Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T14:41:32.886Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Helminth parasites of shags (Phalacrocoracidae) from the Otago region of southern New Zealand

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2021

B. Presswell Open the ORCID record for B. Presswell [Opens in a new window]  and
J. Bennett
B. Presswell*
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
J. Bennett
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
*
Author for correspondence: B. Presswell, E-mail: bpresswell@hotmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A total of 61 specimens representing five species of shag – Auckland Island shag Leucocarbo colensoi, little pied shag Microcarbo melanoleucos brevirostris, black shag Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae, Otago shag Leucocarbo chalconotus and spotted shag Phalacrocorax punctatus – from the coast around Otago, South Island, New Zealand, were examined for helminths. A total of 18 helminth species was found: six nematodes (Anisakis pegreffi, Contracaecum rudolphii E, Baruscapillaria sp., Cosmocephalus jaenschi, Ingliseria cirrohamata, Desmidocercella australis), four trematodes (Apatemon sp. ‘jamiesoni’, Cardiocephaloides ovicorpus, Apophallus sp., Microphallidae gen. sp.), four cestodes (Microsomacanthus cormoranti, Microsomacanthus sp., Paradilepis urceina, Tetrabothrius sp.) and four acanthocephalans (Andracantha leucocarboi, A. sigma, Corynosoma hannae, Profilicollis novaezelandensis). Descriptions are provided for females of C. jaenschi and D. australis, which were previously undescribed. The data include 20 new host records and seven new locality records. New 18S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) DNA sequences have been provided where specimen conditions permitted. These data add considerably to our sparse knowledge of helminths in New Zealand shags, and provide a baseline for observations of change in the future.

Keywords

AustralasiacormorantshelminthsCestodaDigeneaNematodaAcanthocephala
Type
Research Paper
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 95 , 2021 , e9
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achatz, TJ, Pulis, EE, González-Acuña, D and Tkach, VV (2020) Phylogenetic relationships of Cardiocephaloides spp.(Digenea, Diplostomoidea) and the genetic characterization of Cardiocephaloides physalis from Magellanic penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus, in Chile. Acta Parasitologica 65, 525–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RC, Chabaud, AG and Willmott, S Eds. (2009) Keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates: archival volume. Wallingford, UK, CAB International. 463pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baer, J (1969) Un Trématode parasite du Comoran Phalacrocorax bougainvilleii (Less.) des íles Guañape, Pérou. Parazitologicheskii Sbornik 24, 7–15.Google Scholar
Baruš, V, Sergeeva, TP, Sonin, MD and Ryzhikov, KM (1978) Helminths of fish-eating birds of the Palaearctic region. I Nematoda. The Hague, Springer, p. 318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berland, B (1961) Nematodes from some Norwegian marine fishes. Sarsia 2, 1–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BirdLife International (2018) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696907A132595530.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/ Accessed on 16 January 2021.Google Scholar
Blasco-Costa, I, Poulin, R and Presswell, B (2016) Species of Apatemon Szidat, 1928 and Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 (Trematoda: Strigeidae) from New Zealand: linking and characterising life cycle stages with morphology and molecules. Parasitology Research 115, 271–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bona, F (1975) Etude critique et taxonomique des Dilepididae Fuhrman, 1907 (Cestoda) parasites des Ciconiiformes: considérations sur la spécificité et la spéciation. Monitore Zoologico Italiano NS Monografia 1, 1–750.Google Scholar
Bray, RA, Gibson, D and Jones, A (2008) Keys to the Trematoda. Vol. 3. UK, CABI Publishing, Wallingford and The Natural History Museum London, UK p. 824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockerhoff, A and Smales, LR (2002) Profilicollis novaezelandensis n. sp. (Polymorphidae) and two other acanthocephalan parasites from shore birds (Haematopodidae and Scolopacidae) in New Zealand, with records of two species in intertidal crabs (Decapoda: Grapsidae and Ocypodidae). Systematic Parasitology 52, 55–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, DRR (1977) On a new species of tetrabothriid cestode from the shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis (L.). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 60, 391–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chai, J-Y and Jung, B-K (2017) Fishborne zoonotic heterophyid infections: an update. Food and Waterborne Parasitology 8, 33–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chervy, L (2002) The terminology of larval cestodes or metacestodes. Systematic Parasitology 52, 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, H (1957) Cestodes from cormorants from South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 80, 124–134.Google Scholar
D'Amelio, S, Cavallero, S, Dronen, N, Barros, N and Paggi, L (2012) Two new species of Contracaecum Railliet & Henry, 1912 (Nematoda: Anisakidae), C. fagerholmi n. sp. and C. rudolphii F from the brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Systematic Parasitology 81, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dias, E, Morais, P, Leopold, M, Campos, J and Antunes, C (2012) Natural born indicators: great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) as monitors of river discharge influence on estuarine ichthyofauna. Journal of Sea Research 73, 101–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz, JI, Fonteneau, F, Panisse, G, Cremonte, F and Navone, GT (2009) Redescription of Ingliseria cirrohamata (Linstow, 1888)(Nematoda: Acuariidae), including new hosts and geographical records. Journal of Parasitology 95, 396–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubois, G (1938) Monographie des Strigeida (Trematoda). Memoires de la Societé Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles 6, 1–535.Google Scholar
Dubois, G (1970) Synopsis des strigeidae et des diplostomatidae (Trematoda). Part II. Memoires de la Societé Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles 10, 259–728.Google Scholar
Dubois, G and Angel, LM (1972) Strigeata (Trematoda) of Australian birds and mammals from the helminthological collection of the University of Adelaide. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 96, 197–215.Google Scholar
Duignan, PJ (2001) Diseases of penguins. Surveillance 28(4), 5–11.Google Scholar
Ferguson, JA, Locke, SA, Font, WF, Steinauer, ML, Marcogliese, DJ, Cojocaru, CD and Kent, ML (2012) Apophallus microsoma n. sp. from chicks infected with metacercariae from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and review of the taxonomy and pathology of the genus Apophallus (Heterophyidae). Journal of Parasitology 98, 1122–1132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonteneau, F and Cook, TR (2013) New data on gastrointestinal helminths in shags (Phalacrocorax verrucosus) at Kerguelen Archipelago. Polar Biology 36, 1839–1843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frantová, D (2001) Capillariid nematodes (Nematoda: Capillariidae) parasitic in the common cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), with redescription of Baruscapillaria carbonis (Dubinin et Dubinina, 1940). Folia Parasitologica 48(3), 225–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredensborg, BL, Latham, AD and Poulin, R (2004) New records of gastrointestinal helminths from the red-billed gull (Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 31, 75–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, GG (1968) Species composition of the genus Streptocara Railliet et al., 1912 and the occurrence of these avian nematodes (Acuariidae) on the Canadian Pacific coast. Canadian Journal of Zoology 46, 629–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, DI, Jones, A and Bray, RA (2001) Keys to the Trematoda. Vol. 1. UK, CABI Publishing, Wallingford and The Natural History Museum London, UK. p. 521.Google Scholar
Harper, JT and Saunders, GW (2001) The application of sequences of the ribosomal cistron to the systematics and classification of the florideophyte red algae (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 42, 25–38.Google Scholar
Hay, E, Jorge, F and Poulin, R (2018) The comparative phylogeography of shore crabs and their acanthocephalan parasites. Marine Biology 165, 69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández-Orts, JS, Smales, LR, Pinacho-Pinacho, CD, García-Varela, M and Presswell, B (2017) Novel morphological and molecular data for Corynosoma hannae Zdzitowiecki, 1984 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from teleosts, fish-eating birds and pinnipeds from New Zealand. Parasitology International 66, 905–916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hine, PM, Jones, JB and Diggles, BK (2000) A checklist of parasites of New Zealand fishes, including previously unpublished records. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Technical Report no. 75, Wellington., 75, p. 93.Google Scholar
Hoberg, EP (1987) Tetrabothrius shinni sp. nov.(Eucestoda) from Phalacrocorax atriceps bransfieldensis (Pelecaniformes) in Antarctica with comments on morphological variation, host–parasite biogeography, and evolution. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, 2969–2975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoberg, EP and Soudachanh, KM (2020) Insights about Diversity of Tetrabothriidae (Eucestoda) among Holarctic Alcidae (Charadriiformes): what is Tetrabothrius jagerskioeldi? MANTER: Journal of Parasite Diversity. Occasional Papers 11, 1–42.Google Scholar
Johnston, TH (1943) Trematodes from Australian birds. I. Cormorants and darters. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 66, 226–242.Google Scholar
Johnston, TH and Mawson, PM (1941) Additional nematodes from Australian birds. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 65, 254–262.Google Scholar
Johnston, TH and Mawson, PM (1942) Remarks on some parasitic nematodes. Records of the South Australian Museum 7, 183–186.Google Scholar
Johnston, TH and Mawson, PM (1943) Endoparasites from the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Records of the South Australian Museum 7, 237–243.Google Scholar
Johnston, TH and Mawson, PM (1944) Remarks on some parasitic nematodes from Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 68, 60–66.Google Scholar
Johnston, TH and Mawson, PM (1945) Parasitic nematodes. British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition 1929–1931, Report series B, 5, 73–159.Google Scholar
Johnston, TH and Mawson, PM (1953) Parasitic nematodes and trematodes from Campbell and Auckland Islands (Cape Expedition). Records of the Dominion Museum 2, 63–71.Google Scholar
Kanarek, G, Sitko, J, Rolbiecki, L and Rokicki, J (2003) Digenean fauna of the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis [Blumenbach, 1798] in the brackish waters of the Vistula Lagoon and the Gulf of Gdansk [Poland]. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne 49, 293–299.Google Scholar
Kennedy, M and Spencer, HG (2014) Classification of the cormorants of the world. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79, 249–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalil, LF, Jones, A and Bray, RA (Eds) (1994) Keys to the cestode parasites of vertebrates. Wallingford, UK, CAB International, p. 768.Google Scholar
Lalas, C (1983) Comparative feeding ecology of New Zealand marine shags (Phalacrocoracidae). PhD thesis, University of Otago, New Zealand, p. 308.Google Scholar
Latham, ADM and Poulin, R (2002) New records of gastrointestinal helminths from the southern black-backed gull (Larus dominicanus) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 29, 253–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, A-X, D'Amelio, S, Paggi, L, He, F, Gasser, RB, Lun, Z-R, Abollo, E, Turchetto, M and Zhu, X-Q (2005) Genetic evidence for the existence of sibling species within Contracaecum rudolphii (Hartwich, 1964) and the validity of Contracaecum septentrionale (Kreis, 1955)(Nematoda: Anisakidae). Parasitology Research 96, 361–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, L, Lü, L, Nadler, SA, Gibson, DI, Zhang, L-P, Chen, H-X, Zhao, W-T and Guo, Y-N (2018) Molecular phylogeny and dating reveal a terrestrial origin in the Early Carboniferous for ascaridoid nematodes. Systematic Biology 67, 888–900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Llorens, C, Arcos, SC, Robertson, L, et al. (2018) Functional insights into the infective larval stage of Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii and their hybrids based on gene expression patterns. BMC Genomics 19, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcogliese, DJ (2005) Parasites of the superorganism: are they indicators of ecosystem health? International Journal of Parasitology 35, 705–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mariaux, J, Kuchta, R and Hoberg, E (2017) Tetrabothriidea Baer, 1954. pp. 357–370 in Caira, JN, Jensen, K (Eds) Eds) Planetary biodiversity inventory (2008–2017): tapeworms from vertebrate bowels of the earth. Lawrence, Kansas, USA, University of Kansas, Natural History Museum Special Publication.Google Scholar
Martorelli, SR, Fredensborg, BL, Mouritsen, KN and Poulin, R (2004) Description and proposed life cycle of Maritrema novaezealandensis n. sp. (Microphallidae) parasitic in red-billed gulls, Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus, from Otago Harbor, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Parasitology 90, 272–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattiucci, S, Paoletti, M and Webb, SC (2009) Anisakis nascettii n. sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from beaked whales of the southern hemisphere: morphological description, genetic relationships between congeners and ecological data. Systematic Parasitology 74, 199–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattiucci, S, Cipriani, P, Webb, SC, Paoletti, M, Marcer, F, Bellisario, B, Gibson, DI and Nascetti, G (2014) Genetic and morphological approaches distinguish the three sibling species of the Anisakis simplex species complex, with a species designation as Anisakis berlandi n. sp. for A. simplex sp. C (Nematoda: Anisakidae). The Journal of Parasitology 100, 199–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattiucci, S, Sbaraglia, GL, Palomba, M, Filippi, S, Paoletti, M, Cipriani, P and Nascetti, G (2020) Genetic identification and insights into the ecology of Contracaecum rudolphii A and C. rudolphii B (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from cormorants and fish of aquatic ecosystems of Central Italy. Parasitology Research 119, 1243–1257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattiucci, S, Nascetti, G, Clanchi, R, et al. (1997) Genetic and ecological data on the Anisakis simplex complex, with evidence for a new species (Nematoda, Ascaridoidea, Anisakidae). The Journal of Parasitology 83, 401–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mawson, PM (1953) Parasitic Nematoda collected by the Australian national Antarctic research expedition: Heard Island and Macquarie Island, 1948–1951. Parasitology 43, 291–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mawson, PM (1969) Some nematodes from Australian gulls and terns. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada 26, 1103–1111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenna, P (2003) Register of new host-parasite records. Surveillance 30, 15–16.Google Scholar
McKenna, P (2010) An updated checklist of helminth and protozoan parasites of birds in New Zealand. Webmed Central Parasitology 1, WMC00705.Google Scholar
McKenna, P (2012) Recent new host-parasite records. Vetscript 25, 48–49.Google Scholar
McKenna, PB (2018) Additions to the checklists of helminth and protozoan parasites of terrestrial mammals and birds in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 45, 395–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moravec, F and Scholz, T (2016) Helminth parasites of the lesser great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis from two nesting regions in the Czech Republic. Folia Parasitologica 63, 1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moravec, F, Prokopic, J and Shlikas, A (1987) The biology of nematodes of the family Capillariidae Neveu-Lemaire, 1936. Folia Parasitologica 34, 39–56.Google ScholarPubMed
Moravec, F, Scholz, T and Našincová, V (1994) The systematic status of Trichosoma carbonis Rudolphi, 1819 and a description of Baruscapillaria rudolphii n. sp.(Nematoda: Capillariidae), an intestinal parasite of cormorants. Systematic Parasitology 28, 153–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutafchiev, Y, Halajian, A and Georgiev, BB (2010) Two new nematode species of the genus Cosmocephalus Molin, 1858 (Spirurida: Acuariidae), with an amended generic diagnosis and an identification key to Cosmocephalus spp. Zootaxa 2349, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadler, SA, D'Amelio, S, Dailey, MD, Paggi, L, Siu, S and Sakanari, JA (2005) Molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracaecum from northern Pacific marine mammals. Journal of Parasitology 91, 1413–1429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nascetti, G (1983) Two sibling species within Anisakis simplex (Ascaridida: Anisakidae). Parassitologia 25, 306–307.Google Scholar
Nickol, BB, Crompton, D and Searle, D (1999) Reintroduction of Profilicollis Meyer, 1931, as a genus in Acanthocephala: significance of the intermediate host. The Journal of Parasitology 85, 716–718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortlepp, R (1938) South African helminths. Part V. Some avian and mammalian helminths. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry 11, 63–104.Google Scholar
Parsons, M, Mitchell, I, Butler, A, Ratcliffe, N, Frederiksen, M, Foster, S and Reid, JB (2008) Seabirds as indicators of the marine environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, 1520–1526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Presswell, B and Bennett, J (2020) Galactosomum otepotiense n. sp. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) infecting four different species of fish-eating birds in New Zealand: Genetically identical but morphologically variable. Journal of Helminthology 94, 1–12. E86. doi:10.1017/S0022149X19000828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Presswell, B, Poulin, R and Randhawa, H (2012) First report of a gryporhynchid tapeworm (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from New Zealand and from an eleotrid fish, described from metacestodes and in vitro-grown worms. Journal of Helminthology 86, 453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Presswell, B, García-Varela, M and Smales, L (2018) Morphological and molecular characterization of two new species of Andracantha (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from New Zealand shags (Phalacrocoracidae) and penguins (Spheniscidae) with a key to the species. Journal of Helminthology 92, 740–751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prévot, G and Bartoli, P (1980) Démonstration de l'existence d'un cycle marin chez les Strigeides: Cardiocepbalus longicollis Szidat, 1928 (Trematoda: Strigeidae). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 55, 407–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, R and Bray, R (1983) Mortalities of jackass penguin Spheniscus demersus chicks caused by trematode worms Cardiocephaloides physalis. African Zoology 18, 45–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawlence, NJ, Scofield, RP, Spencer, HG, et al. (2016) Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of Leucocarbo shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New Zealand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177, 676–694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, DJ and Nickol, BB (2008) Acanthocephala in Atkinson, CT, Thomas, NJ, Hunter, DB (Eds) Parasitic diseases of wild birds. Iowa, USA, Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sándor, D, Molnár, K, Gibson, DI, Székely, C, Majoros, G and Cech, G (2017) An investigation of the host-specificity of metacercariae of species of Apophallus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) in freshwater fishes using morphological, experimental and molecular methods. Parasitology Research 116, 3065–3076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shamsi, S (2019) Parasite loss or parasite gain? Story of Contracaecum nematodes in antipodean waters. Parasite Epidemiology and Control 4, e00087.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shamsi, S, Gasser, R, Beveridge, I and Shabani, AA (2008) Contracaecum pyripapillatum n. sp.(Nematoda: Anisakidae) and a description of C. multipapillatum (von Drasche, 1882) from the Australian pelican, Pelecanus conspicillatus. Parasitology Research 103, 1031–1039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shamsi, S, Norman, R, Gasser, R and Beveridge, I (2009) Genetic and morphological evidences for the existence of sibling species within Contracaecum rudolphii (Hartwich, 1964)(Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Australia. Parasitology Research 105, 529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shamsi, S, Briand, MJ and Justine, J-L (2017) Occurrence of Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) larvae in unusual hosts in Southern hemisphere. Parasitology International 66, 837–840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheehan, KL, Tonkyn, DW, Yarrow, GK and Johnson, RJ (2016) Parasite assemblages of Double-crested Cormorants as indicators of host populations and migration behavior. Ecological Indicators 67, 497–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, SN (1948) Studies on the helminth parasites of birds in Hyderabad State. Nematoda I. Journal of Helminthology 22, 77–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokell, G (1936) The nematode parasites of Lake Ellesmere trout. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 66, 80–96.Google Scholar
Swan, GJF, Silva-Rodríguez, EA, Osman, LP and Jaramillo, E (2020) Pinniped predation of birds: a cause for conservation concern? The Condor 122, 1–5. doi:10.1093/condor/duz068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamura, K, Dudley, J, Nei, M and Kumar, S (2007) MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24(8), 1596–1599CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tennyson, AJD (2010) Pelecaniformes. pp. 138–154 in OSNZ Checklist Committee (Ed.) Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the ross dependency, Antarctica. 4th edn. Wellington, Ornithological Society of New Zealand & Te Papa Press.Google Scholar
Wood, JR, Wilmshurst, JM, Rawlence, NJ, Bonner, KI, Worthy, TH, Kinsella, JM and Cooper, A (2013) A megafauna's microfauna: gastrointestinal parasites of New Zealand's extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes). PLoS One 8(2), e57315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, X, D'Amelio, S, Gasser, R, et al. (2007) Practical PCR tools for the delineation of Contracaecum rudolphii A and Contracaecum rudolphii B (Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) using genetic markers in nuclear ribosomal DNA. Molecular and Cellular Probes 21, 97–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed