¹ Hansen, Niles, The Border Economy: Regional Development in the Southwest (Austin: University of Texas, 1981)Google Scholar; Martinez, Oscar J., Border People: Life and Society in the U.S. Mexico Borderlands (Tucson: University of Arizona, 1994)Google Scholar. This essay will not attempt to discuss all studies of borderlands or frontiers, but only those that explicitly employ those concepts.

² Recently, U.S. historians of the West have revised the category of the frontier to include some of the concepts of the borderland; this is called “New Western History.” For purposes of clarity, I will continue to use the term in its older sense. See Limerick, Patricia Nelson, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West, Limerick, Patricia Nelson and Rankin, Charles E. (New York: Norton, 1987); Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991).Google Scholar

³ Huntington, Samuel P., “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993, pp. 22–49.Google Scholar

⁴ Turner, Frederick Jackson, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” in The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1920), pp. 1–38.Google Scholar

⁵ Power, Daniel, “Introduction,” in Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700, ed. Power, Daniel and Standen, Naomi (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), pp. 2, 4–8.Google Scholar Power provides a short history of frontiers and of the term frontier but does not discuss the borderland concept.

⁶ Turner, , pp. 2, 7, 14.Google Scholar

⁷ Martinez, , pp. xvii–xviii.Google Scholar

⁸ Martinez, , pp. 10, 14, 17, 18–19, 20.Google Scholar

⁹ Bolton, H. E., “The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies,” American Historical Review 23 (1917), pp. 42–61CrossRefGoogle ScholarBelaunde, Victor Andres, The Frontier in Hispanic America, Rice Institute Pamphlets, 23 (October 1923), pp. 202–13Google ScholarWalker, Eric A., The Frontier Tradition in South Africa (London: Oxford, 1930)Google Scholar; Lattimore, Owen, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York: American Geographical Society, 1940)Google Scholar; Alexander, Frederick, Moving Frontiers, an American Theme and Its Application to Australian History (Victoria: Melbourne, 1947).Google Scholar For Europe, see below.

¹⁰ Published in The Frontier in Perspective, ed. Wyman, Walker D. and Kroeber, Clifton B. (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1965), p. 21 [and pp. 21–34]Google Scholar; see Preface for the history of the lecture series.

¹¹ Lewis, Archibald, “The Closing of the Medieval Frontier, 1250–1350,” Speculum 33 (1958), pp. 475–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar, cited in Burns, Robert I., “The Significance of the Frontier in the Middle Ages,” in Medieval Frontier Societies, ed. Bartlett, Robert and MacKay, Angus (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989), p. 313 and n. 10.Google Scholar

¹² McNeill, William H., Europe’s Steppe Frontier 1500–1800 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1964).Google Scholar

¹³ Wolfskill, George and Palmer, Stanley, eds., Essays on Frontiers in World History, The Walter Prescott Webb Memorial Lectures (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1983)Google Scholar. Khuri-Makdisi, , The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ Billington, Ray Allen, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, quoted in Burns, , p. 312 (see n. 11).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Burns, , pp. 316–18.Google Scholar The frontier paradigm became popular in studies of Reconquista Spain; see MacKay, Angus, Spain in the Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire, 1000–1500 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1978).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Bartlett, Robert, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 2; Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices, ed. David Abulafia and Nora Berend (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Anderson, Malcolm, “European Frontiers at the End of the Twentieth Century: An Introduction,” in The Frontiers of Europe, ed. Anderson, Malcolm and Burt, Eberhard (London: Pinter, 1998), p. 1.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Wittek, Paul, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1938), p. 17.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Abou-El-Haj, Rifaat A., “The Formal Closure of the Ottoman Frontier in Europe, 1699–1703,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89 (1969), pp. 467–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁰ Hess, Andrew C., The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1978), pp. 257–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²¹ İnalcik, Hâlil, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, trans. Itzkowitz, Norman and Imber, Colin (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973), pp. 3, 5–9Google ScholarHeywood, Colin, “The Frontier in Ottoman History: Old ideas and New Myths,” in Power and Standen, pp. 228–50.Google Scholar

²² Hütteroth, Wolf D., “Ottoman Administration of the Desert Frontier in the Sixteenth Century,” Asian and African Studies 19 (1985), pp. 145–55.Google Scholar

²³ Rothenberg, Gunther E., The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522–1747 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1960)Google Scholar; Fodor, Pal, “Making a Living on the Frontiers: Volunteers in the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Army,” in Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs: The Military Confines in Central Europe in the Era of Ottoman Conquest, ed. David, Geza and Fodor, Pal (Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp. 229–63Google ScholarAgoston, Gabor, “A Flexible Empire: Authority and Its Limits on the Ottoman Frontiers,” International Journal of Turkish Studies 9 (2003), pp. 15–31Google ScholarStein, Mark, Guarding the Frontier: Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe (London: IB Tauris, 2007)Google Scholar. See also Peacock, A. C. S., ed., The Frontiers of the Ottoman World, Proceedings of the British Academy, p. 1561 (Oxford: Oxford, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁴ inalcik, Hâlil, “Ottoman Methods of Conquest,” Studia Islamica 2 (1954), pp. 104–29.Google Scholar

²⁵ Haldon, Jon and Kennedy, Hugh, “The Arab-Byzantine Frontier in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Military Organization and Society in the Borderlands,” Recueil des travaux de l’Institut d’Études Byzantines 19 (1980), pp. 70–116.Google Scholar

²⁶ Karpat, Kemal with Zens, Robert, eds., Ottoman Borderlands: Issues, Personalities and Political Changes (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 2003), also published as International Journal of Turkish Studies 9 (2003).Google Scholar

²⁷ Mikesell, Marvin W., “Comparative Studies in Frontier History,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 50 (1960), p. 65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Bolton, Herbert Eugene, The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest (New Haven: Yale, 1921)Google Scholar; as a student of Turner he refrained from developing a separate borderland paradigm.

²⁸ Lattimore, Owen, “The Frontier in History,” published in Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928–1958 (Paris: Mouton, 1962), pp. 469–70.Google Scholar

²⁹ Martinez, , pp. 6–9.Google Scholar

³⁰ Baud, Michiel and Schendel, Willem van, “Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands,” Journal of World History 8 (1997), pp. 211–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³¹ Darling, Linda T., “Mediterranean Borderlands: Early English Merchants in the Levant,” in The Ottoman Empire: Myths, Realities and ‘Black Holes’: Contributions in Honour of Colin Imber, ed. Kermeli, Eugenia and Özel, Oktay, pp. 173–88 (Istanbul: Isis, 2006).Google Scholar

³² Darling, , pp. 173–74.Google Scholar

³³ Zartman, I. William, “Introduction: Identity, Movement, and Response,” in Understanding Life in the Borderlands: Boundaries in Depth and in Motion, ed. Zartman, I. William (Athens: University of Georgia, 2010), p. 1, citing Hansen, no page number.Google Scholar

³⁴ Zartman, , pp. 1–2, 7–8.Google Scholar

³⁵ Zartman, , pp. 10–14.Google Scholar