal markets be upset? Not easily, it appears, but several scenarios are considered. First minor variations, such as higher income and population growth rates, to the assumptions for the baseline simulation are considered. Then major variations are simulated. The minor variations represent likely alternatives to the baseline simulation while the major variations represent extreme cases. Even though the major variations are considered unlikely, they are included to deepen the understanding of the world food outlook. The effects of each alternative are simulated separately.
The effects of minor variations to the baseline assumptions can be evaluated reasonably well with the econometric model. Major variations are more difficult to evaluate because they are outside the range of historical experience and could well lead to policy as well as economic changes. The econometric model can still be useful in indicating the magnitude of the required adjustment however, but it cannot project the types of government policy responses which are likely.
The minor variations considered are for 10 per cent higher GDP growth, higher population growth as specified in the United Nations high variant alternative and a temporary doubling of energy and fertilizer prices. The major variations considered are for zero yield growth after 1990 and a high consumption alternative for developing economies. The zero yield growth alternative could be considered as being caused by severe environmental or biological constraints. It could also be viewed as the result of strict legislated environmental controls on fertilizers or agricultural chemicals.
3 - Gains in consumption levels
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- The World Food Outlook
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- 06 November 2009
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Another way of assessing the world food situation is to see whether or not the level of people's nutrition is improving. While not a complete measure of the level of nutrition, per capita calories consumed, or available for consumption, is a useful indicator. Per capita calorie supplies in developing economies rose by about 27 per cent from 1961 to 1989 (figure 1.2). The average level of per capita calorie supplies in developing economies has exceeded the FAO's estimated minimum daily calorie requirement since 1980. Increases in domestic food production and imports assisted these increased levels of per capita calorie consumption.
While these gains are impressive, they cannot lead us to the conclusion that the whole population has an adequate diet. Averages for all developing economies hide the distribution of calories both within and among economies. Hunger, undernutrition (arising from insufficient food) and malnutrition (arising from the wrong balance of food) are very serious problems for many people. Undernutrition caused by a dietary energy intake below the required minimum level is both obvious and of major concern in many developing economies. Undernutrition is often accompanied by inadequate levels of protein or specific nutrients. On the other hand, in industrial economies the principal dietary problem is overnutrition, or malnutrition caused by improper composition of diets (FAO 1987a).
Despite steady increases in calorie supplies in developing economies since the 1960s, an estimated 20 per cent of their population is still chronically undernourished. But this proportion is estimated to have declined from 36 per cent (941 million) to 20 per cent (786 million) from 1969 to 1990 (FAO 1993).
Appendix - The World Grains Model
- Donald O. Mitchell, The World Bank, Merlinda D. Ingco, The World Bank, Ronald C. Duncan
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- The World Food Outlook
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The World Grains Model used for the simulation analysis is a non-spatial, partial equilibrium, net-trade model. It was originally estimated in the early 1980s for use in forecasting and policy analysis and has been revised and updated several times, most recently in 1990. It is global in scope, with fifteen economies modelled individually and the remaining economies grouped into nine regions. The commodities included in the model are wheat, rice and coarse grains (maize, oats, barley, sorghum, rye, millet and mixed grains). Individual models are estimated for each commodity and economy or region with cross-linkages between commodities.
Production for each economy or region is determined as the product of separately estimated harvested area and yield equations. Harvested area is determined by a two-stage process where total area harvested is determined and then allocated among competing crops on the basis of lagged per acre revenues. Yields are estimated as a function of lagged crop prices, fertilizer prices, the proportion of area planted to high-yielding varieties and a linear trend.
Per capita imports of each commodity are estimated directly for importing economies as a function of population, income, domestic supply and prices. Ending stocks are estimated as a share of consumption and prices. Total consumption is obtained as an identity. Net exports are estimated for exporting economies as a function of the level of each commodity available for export and world prices. Consumption in the exporting economies is estimated as a function of population, income and prices. The model is solved simultaneously for the level of world prices which equates net imports and net exports.