Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-01T08:52:35.451Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Finno-Ugric Identity in Estonia: Visual and Discursive Analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2024

Andrey Makarychev*
Affiliation:
University of Tartu, Estonia
George Spencer Terry
Affiliation:
University of Tartu, Estonia
Sami Siva
Affiliation:
University of Tartu, Estonia
*
Corresponding author: Andrey Makarychev; Email: andrey.makarychev@ut.ee

Abstract

This article seeks to discover how this contemporary Finno-Ugric identity has been politically instrumentalized and negotiated in Estonia. First, we look at how the Estonian state engages with the concept of Finno-Ugric world and inscribes it into Estonia’s foreign policy goals. Then, we delve into the role of Finno-Ugric traditionalism in Estonian populist and far-right discourses. Third, we discuss how local identity constitutes and cements community building initiatives and projects in the Seto region known for its local specificity and cultural peculiarity.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Association for the Study of Nationalities

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abrahams, Roger. 1993. “Phantoms of Romantic Nationalism in Folkloristics.” The Journal of American Folklore 106 (419): 337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ART Konverentsitehnika videod. 2021. February 13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sP5FMg85Aw. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Auers, Daunis. 2023. “The (Non) Europeanization of Latvia’s Far Right.” Nationalities Papers: 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltic Monitor. 2019. “A Controversial Visit: President of Estonia Meets with Putin at the Kremlin.” 2019. Warsaw Institute (blog). April 23. https://warsawinstitute.org/controversial-visit-president-estonia-meets-putin-kremlin/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Bateman, John. 2014. Text and Image: A Critical Introduction to the Visual-Verbal Divide. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BBC News . 2018. “EU Parliament Votes to Punish Hungary over ‘Breaches’ of Core Values,” September 12. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45498514. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
BBC . 2020. “Setomaa: The Estonia-Russia Border Tearing Apart an Ancient People.” March 1. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51643309. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Bell, Vikki. 1999. Performativity and Belonging: an Introduction. Theory, Culture and Society 16 (2): 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettiza, Gregorio. 2014. “Civilizational Analysis in International Relations: Mapping the Field and Advancing a ‘Civilizational Politics’ Line of Research.” International Studies Review 16: 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berezhkov, Dmitriy. 2022. “Chorniy spisok finno-ugrov – samosud, shel/movanie, spravedlivost’?” August 1. https://indigenous-russia.com/archives/23294. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Berg, Eiki. 2002. “Local Resistance, National Identity and Global Swings in Post-Soviet Estonia.” Europe-Asia Studies 54 (1): 109122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Eiki, Sepp, Veiko, Allik, Allan, Urmann, Helen, and Vits, Kristel. 2023. Kagu-Eesti piiriala sotsiaalmajandusliku olukorra, siseturvalisuse, piirijulgeoleku ja kogukonna uuring Valmimist toetasid Kaitseministeerium ja Siseministeerium. RAKE: Tartu Ülikool.Google Scholar
Berger, John. 2013. Understanding a Photograph. Edited by Dyer, Geoff. London: Penguin Books. 4950.Google Scholar
Bleiker, Roland. 2017. “In Search of Thinking Space: Reflections on the Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory.” Millenium: Journal of International Studies 45 (2): 258264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleiker, Roland. 2018. “The Power of Images In Global Politics.” E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2018/03/08/the-power-of-images-in-global-politics/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Bleiker, Roland. 2019. “Visual Autoethnography and International Security: Insights from the Korean DMZ.” European Journal of International Security 4 (3): 274299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleiker, Roland. 2019. “Writing Visual Global Politics: In Defence of a Pluralist Approach – A Response to Gabi Schlag, ‘Thinking and Writing Visual Global Politics.’International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 32 (1): 115123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Kara. 2010. “Transnational Vitality of the Finno-Ugric Identity in Estonia: The Role of Education and Advocacy in a New Geopolitical Context.” In Post-Socialism Is Not Dead: (Re)Reading the Global in Comparative Education, edited by Silova, Iveta, 71296. International Perspectives on Education and Society. Emerald Group Publishing.Google Scholar
Braghiroli, Stefano, and Petsinis, Vassilis. 2019. “Between Party-Systems and Identity-Politics: The Populist and Radical Right in Estonia and Latvia.” European Politics and Society 20 (4): 431449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2017. “Between Nationalism and Civilizationism: The European Populist Moment in Comparative Perspective.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40 (8): 11911226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1988. “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory.” Theatre Journal 40 (4): 519531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1999. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cole, Stroma. 2007. “Beyond Authenticity and Commodification.” Annals of Tourism Research 34 (4): 943960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbin, Juliet, and Strauss, Anselm. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd Ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. SAGE Publications, Inc.: Thousand Oaks.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callahan, William. 2018. “Culture.” In Visual Global Politics, edited by Bleiker, Roland, 8187. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donald Trumpi esivanemate seas on muistsed soomeugrilased.” 2016. Uued Uudised (blog). November 15. https://uueduudised.ee/uudis/maailm/donald-trumpi-esivanemate-seas-muistsed-soomeugrilased/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Echo of the Urals – A virtual tour of the Estonian National Museum exhibition. 2021. VEMU, YouTube, October 21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m66unZNlZDQ. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Epner, Luule, and Saro, Anneli. 2022. “Forest as Image, Landscape and Environment on Stage: Articulating Finno-Ugric Identity through Theater.” In The Northern Forest. La forêt nordique, edited by Bédard-Goulet, Sara and Chartier, Daniel, 177204. Tartu, University of Tartu Press and Montréal, Imaginaire | Nord.Google Scholar
EKRE. 2018. “Ruuben Kaalep: Eesti Poliitikamaastik on Nagu Põld, Millelt Tuleb Kulu Ära Põletada.” EKRE – Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond https://www.ekre.ee/ruuben-kaalep-eesti-poliitikamaastik-on-nagu-pold-millelt-tuleb-kulu-ara-poletada/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
EKRE. 2021. “EKRE: Riigikogu peaks tegema avalduse Venemaa põlisrahvaste toetuseks.” EKRE (blog). https://ekre.ee/ekre-riigikogu-peaks-tegema-avalduse-venemaa-polisrahvaste-toetuseks. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
ERR . 2021. “EKRE to Block Ratification of Estonian-Russian Border Treaty.” February 18, 2021. https://news.err.ee/1608114571/ekre-to-block-ratification-of-estonian-russian-border-treaty. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Estonian Saunas. 2021. “A Visit to Estonia’s Mulgimaa Region, Home to the Finno-Ugric Cultural Capital. 2021.” YouTube. February 14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SV_idLwAwRU&t=122s. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
ETV Pluss. 2019. Правда ли Путин — Представитель Финно-Угорских Народов? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGdnDl4FJFM. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Feldman, Gregory. 2000. “Shifting the Perspective on Identity Discourse in Estonia.” Journal of Baltic Studies 31 (4): 406428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frog, Anna-Leena, and Stepanova, Eila, eds. 2012. Mythic Discourses: Studies in Uralic Traditions. Studia Fennica. Folkloristica 20. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glynos, Jason, and Howarth, David. 2007. Logics of Critical Explanation in Social and Political Theory. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gronn, Peter. 2002. “Distributed Leadership as a Unit of Analysis.” The Leadership Quarterly 13 (4), 423451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Allan. 2014. “Laclau and Mouffe and the Ontology of Radical Negativity.” Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory 15 (3): 283295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Allan, and Sonnichsen, Andre. 2014. “Discourse, the Political and the Ontological Dimension: An Interview with Ernesto Laclau.” Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory 15 (3): 255262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjern, Benny, and Porter, David. 1983. “Implementation Structures: a New Unit of Administrative Analysis.” In Realizing Social Science Knowledge. The Political Realization of Social Science Knowledge and Research: Toward New Scenarios, edited by Holzner, Burkart, Knorr, Karin, and Strasser, Hermann, 265277. Institut für Höhere Studien – Institute for Advanced Studies IHS-Studies No. 3 (INHSIAS).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Commission. 2019. “Inforegio – Sustainable Tourism in Unique Estonian and Latvian Ethno-Cultural Regions.” Ec.europa.eu. https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/projects/Latvia/sustainable-tourism-in-unique-estonian-and-latvian-ethno-cultural-regions. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Innes, Martin, Innes, Helen, Roberts, Colin, Harmston, Darren, and Grinnell, Daniel. 2021. “The Normalisation and Domestication of Digital Disinformation: On the Alignment and Consequences of Far-Right and Russian State (Dis)Information Operations and Campaigns in Europe.” Journal of Cyber Policy 6 (1): 3149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jääts, Indrek. 2015. “Count Us! Ethnic Activism in South-Eastern Estonia, and the Census of 2011.” Journal of Baltic Studies 46 (2): 243260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jääts, Indrek. 2000. “Ethnic Identity of the Setus and the Estonian–Russian Border Dispute.” Nationalities Papers 28 (4): 651670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaalep, Ruben. 2018. “Living within a Myth.” Counter-Currents. April 17. https://counter-currents.com/2018/04/living-within-a-myth. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Kaiser, Robert, and Nikiforova, Elena. 2006. “Borderland Spaces of Identification and Dis/Location: Multiscalar Narratives and Enactments of Seto Identity and Place in the Estonian-Russian Borderlands.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 9 (5): 928958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalkun, Andreas. 2014. “Fasts and Feasts in Estonians’ Representations of the Seto Culture.” The Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 8 (2014): 5373.Google Scholar
Karm, Svetlana, and Leete, Art. 2015. The Ethics of Ethnographic Attraction: Reflections on the Production of the Finno-Ugric Exhibitions at the Estonian National Museum. Tartu: Estonian Literary Museum, Estonian National Museum and the University of Tartu.Google Scholar
Korkut, Umut. 2008. “Eager, Pragmatic or Reluctant: Can Common Finno-Ugric Ethnic and Linguistic Links Substantiate intra-EU CFSP Co-operation?” Warsaw: CASE Network and Center for Social and Economic Research. Studies & Analyses, no. 367.Google Scholar
Kovaliov, Denis. 2022. “Finno-ugorskoe delo i moskovskaya agressiya protiv Ukrainy.” Idel Ural, August 23, https://idel-ural.org/archives/finno-ugorskoe-delo-i-moskovskaya-agressiya-protiv-ukrainy/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Kress, Gunther, and van Leeuwen, Theo. 2020. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuutma, Kristin. 2005. “Vernacular Religions and the Invention of Identities Behind the Finno-Ugric Wall.” Temenos – Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 41 (1).Google Scholar
Kuznetsova, Anna. 2020. “Finno-Ugric World(s) and ‘Language Brotherhood.’” In Black-Baltic Sea Regionalisms: Patchworks and Networks at Europe’s Eastern Margins, edited by Bogdanova, Olga and Makarychev, Andrey, 117130. Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto. 2017. “Discourse.” In A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, 541–47. John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto 2005. On Populist Reason. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto, and Mouffe, Chantal. 2001. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. 2nd ed. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Laruelle, Marlene, ed. 2015. Eurasianism and the European Far Right: Reshaping the Europe-Russia Relationship. Lanham: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Loode, Oliver. 2022. “Obraschenie v sviazi s voinoi v Ukraine.” March 10, https://fennougria.ee/ru/obrashhenie-v-svyazi-s-vojnoj-v-ukraine/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Luebke, Simon. 2021. “Political Authenticity: Conceptualization of a Popular Term.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 26 (3): 635653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meist.” 2021. Sinine Äratus. 2021. https://sininearatus.ee/meist/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Marchart, Oliver. 2014. “Institution and Dislocation: Philosophical Roots of Laclau’s Discourse Theory of Space and Antagonism.” Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory 15 (3): 271282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, Monty; Gurr, Ted Robert, and Jaggers, Keith. 2002. “Polity V, 1800–1999. Comments on Munck and Verkuilen.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (1): 4045.Google Scholar
Pawlusz, Emilia. 2018. “Ethno-Nationalism Revisited? A Journey Through the New Estonian National Museum (Eesti Rahva Muuseum).” In Cultural Contestation, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict, edited by Rodenberg, Jeroen and Wagenaar, Pieter, 263282. Palgrave Macmillan Cham.Google Scholar
Pawłusz, Emilia. 2021. “The Role of Estonian National Museum in the Process of Redefining the Boundaries of National Identity.” In Identity at the Borders and Between the Borders, edited by Kullasepp, Katrin and Marsico, Giuseppina, 7387. Springer Briefs in Psychology. Cham: Springer International Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersoo, Pille. 2007. “Reconsidering Otherness: Constructing Estonian Identity.” Nations and Nationalism 13 (1): 117133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petsinis, Vassilis. 2019. “Identity Politics and Right-Wing Populism in Estonia: The Case of EKRE.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 25 (2): 211230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, Andrew. 2010. The Authenticity Hoax: How We Got Lost Finding Ourselves. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Programm.” 2021. Sinine Äratus. 2021. https://sininearatus.ee/programm/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Rose, Gillian, 1997. “Situating Knowledges: Positionality, Reflexivities and Other Tactics.” Progress in Human Geography 21 (3): 305320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raik, Kristi, and Rikmann, Erle. 2021. “Resisting Domestic and External Pressure towards De-Europeanization of Foreign Policy? The Case of Estonia.” Journal of European Integration 43 (5): 603618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raun, Toivo. 1991. Estonia and the Estonians. 2nd ed. Studies of Nationalities. Stanford, CA: Hoover Press.Google Scholar
Region Expert. 2021. “‘Видимо, на Северо-Западе люди свободнее….’” Accessed December 8, 2022. https://region.expert/8congress/?fbclid=IwAR27L9MBcMi6V_Ll5C3QzipzdwmKWDYBYFcei_0kcMplelJbGzMWaZR0iwE. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Rose, Gillian. 2016. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. London: SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, Mark. 2019. Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seto Kingdom.” n.d. www.setomaa.ee. https://www.setomaa.ee/kogukond/seto-kingdom. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Siiner, Maarja. 2011. “Planning Language Practice: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Language Policy in Post-Communist Estonia.” Language Policy 5 (2): 161186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siikala, Anna-Leena. 2002. “What Myths Tell about Past Finno-Ugric Modes of Thinking.” In Myth and Mentality. Studies in Folklore and Popular Thought, edited by Siikala, Anna-Leena, 1532. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, Studia Fennica Folkloristica 8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinine Äratus. 2018. “A Letter to the Hungarian People.” Counter-Currents. September 17. https://counter-currents.com/2018/09/a-letter-to-the-hungarian-people. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Sommer, Łukasz. 2014. “Historical Linguistics Applied: Finno-Ugric Narratives in Finland and Estonia.” Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet 3 (2): 391417.Google Scholar
Sontag, Susan. 1979. On Photography. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Spektorowski, Alberto. 2003. “The New Right: Ethno-Regionalism, Ethno-Pluralism and the Emergence of a Neo-Fascist ‘Third Way.” Journal of Political Ideologies 8 (1): 111130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stengel, Frank, and Nabers, Dirk. 2019. “Symposium: The Contribution of Laclau’s Discourse Theory to International Relations and International Political Economy. Introduction.” New Political Science 41 (2): 248262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Syreś, Bolyaen. 2022. Briefing by the Chief Elder of Erzyan People Syreś Boläeń. “Как ты приближал падение Русского рейха?” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1D4ZLAtcP2U. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Tambur, Silver. 2021. “Russian Delegations, Putin Could Still Attend the Finno-Ugric World Congress in Estonia.” Estonian World (blog). May 3. https://estonianworld.com/culture/russian-delegations-putin-could-still-attend-the-finno-ugric-world-congress-in-estonia/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Tinkler, Penny. 2013. Using Photographs in Social and Historical Research. Los Angeles: SAGE.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2009. “UNESCO – Seto Leelo, Seto Polyphonic Singing Tradition.” 2022. Ich.Unesco.Org. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/seto-leelo-seto-polyphonic-singing-tradition-00173. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
UUED. 2016. “Ruuben Kaalep: Mida tähendab olla Eesti rahvuslane?” 2016. Uued Uudised (blog). February 27 https://uueduudised.ee/arvamus/ruuben-kaalep-mida-tahendab-olla-eesti-rahvuslane-2/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
UUED. 2021. “Henn Põlluaasa sihikindlus Tartu rahu ja Eesti-Vene piiri teemal ajab idanaabril harja punaseks.” Uued Uudised (blog). July 9, 2021. https://uueduudised.ee/uudis/eesti/henn-polluaasa-sihikindlus-tartu-rahu-ja-eesti-vene-piiri-teemal-ajab-idanaabril-harja-punaseks/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
UUED. 2022. “Ivan Makarov: Kiireloomuline karisefoobia kui kroonilise estofoobia tüsistus.” Uued Uudised (blog). January 2. https://uueduudised.ee/uudis/eesti/kiireloomuline-karisefoobia-kui-kroonilie-estofoobia-tusistus/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Uurali kaja.” 2016. Eesti Rahva Muuseum. April 11. https://www.erm.ee/et/content/uurali-kaja. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Verschik, Anna. 2005. “The Language Situation in Estonia.” Journal of Baltic Studies 36 (3): 283316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viires, Piret. 1996. “The Phenomenon of Ethnofuturism in Contemporary Estonian Literature.” Congressus Octavus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Literatura, Archaeologia & Anthropologia: 235238.Google Scholar
Заявление Ассоциации Финно-Угорских Народов России.” 2021. Ассоциация Финно-Угорских Народов РФ. April 23. https://afunrf.ru/news/zayavlenie_afunrf_2021/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Комментарий Официального Представителя МИД России М.В.Захаровой в Связи с Ситуацией Вокруг Конгресса Финно-Угорских Народов в Тарту.” 2021. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. June 18. https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/4793352?fbclid=IwAR1RqKkW3Ka9-aixXzGzKMkaRywaGI9cyoR-cCVBefkVnAw2U_2dNrdCP7k. (Accessed January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Kauski, Ulle. 2022. Author and playwright. Obinitsa.Google Scholar
Külvik, Helen. 2022. The head of the Seto Institute. Tartu.Google Scholar
Järvelill, Rein. 2022. Former member of the Parliament (IX Riigikogu) and served as mayor of Varska for two terms. Obinitsa.Google Scholar
Horn, Aare. 2021. Former Chief Herald of Seto community. Obintisa.Google Scholar
Mariam, . 2021. Farmer living along the border of Estonia and Russia. Vinski.Google Scholar
Kauski, Ulle. 2022. Author and playwright. Obinitsa.Google Scholar
Külvik, Helen. 2022. The head of the Seto Institute. Tartu.Google Scholar
Järvelill, Rein. 2022. Former member of the Parliament (IX Riigikogu) and served as mayor of Varska for two terms. Obinitsa.Google Scholar
Horn, Aare. 2021. Former Chief Herald of Seto community. Obintisa.Google Scholar
Mariam, . 2021. Farmer living along the border of Estonia and Russia. Vinski.Google Scholar