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2 - Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and therapeutics in animal models of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy

from Section 1 - Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis of fetal and neonatal brain injury

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2010

By
Lee J. Martin
Edited by
David K. Stevenson ,
William E. Benitz ,
Philip Sunshine ,
Susan R. Hintz  and
Maurice L. Druzin
David K. Stevenson
Affiliation:
Stanford University School of Medicine, California
William E. Benitz
Affiliation:
Stanford University School of Medicine, California
Philip Sunshine
Affiliation:
Stanford University School of Medicine, California
Susan R. Hintz
Affiliation:
Stanford University School of Medicine, California
Maurice L. Druzin
Affiliation:
Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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Summary

Introduction

Perinatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) and asphyxia due to umbilical cord prolapse, delivery complications, airway obstruction, asthma, drowning, and cardiac arrest are significant causes of brain damage, mortality, and morbidity in infants and young children. The incidence of HI encephalopathy (HIE), for example, is ∼ 2 to 4/1000 live term births. Term infants that experience episodes of asphyxia can have damage in the brainstem and forebrain, with the basal ganglia, particularly the striatum, and somatosensory systems showing selective vulnerability. Infants surviving with HIE can have long-term neurological disability, including disorders in movement, visual deficits, learning and cognition impairments, and epilepsy. Many of these neurological disabilities are contributors to the complex clinical syndrome of cerebral palsy. Neuroimaging studies of full-term neonates and experimental studies on animal models suggest that this pattern of selective vulnerability is related to local metabolism and brain regional interconnections that instigate and propagate the damage within specific neural systems. This idea has been called the “metabolism-connectivity concept”. The neurodegeneration is partly triggered by excitotoxic mechanisms resulting from excessive activation of excitatory glutamate receptors and oxidative stress. The ion channel N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and intracellular signaling networks involving calcium, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), mitochondria, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide, nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), appear to have instrumental roles in the neuronal cell death leading to perinatal HIE.

Type
Chapter
Information
Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury , pp. 14 - 37
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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