Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-04T09:08:22.164Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Thiourea-Induced Change of Structure and Color of Brick-Red Palygorskite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Zhi F. Zhang ,
Wen B. Wang ,
B. Mu  and
Ai Q. Wang
Zhi F. Zhang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Hannover, P.R. China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
Wen B. Wang*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Hannover, P.R. China Center of Xuyi Palygorskite Applied Technology, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi 211700, P.R. China
B. Mu
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Hannover, P.R. China Center of Xuyi Palygorskite Applied Technology, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi 211700, P.R. China
Ai Q. Wang*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Hannover, P.R. China Center of Xuyi Palygorskite Applied Technology, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi 211700, P.R. China
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: boywenbo@126.com
*E-mail address of corresponding author: aqwang@licp.cascn
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Brick-red deposits with palygorskite (Pal) as the main ingredient are widely distributed in nature, but these have not been deployed at a large scale in industry because of their inherent deep colors. In the present study, the brick-red Pal deposit was treated hydrothermally in various reaction media including water, a urea solution, and a thiourea solution. The effects of these processes on the structure, physicochemical features, and color of Pal were studied intensively to understand the structure and composition of the brick-red Pal deposit and to lay a theoretical foundation for the extension of its industrial application. The changes in structural features after hydrothermal treatment were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, and Mössbauer spectroscopy techniques. The results indicated that the color of brick-red Pal did not change after hydrothermal treatment in water or in a urea solution, and the color changed to gray-white after treatment in the thiourea solution. The rod-like crystal morphology of Pal was retained throughout the experiments and no significant change in the main associated minerals, including feldspar, muscovite, and quartz, was observed after hydrothermal treatment. The dissolution of associated hematite (α-Fe2O3 and the reduction of Fe(III) species are the main reason for the change of Pal from brick-red to gray-white.

Keywords

HydrothermalPalygorskiteStructureThioureaWhitening
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 66 , Issue 5 , October 2018 , pp. 403 - 414
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambikadevi, V.R. and Lalithambika, M. (2000) Effect of organic acids on ferric iron removal from iron-stained kaolinite. Applied Clay Science, 16, 133–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AïtAghzzaf, A., Rhouta, B., Rocca, E., and Khalil, A. (2017) Grafted palygorskite as containers of heptanoate for corrosion protection of steel in NaCl medium. Corrosion Science, 114, 88–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bancroft, G.M., Maddock, A.G., and Burns, R.G. (1967) Applications of the Mössbauer effect to silicate mineralogy – I. Iron silicates of known crystal structure. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 31, 2219–2246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banin, A. and Lahav, N. (1968) Particle size and optical properties of montmorillonite in suspension. Israel Journal of Chemistry, 6, 235–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barron, P.F., Slade, P., and Frost, R.L. (1985) Solid-state silicon-29 spin-lattice relaxation in several 2: 1 phyllosilicate minerals. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 89, 3305–3310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergaya, F. and Lagaly, G. (Editors) (2013) Handbook of Clay Science, 2nd edition. Developments in Clay Science, Vol. 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Bezerril, L.M., de Vasconcelos, C.L., Dantas, T.N.C., Pereira, M.R., and Fonseca, J.L.C. (2006) Rheology of chitosankaolin dispersions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 287, 24–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bott, R.C., Bowmaker, G.A., Davis, C.A., Hope, G.A., and Jones, B.E. (1998) Crystal structure of [Cu4(tu)7](SO4)2H2O and vibrational spectroscopic studies of some copper(I) thiourea complexes. Inorganic Chemistry, 37, 651–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouna, L., Rhouta, B., Amjoud, M., Maury, F., Lafont, M.C., Jada, A., Senocq, F., and Daoudi, L. (2011) Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 supported natural palygorskite microfibers. Applied Clay Science, 52, 301–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, W.F. (1940) The structural scheme of attapulgite. American Mineralogist, 25, 404–410.Google Scholar
Cai, X., Zhang, J., Ouyang, Y., Ma, D., Tan, S., and Peng, Y. (2013) Bacteria-adsorbed palygorskite stabilizes the quaternary phosphonium salt with specific-targeting capability, long-term antibacterial activity, and lower cytotoxicity. Langmuir, 29(17), 5279–5285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, W., Xia, G.H., Lu, M., Huang, H.G., and Xu, Y.X., (2016) Iron removal from kaolin using binuclear rare earth complex activated thiourea dioxide. Applied Clay Science, 126, 63–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, D. (1970) Clay minerals: a guide to their X-ray identification. Geological Society of America, special Paper 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cegarra, J., Gacèn, J., Caro, M., and Pepib, M., (1988) Wool bleaching with thiourea dioxide. Coloration Technology, 104, 273–279.Google Scholar
Chandrasekhar, S., and Ramaswamy, S. (2007) Investigation on a gray kaolin from south east India. Applied Clay Science, 37, 32–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J., Jin, Y.L., Qian, Y.H., and Hu, T. (2010) A new approach to efficiently disperse aggregated palygorskite into single crystals via adding freeze process into traditional extrusion treatment. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 9(1), 6–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y.P., Cheng, Y.F., Yang, W.L., Li, X.H., Wen, C., Wang, W.B., Wang, A.Q., and Zhou, Y. (2016) An evaluation of palygorskite inclusion on the growth performance and digestive function of broilers. Applied Clay Science, 129, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chisholm, J.E. (1990) An X-ray diffraction study of palygorskite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 28, 329–339.Google Scholar
Danilova, D.A., Tkacheva, L.P., Lapin, V.V., and Ermolaeva, Z.I. (1982) Bleaching of kaolin. U.S.S.R. Pat. No.937410.Google Scholar
D'Espinose de la Caillerie, J.B. and Fripiat, J.J. (1992) Almodified sepiolite as catalyst or catalyst support. Catalysis Today, 14, 125–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Espinose de la Caillerie, J.B. and Fripiat, J.J. (1994) A reassessment of the 29Si MAS-NMR spectra of sepiolite and aluminated sepiolite. Clay Minerals, 29, 313–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A. and Sokolova, G.V. (1971) Structure of palygorskite. Soviet Physics Crystallography, 16, 183–185.Google Scholar
Eisazadeh, A., Kassim, K.A., and Nur, H. (2012) Solid-state NMR and FTIR studies of lime stabilized montmorillonitic and lateritic clays. Applied Clay Science, 67–68, 5–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelhardt, G. and Michel, D. (1987) High-resolution Solid-State NMR of Silicates and Zeolites. Wiley, UK.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Locos, O.B., Ruan, H., and Kloprogge, J.T. (2001) Near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopic study of sepiolites and palygorskites. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 27, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galán, E. (1996) Properties and applications of palygorskitesepiolite clays. Clay Minerals, 31, 443–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galán, E. and Carretero, M.I. (1999) A new approach to compositional limits for sepiolite and palygorskite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 399–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galán, E., Mesa, J., and Sánchez, C. (1994) Properties and applications of palygorskite clays from Ciudad Real, Central Spain. Applied Clay Science, 9(4), 293–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giustetto, R. and Wahyudi, O. (2011) Sorption of red dyes on palygorskite: synthesis and stability of red/purple Mayan nanocomposites. Microporous Mesoporous Materials, 142, 221–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, B.A. (1982) Mössbauer spectroscopy. Pp. 113–137 in: Advanced Techniques for Clay Mineral Analysis (Fripiat, J.J., editor). Developments in Sedimentology, 34, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Goodman, B.A. and Lewis, D.G. (1981) Mössbauer spectra of aluminous goethites (α-FeOOH). Journal of Soil Science, 32, 351–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güven, N. (1992) The coordination of aluminium ions in the palygorskite structure. Clays and Clay Minerals, 40, 457–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Y.J., Li, Z., Li, S.Z., Shi, Z.L., Yin, L., and Hsia, Y.F. (2007) Mössbauer investigations of palygorskite from Xuyi, China. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 260, 657–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, R.D., Wiriyakitnateekul, W., and Gilkes, R.J. (2003) Properties of soil kaolins from Thailand. Clay Minerals, 38, 71–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrero, C.P., Sanz, J., and Serratosa, J.M. (1985) Tetrahedral cation ordering in layer silicates by 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Solid State Communications, 53, 151–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinsey, R.A., Kirkpatrick, R.J., Hower, J., Smith, K.A., and Oldfield, E. (1985) High resolution aluminum-27 and silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of layer silicates, including clay minerals. American Mineralogist, 70, 537–548.Google Scholar
Kostka, J.E., Wu, J., Nealson, K.H., and Stucki, J.W. (1999) The impact of structural Fe(III) reduction by bacteria on the surface chemistry of smectite clay minerals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 3705–3713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahav, N. and Banin, A. (1968) Effect of various treatments on particle size and optical properties of montmorillonite suspensions. Israel Journal of Chemistry, 6, 285–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lear, P.R. and Stucki, J.W. (1987) Intervalence electron transfer and magnetic exchange in reduced nontronite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35, 373–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, A., Pan, Z.Y., Shen, X.W., Lu, H.B., and Yang, Y.L. (2008) Rod-like attapulgite/polyimide nanocomposites with simultaneously improved strength, toughness, thermal stability and related mechanisms. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18, 4928–4941.Google Scholar
Li, X.Z., Zhu, W., Lu, X.W., Zuo, S.X., Yao, C., and Ni, CY. (2017) Integrated nanostructures of CeO2/attapulgite/gC3N4 as efficient catalyst for photocatalytic desulfurization: Mechanism, kinetics and influencing factors. Chemical Engineering Journal, 326, 87–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Z. and De Grave, E. (1994) The relationship between isomer shift and bond length and strength of Fe2+ of island and double island silicate. Chinese Science Bulletin, 39, 1696–1699.Google Scholar
Lippmaa, E., Mägi, M., Samoson, A., Engethardt, G., and Grimmer, A.R., (1980) Structural studies of silicates by solid-state high-resolution 29Si NMR. Journal of American Chemical Society, 102, 4889–4893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y., Wang, W.B., and Wang, A.Q. (2012) Effect of dry grinding on the microstructure of palygorskite and adsorption efficiency for methylene blue. Powder Technology, 225, 124–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, J.Z., Zhu, C.Z., Lu, J., Liu, H.B., Huang, L., Chen, T.H., and Chen, D. (2015) Catalytic degradation of gaseous benzene by using TiO2/goethite immobilized on palygorskite: preparation, characterization and mechanism. Solid State Sciences, 49, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madejová, J. and Komadel, P. (2001) Baseline studies of the Clay Minerals Society source clays: infrared methods. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 410–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marel, H.W.V.D. and Beutelspacher, H. (1976) Atlas of Infrared Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals and their Admixtures. Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Miao, S.D., Liu, Z.M., Zhang, Z.F., Han, B.X., Miao, Z.J., Ding, K.L., and An, G.M. (2007) Ionic liquid-assisted immobilization of Rh on attapulgite and its application in cyclohexene hydrogenation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111, 2185–2190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middea, A., Spinelli, L.S., Souza, F.G. Jr, Neumann, R., Fernandes, T.L., and da FM Gomes, O. (2017) Preparation and characterization of an organo-palygorskite-Fe3O4 nanomaterial for removal of anionic dyes from wastewater. Applied Clay Science, 139, 45–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neaman, A. and Singer, A. (2004) Possible use of the Sacalum (Yucatan) palygorskite as drilling muds. Applied Clay Science, 25, 121–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nkoumbou, C., Njoya, A., Njoya, D., Grosbois, C., Njopwouo, D., Yvon, J., and Martin, F. (2009) Kaolin from Mayouom (Western Cameroon): industrial suitability evaluation. Applied Clay Science, 43, 118–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okada, K., Arimitsu, N., Kameshima, Y., Nakajima, A., and MacKenzie, K.J.D. (2006) Solid acidity of 2: 1 type clay minerals activated by selective leaching. Applied Clay Science, 31, 85–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouali, A., Belaroui, L.S., Bengueddach, A., Galindo, A.L., and Peña, A. (2015) Fe2O3-palygorskite nanoparticles, efficient adsorbates for pesticide removal. Applied Clay Science, 115, 67–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papadopoulos, G.A., Kanoulas, V., Arsenos, G., Janssens, G.P., Buyse, J., Tzika, E.D., and Fortomaris, P.D. (2016) Effects of palygorskite dietary supplementation on back fat mobilization, leptin levels and oxidative stress parameters in sows. Applied Clay Science, 132, 535–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paquet, H., Duplay, J., Valleron-Blanc, M.M., and Millot, G. (1985) Octahedral composition of individual particles in smectite-palygorskite and smectite-sepiolite assemblages. Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Denver, pp. 73–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz-Hitzky, E., Darder, M., Fernandes, F.M., Wicklein, B., Alcântara, A.C., and Aranda, P. (2013) Fibrous clays based bionanocomposites. Progress in Polymer Science, 38(10), 1392–1414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serna, C., VanScoyoc, G.E., and Ahlrichs, J.L. (1977) Hydroxyl groups and water in palygorskite. American Mineralogist, 62(7–8), 784–792.Google Scholar
Sherman, D.M. and Vergo, N. (1988) Optical (diffuse reflectance) and Mössbauer spectroscopic study of nontronite and related Fe-bearing smectites. American Mineralogist, 73, 1346–1354.Google Scholar
Song, G.B., Peng, T.J., Liu, F.S., Mu, J., and Wan, P. (2005) Mineralogical characteristics of mine muscovites in China. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 2, 123–130.Google Scholar
Stone, W.E.E. (1982) The use of NMR in the study of clay minerals. Pp. 77–112 in: Advanced Techniques for Clay Mineral Analysis (Fripiat, J.J., editor). Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Stevens, J.G., Khasanow, A.M., Miller, J.W., Pollak, H., and Li, Z. (2005) Mössbauer Mineral Handbook. Mössbauer Effect Data Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.Google Scholar
Stucki, J.W. (2011) A review of the effects of iron redox cycles on smectite properties. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 338, 468–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suárez, M. and García-Romero, E. (2006) FTIR spectroscopic study of palygorskite: influence of the composition of the octahedral sheet. Applied Clay Science, 31, 154–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suárez, M., García-Romero, E., del Río, M.S., Martinetto, P., and Dooryhée, E. (2007) The effect of octahedral cations on the dimensions of the palygorskite cell. Clay Minerals, 42, 287–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, N., Zhang, Y., Ma, L., Yu, S., and Li, J. (2017) Preparation and characterization of chitosan/purified attapulgite composite for sharp adsorption of humic acid from aqueous solution at low temperature. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 78, 96–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaminathan, K. and Irving, H.M.N.H. (1964) Infrared absorption spectra of complexes of thiourea. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 26, 1291–1294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, Q.G., Wang, F., Guo, H., Yang, Y., Du, Y.L., Liang, J.S., and Zhang, F.Q. (2015) Effect of coupling agent on surface free energy of organic modified attapulgite (OAT) powders and tensile strength of OAT/ethylene-propylenediene monomer rubber nanocomposites. Powder Technology, 270, 92–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, J.G. (1984) 29Si and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 2: 1 clay minerals. Clay Minerals, 19, 229–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, G.Y., Wang, W.B., Zong, L., Kang, Y.R., and Wang, A.Q. (2016) A functionalized hybrid silicate adsorbent derived from naturally abundant low-grade palygorskite clay for highly efficient removal of hazardous antibiotics. Chemical Engineering Journal, 293, 376–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, G.Y., Wang, W.B., Wang, D.D., Wang, Q., and Wang, A.Q. (2017) Novel environment friendly inorganic red pigments based on attapulgite. Powder Technology, 315, 60–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, M., Qu, CD., Feng, Y.X., and Zhang, L.Q. (2003) Structure and properties of fibrillar silicate/SBR composites by direct blend process. Journal of Materials Science, 38, 4917–4924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veglio, F. (1997) Factorial experiments in the development of a kaolin bleaching process using thiourea in sulphuric acid solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 45, 181–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verrecchia, E.P. and Le Coustumer, M.-N. (1996) Occurrence and genesis of palygorskite and associated clay minerals in a pleistocene calcrete complex, Sde Boqer, Negev desert, Israel. Clay Minerals, 31, 183–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, W.B. and Wang, A.Q. (2010) Nanocomposite of carboxymethyl cellulose and attapulgite as a novel pH-sensitive superabsorbent: Synthesis, characterization and properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82(1), 83–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, W.B. and Wang, A.Q. (2016) Recent progress in dispersion of palygorskite crystal bundles for nanocomposites. Applied Clay Science, 119, 18–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, W.B., Wang, F.F., Kang, Y.R., and Wang, A.Q. (2015a) Nanoscale dispersion crystal bundles of palygorskite by associated modification with phytic acid and high-pressure homogenization for enhanced colloidal properties. Powder Technology, 269, 85–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, W.B., Zhang, Z.F., Tian, G.Y., and Wang, A.Q. (2015b) From nanorods of palygorskite to nanosheets of smectite via one-step hydrothermal process. RSC Advances, 5, 58107–58115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weir, R.M., Kuang, W., Facey, G.A., and Detellier, C. (2002) Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance study of sepiolite and partially dehydrated sepiolite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, 240–247.Google Scholar
Weiss, C.A.J., Altaner, S.P., and Kirkpatrick, R.J. (1987) High-resolution 29Si NMR spectroscopy of 2: 1 layer silicates; correlations among chemical shift, structural distortions, and chemical variations. American Mineralogist, 72, 935–942.Google Scholar
Xie, Q.Q., Chen, T.H., Chen, J., Ji, J.F., Xu, H.F., andXu, X.C. (2008) Distribution and paleoclimatic interpretation of palygorskite in Lingtai profile of Chinese Loess Plateau. Acta Geologica Sinica, 82, 967–974.Google Scholar
Xie, Q.Q., Chen, T.H., Zhou, H., Xu, X.C., Xu, H.F., Ji, J.F., Lu, H.Y., and Balsam, W. (2013) Mechanism of palygorskite formation in the Red Clay Formation on the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Geoderma, 192, 39–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamaguchi, A., Penland, R.B., Mizushima, S., Lane, T.J., Curran, C., and Quagliano, J.V. (1958) Infrared absorption spectra of inorganic coordination complexes. XIV. Infrared studies of some metal thiourea complexes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 80, 527–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, W.C., Liu, D., Tan, D.Y., Yuan, P., and Chen, M. (2012) FTIR spectroscopy study of the structure changes of palygorskite under heating. Spectrochimica Acta A, 97, 1052–1057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yavuz, Ö. and Saka, C. (2013) Surface modification with cold plasma application on kaolin and its effects on the adsorption of methylene blue. Applied Clay Science, 85, 96–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, X., Zhao, L., Gao, X., Zhang, X., and Wu, N. (2006) The intercalation of cetyltrimethylammonium cations into muscovite by a two-step process: II. The intercalation of cetyltrimethylammonium cations into Li-muscovite. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 179(5), 1525–1535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, W., Li, M.S., Wang, J., Zhao, Y.J., Zhou, S.Y., and Xing, W.H. (2017) Heterogeneous poly (ionic liquids) catalyst on nanofiber-like palygorskite supports for biodiesel production. Applied Clay Science, 146, 167–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y., Wang, W.B., Mu, B., Wang, Q., and Wang, A.Q. (2015a) Effect of grinding time on fabricating a stable methylene blue/palygorskite hybrid nanocomposite. Powder Technology, 280, 173–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y., Wang, W.B., Zhang, J.P., Liu, P., and Wang, A.Q. (2015b) A comparative study about adsorption of natural palygorskite for methylene blue. Chemical Engineering Journal, 262, 390–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Z.F., Wang, W.B., and Wang, A.Q. (2015) Effects of solvothermal process on the physicochemical and adsorption characteristics of palygorskite. Applied Clay Science, 107, 230–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Z.F., Wang, W.B., Tian, G.Y., Wang, Q., and Wang, A.Q. (2018) Solvothermal evolution of red palygorskite in dimethyl sulfoxide/water. Applied Clay Science, 159, 16–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, C.H., Zhao, L.Z., Wang, A.Q., Chen, T.H., and He, H.P. (2016) Current fundamental and applied research into clay minerals in China. Applied Clay Science, 119, 3–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, C.Y., Liang, Y.J., Gong, Y.S., Zhou, Q., Chen, Y.T., Qiu, X.M., Wang, H.Q., Luo, W.J., and Yan, C.J. (2014) Modes of occurrence of Fe in kaolin from Yunnan China. Ceramics International, 40, 14579–14587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, S.Y., Xue, A.L., Zhang, Y.J., Huang, X.X., Li, M.S., Zhao, Y.J., Fan, Y.Q., and Xing, W.H. (2015) Preparation of a new ceramic microfiltration membrane with a separation layer of attapulgite nanofibers. Materials Letters, 143, 27–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, L.X., Guo, J.S., Liu, P., and Zhao, S.B. (2016) Novel strategy for palygorskite/poly (acrylic acid) nanocomposite hydrogels from bi-functionalized palygorskite nanorods as easily separable adsorbent for cationic basic dye. Applied Clay Science, 121, 29–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, J.X., Zhang, P., Wang, Y.B., Wen, K., Su, X.L., Zhu, R.L., He, H.P., and Xi, Y.F. (2018) Effect of acid activation of palygorskite on their toluene adsorption behaviors. Applied Clay Science, 159, 60–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, T. (1992) The redox reaction between thiourea and ferric iron catalysis of sulphide ores. Hydrometallurgy, 28, 381–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhuang, G.Z., Wu, H., Zhang, H.X., Zhang, Z.P., Zhang, X.M., and Liao, L.B. (2017) Rheological properties of organopalygorskite in oil-based drilling fluids aged at different temperatures. Applied Clay Science, 137, 50–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar