Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T15:04:33.124Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Who Owns Up to the Past? Heritage and Historical Injustice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2018

ERICH HATALA MATTHES*
Affiliation:
WELLESLEY COLLEGEematthes@wellesley.edu

Abstract

‘Heritage’ is a concept that often carries significant normative weight in moral and political argument. In this article, I present and critique a prevalent conception according to which heritage must have a positive valence. I argue that this view of heritage leads to two moral problems: disowning injustice and embracing injustice. In response, I argue for an alternative conception of heritage that promises superior moral and political consequences. In particular, this alternative jettisons the traditional focus on heritage as a primarily positive relationship to the past and thus offers resources for coming to terms with histories of injustice.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Philosophical Association 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Thanks to audiences at the University of Connecticut, Connecticut College and the 2015 Lehigh University conference ‘Metaphors in Use’ for helpful feedback on earlier drafts of this paper. Thanks also to Laurajane Smith, Peter Lindsay, and three anonymous referees for this journal. Thanks always to Jackie Hatala Matthes.

References

Abbey, Edward. (1968) Desert Solitaire. New York: Touchstone.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert Merrihew. (2006) ‘Love and the Problem of Evil’. Philosophia, 34, 243–51.Google Scholar
Anderson, Elizabeth. (1995) Value in Ethics and Economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ashworth, G. J., Graham, Brian, and Tunbridge, J. E.. (2007) Pluralising Pasts. London and Ann Arbor: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Bauer, Alexander A. (2015) ‘Cultural Property’. In Samuels, Kathryn Lafrenz and Rico, Trinidad (eds.), Heritage Keywords (Louisville, CO: University Press of Colorado), 8194.Google Scholar
Beazley, Olwen. (2010) ‘Politics and Power: the Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome) as World Heritage’. In Long, Colin and Labadi, Sophia (eds.), Heritage and Globalisation (New York: Routledge), 4565.Google Scholar
Burgess, Alexis, and Plunkett, David. (2013a) ‘Conceptual Ehics I’. Philosophy Compass, 8, 1091–101.Google Scholar
Burgess, Alexis, and Plunkett, David. (2013b) ‘Conceptual Ethics II’. Philosophy Compass, 8, 1102–110.Google Scholar
Carr, E. H. (2001) What is History? Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Carvajal, Doreen. (2015) ‘Seeing a Cash Cow in Museums’ Precious Art’. New York Times, April 4. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/arts/design/seeing-a-cash-cow-in-museums-precious-art.html.Google Scholar
Cashman, Ray. (2006) ‘Critical Nostalgia and Material Culture in Northern Ireland’. Journal of American Folklore, 119, 137–60.Google Scholar
Coates, Ta-Nehisi. (2013) ‘The Selective Amnesia of Postwar Europe’. The Atlantic, Oct. 22. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/the-selective-amnesia-of-postwar-europe/280789/.Google Scholar
Coleman, Elizabeth. 2006Cultural Property and Collective Identity’. In Herbrechter, Stefan and Higgins, Michael (eds.), Returning (to) Communities: Theory, Culture and Political Practice of the Communal (Amsterdam: Rodopi), 161–71.Google Scholar
Coleman, Elizabeth. (2010) ‘Repatriation and the Concept of Inalienable Possession’. In Turnbull, Paul and Pickering, Michael (eds.), The Long Way Home: the Meaning and Values of Repatriation (New York: Berghan Books), 8295.Google Scholar
Danto, Arthur C. (1965) Analytical Philosophy of History. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Darby, Derrick. (2010) ‘Reparations and Racial Inequality’. Philosophy Compass, 5, 5566.Google Scholar
Dawdy, Shannon Lee. (2016) Patina: A Profane Archaeology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Downs, Gregory P., and Masur, Kate. (2015) ‘There's No National Site Devoted to Reconstruction-Yet’. The Atlantic, April 29. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/04/theres-no-national-site-devoted-to-reconstructionyet/389138/.Google Scholar
Enoch, David. (2011) ‘Being Responsible, Taking Responsibiltiy, and Penumbral Agency’. In Heuer, Ulrike and Lang, Gerald (eds.), Luck, Value and Commitment: Themes from the Ethics of Bernard Williams (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 95132.Google Scholar
Harrison, Rodney. (2009) ‘Chapter 1: What is Heritage?’ In Harrison, Rodney (ed.), Understanding the Politics of Heritage (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press), 542.Google Scholar
Harrison, Rodney. (2013) Heritage: Critical Approaches. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ireland, Tracy, and Schofield, John. (2015) ‘The Ethics of Cultural Heritage’. In Ireland, Tracy and Schofield, John (eds.), The Ethics of Cultural Heritage (New York: Springer), 112.Google Scholar
Jones, Ben. (2015) ‘The Confederate Flag is a Matter of Pride and Heritage, Not Hatred’. New York Times. June 19.Google Scholar
Jones, R., and Birdsall-Jones, C.. (2008) ‘The Contestation of Heritage: The Colonizer and the Colonized in Australia’. In Graham, Brian and Howard, Peter (eds.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity (New York: Ashgate Publishing), 365–80.Google Scholar
Kolodny, Niko. (2003) ‘Love as Valuing a Relationship’. Philosophical Review, 112, 135–89.Google Scholar
Korsgaard, Christine. (1996) The Sources of Normativity. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Logan, William S. (2007) ‘Closing Pandora's Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection’. In Silverman, H. and Ruggle, D. F. (eds.), Cultural Heritage and Human Rights (New York: Springer), 3352.Google Scholar
Logan, William, and Reeves, Keir, eds. (2009) Places of Pain and Shame: Dealing with ‘Difficult Heritage’. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lowenthal, David. (1985) The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lowenthal, David. (1998) The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Macdonald, Sharon. (2009) Difficult Heritage: Negotiating the Nazi Past in Nuremberg and Beyond. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Macdonald, Sharon. (2016) ‘Is “Difficult Heritage” Still “Difficult”?: Why Public Acknowledgment of Past Perpetration May No Longer Be So Unsettling to Collective Identities’. Museum International, 265–68, 622.Google Scholar
Mathis-Lilley, Ben. (2017) ‘Trump Refers to Confederacy as “Our Great Heritage”’. Slate. October 26. http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/10/26/trump_praises_confederacy_in_ed_gillespie_tweet.html.Google Scholar
Matthes, Erich Hatala. (2015) ‘Impersonal Value, Universal Value, and the Scope of Cultural Heritage’. Ethics, 125, 9991027.Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn. (2002) ‘Negative Heritage and Past Mastering in Archaeology’. Anthropological Quarterly, 75, 557–74.Google Scholar
Neumann, Klaus, and Thompson, Janna, eds. (2015) Historical Justice and Memory. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Petri, Alexandra. (2015) ‘The Trouble with “Heritage, not hate”’. The Washington Post, June 19.Google Scholar
Prott, Lyndel V., and O'Keefe, Patrick J.. (1992) ‘“Cultural Heritage” or “Cultural Property”?International Journal of Cultural Property, 1, 307–20.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. (1971) A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Raz, Joseph. (2001) Value, Respect, and Attachment. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press.Google Scholar
Ridge, Michael. (2003) ‘Giving the Dead Their Due’. Ethics, 114, 3859.Google Scholar
Rini, Regina. 2015. ‘Should We Rename Institutions that Honour Dead Racists?’ Aeon. https://aeon.co/ideas/should-we-rename-institutions-that-honour-dead-racists.Google Scholar
Samuel, Raphael. (1994) Theatres of Memory. London and New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Samuels, Joshua. (2015) ‘Difficult Heritage’. In Samuels, Kathryn Lafrenz and Rico, Trinidad (eds.), Heritage Keywords (Louisville, CO: University Press of Colorado), 111–28.Google Scholar
Sandis, Constantine. (2014) ‘Culture, Heritage, and Ethics’. In Sandis, Constantine (ed.), Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers), 1120.Google Scholar
Scheffler, Samuel. (2003) ‘Families, Nations, and Strangers’. In Boundaries and Allegiances (New York: Oxford University Press), 4865.Google Scholar
Scheffler, Samuel. (2010) ‘Valuing’. In Equality and Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press), 1540.Google Scholar
Shelby, Tommie. (2007) We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Smilansky, Saul. (2005) ‘On Being Sorry About the Morally Bad’. Philosophy, 80, 261–65.Google Scholar
Smith, Laurajane. (2006) The Uses of Heritage. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smith, Laurajane. (2010) ‘Ethics or Social Justice? Heritage and the Politics of Recognition’. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2, 6068.Google Scholar
Smith, Laurajane. (2017) ‘Heritage, Identity and Power’. In Michael Hsiao, Hsin-Huang, Yew-Foong, Hui, and Peycam, Philippe (eds.), Citizens, Civil Society and Heritage-Making in Asia (Singapore: ISEAS Publishing), 1539.Google Scholar
Smith, Laurajane, and Campbell, Gary. (2015) “The Elephant in the Room: Heritage, Affect and Emotion.” In Logan, William, Craith, Máiréad Nic, and Kockel, Ullrich (eds.), A Companion to Heritage Studies (New York: Wiley-Blackwell), 443–60.Google Scholar
Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). (2017). ‘Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy’. https://www.splcenter.org/20180604/whose-heritage-public-symbols-confederacy.Google Scholar
Thompson, Janna. (2001) ‘Historical Injustice and Reparation: Justifying Claims of Descendants’. Ethics, 112, 114–35.Google Scholar
Tunbridge, J. E., and Ashworth, G. J.. (1996) Dissonant Heritage: New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Waldron, Jeremy. (1992) ‘Superseding Historic Injustice’. Ethics, 103, 428.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. Jay. (2013) The View from Here: On Affirmation, Attachment, and the Limits of Regret. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weiss, Lindsay. (2007) ‘Heritage-making and Political Identity’. Journal of Social Archaeology, 7, 413–31.Google Scholar
Williams, Bernard. (1981) Moral Luck. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Susan. (2001) ‘The Moral of Moral Luck’. Philosophic Exchange, 31, 519.Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. (2004) ‘Responsibility and Global Labor Injustice’. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12, 365–88.Google Scholar
Young, James O. (2007) ‘Cultures and Cultural Property’. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 24, 111–23.Google Scholar