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Chapter 8 - Visual symptoms (eye)
- from Section 1 - Clinical manifestations
- Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Jan van Gijn
-
- Book:
- Stroke Syndromes, 3ed
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 July 2012, pp 98-116
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Summary
Transient monocular visual loss is the most important visual symptom of arteriosclerotic vascular disease, arteritis and states of altered coagulability, and thrombocytosis. In most patients, the visual abnormality during each individual attack of visual loss is stereotypic. Visual loss occurrence is divided into four types. Type I is due to transient retinal ischemia, type II to retinal vascular insufficiency, and type III to vasospasm. Type IV occurs in association with antiphospholipid antibodies but includes cases of unknown etiology. Sudden monocular blindness is the major symptom of an ocular stroke causing permanent visual loss. The ocular strokes discussed are: central retinal artery (CRA) occlusion, ophthalmic artery (OA) occlusion, branch retinal artery (BRA) occlusion, and ischemic optic neuropathy (ION), which is the result of infarction of the optic nerve. Blindness can result from infarction of the retina or the optic nerve.
Contributors
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- By Pierre Amarenco, Adrià Arboix, Marcel Arnold, Robert W. Baloh, John Bamford, Jason J. S. Barton, Claudio L. Bassetti, Christopher F. Bladin, Julien Bogousslavsky, Julian Bösel, Marie-Germaine Bousser, Thomas Brandt, John C. M. Brust, Erica C. S. Camargo, Louis R. Caplan, Emmanuel Carrera, Carlo W. Cereda, Seemant Chaturvedi, Claudia Chaves, Chin-Sang Chung, Isabelle Crassard, Hans Christoph Diener, Marianne Dieterich, Ralf Dittrich, Geoffrey A. Donnan, Paul Eslinger, Conrado J. Estol, Edward Feldmann, José M. Ferro, Joseph Ghika, Daniel Hanley, Ahamad Hassan, Cathy Helgason, Argye E. Hillis, Marc Hommel, Carlos S. Kase, Julia Kejda-Scharler, Jong S. Kim, Rainer Kollmar, Joshua Kornbluth, Sandeep Kumar, Emre Kumral, Hyung Lee, Didier Leys, Eric Logigian, Mauro Manconi, Elisabeth B. Marsh, Randolph S. Marshall, Isabel P. Martins, Josep Lluís Martí-Vilalta, Heinrich P. Mattle, Jérome Mawet, Mikael Mazighi, Patrik Michel, Jay Preston Mohr, Thierry Moulin, Sandra Narayanan, Kwang-Yeol Park, Florence Pasquier, Charles Pierrot-Deseilligny, Nils Petersen, Raymond Reichwein, E. Bernd Ringelstein, Gabriel J. E. Rinkel, Elliott D. Ross, Arnaud Saj, Martin A. Samuels, Jeremy D. Schmahmann, Stefan Schwab, Florian Stögbauer, Mathias Sturzenegger, Laurent Tatu, Pariwat Thaisetthawatkul, Dagmar Timmann, Jan van Gijn, Ana Verdelho, Francois Vingerhoets, Patrik Vuilleumier, Fabrice Vuillier, Eelco F. M. Wijdicks, Shirley H. Wray, Wendy C. Ziai
- Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Jan van Gijn
-
- Book:
- Stroke Syndromes, 3ed
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 July 2012, pp vii-x
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- Chapter
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9 - Visual symptoms (eye)
- from PART I - CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
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- By Shirley H. Wray, Harvard Medical School,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Edited by Julien Bogousslavsky, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland, Louis R. Caplan, Harvard Medical School
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- Book:
- Stroke Syndromes
- Published online:
- 17 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 24 May 2001, pp 111-128
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Summary
Transient monocular blindness
Temporary loss of vision in one eye, termed transient monocular blindness (TMB), is the most important visual symptom of arteriosclerotic vascular disease, arteritis and states of altered coagulability, and thrombocytosis. In most patients, the visual disturbance during each individual attack of TMB is stereotypic. It may recur over a period of months or over a much briefer span of hours, days, or weeks. A meticulous history of the attack and duration of the visual disturbance will permit classification of the TMB occurrence into one of four types. Type I is due to transient retinal ischemia, type II to retinal vascular insufficiency and type III to vasospasm. Type IV occurs in association with antiphospholipid antibodies but includes cases of unknown etiology (Table 9.1 (Wray, 1988; Burde, 1989)).
TMB type I
TMB type I is characterized by a sudden, brief attack of partial or complete dimming or obscuration of vision, lasting seconds to minutes, followed by total recovery. Partial impairment is described as a greyout, or as an ascending or descending curtain or a blind moving sideways across the eye. Occasionally, the patient will describe moving tracks of light. Ipsilateral headache is rare (Wilson et al., 1979). Fisher (1952) drew attention to the association of TMB of this brevity with contralateral hemiplegia. Episodic attacks of fleeting blindness occur as arteriosclerotic plaques progressively narrow the lumen of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA), leading to periodic reduction in blood flow, reduced pressure in the ophthalmic artery, transient ocular ischemia, or vascular insufficiency.