Element contents
Shamanic Materialities in Nordic Climates
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 August 2023
Summary
This Element takes its starting point in shamanism in the Nordic countries and explores expressions and the lives of shamanic materialities in contemporary Finland and Norway. Shamans interact with spiritual powers and beings, but their religious practices unfold in a material reality. In this Element, then, we begin with the materiality of shamanism and focus on how the drum, the sacrificial site, the power animal, and a mushroom bridge the gap between the profane and the divine and create networks and dynamics in a shamanic worldview as well as in the wider society. Throughout its sections, the authors inquire into the ways the construction of the category shamanism makes shamanic materialities come to life. And, in contrast, how shamanic materialities form shamanism and facilitate constantly formative exchanges and dynamics between the local and global, past and present, secular and spiritual, time and space.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009376396Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 21 September 2023
References
Aarnio, S. n.d. “Johannes Setälä – suomalainen samaani.” Neljä Tuulta. https://fourwinds.fi/johannes-setala/.Google Scholar
Äikäs, T. 2012. “Tupakoivat, laulavat ja liikkuvat kivet: Kommunikointia seitojen kanssa.” In Saamenmaa: Kulttuuritieteellisiä näkökulmia, eds. Lehtola, V.-P., Piela, U., & Snellman, H., 81–90. Helsinki: SKS.Google Scholar
Äikäs, T. 2015. From Boulders to Fells: Sacred Places in the Sámi Ritual Landscape. Translated by S. Silvonen. Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland 5. www.sarks.fi/masf/masf_5/masf_5.html.Google Scholar
Äikäs, T. 2019. “Religion of the past or living heritage? Dissemination of knowledge on Sámi religion in museums in Northern Finland.” Nordic Museology 3: 152‒68.Google Scholar
Äikäs, T. & Ahola, M.. 2020. “Heritage of past and present: Cultural processes of heritage-making at ritual sites of Taatsi and Jönsas.” In Entangled Rituals and Beliefs: Religion in Finland and Sápmi from Stone Age to Contemporary Times, eds. Äikäs, T. & Lipkin, S., 158‒80. Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland 8. www.sarks.fi/masf/masf_8/MASF8-7-%C3%84ik%C3%A4s&Ahola.pdfGoogle Scholar
Äikäs, T., Bergmann, U., & Salmi, A.-K.. 2012. “An attempt to use blood residue analysis to identify sacrificial practices at sieidi sites.” Fennoscandia Archaeologica 29: 23−34.Google Scholar
Äikäs, T. & Fonneland., T. 2021. “Animals in Saami shamanism: Power animals, symbols of art, and offerings.” Religions 12(4): 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12040256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Äikäs, T., Fonneland, T., Thomas, S., Perttola, W., & Kraft, S. E.. 2018. “‘Traces of our ancient religion’: Meaning-making and shamanism at Sámi offering places and at the Isogaisa festival, northern Norway.” In Archaeological Sites as Space for Modern Spiritual Practice, eds. Leskovar, J. & Karl, R., 1–20. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Äikäs, T. & Salmi, A.-K.. 2019. “Introduction: In search of Indigenous voices in the historical archaeology of colonial encounters.” In The Sound of Silence: Indigenous Perspectives on the Historical Archaeology of Colonialism, eds. Äikäs, T. & Salmi, A.-K., 1–14. New York: Berghahn Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Äikäs, T. & Spangen, M.. 2016. “New users and changing traditions: (Re)defining Sami offering sites.” European Journal of Archaeology 19(1): 95–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Äimä, F. 1903. “Muutamia muistotietoja Inarin lappalaisten vanhoista uhrimenoista.” Virittäjä 8: 113–16.Google Scholar
Alte, K. O. & Kvernmo, R.. 2009. Saivo Sjamansenter. Drammen: Bacheloroppgave ved Handelshøyskolen BI.Google Scholar
Alver, B. G. 2006. “‘Ikke det bare vand’: Et kulturanalytisk perspektiv på vandets magiske dimension.” Tidsskrift for kulturforskning 2: 21–42.Google Scholar
Andreassen, B.-O. & Fonneland, T.. 2002. “Mellom healing og blå energi: Nyreligiøsitet i Tromsø.” DIN – Tidsskrift for religion og kultur 4/2002 + 1/2003, 30–36.Google Scholar
Andreassen, B.-O. & Olsen, T. A. 2020. “‘Sami religion’ in Sámi curricula in RE in the Norwegian school system: An analysis of the importance of terms.” Religions 11: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11090448.Google Scholar
Asad, T. 1993. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Asad, T. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Askeland, H. 2011. Hovedmodeller for relasjonen mellom stat og trossamfunn: Finansiering av majoritetskirker i Europa. KA-note 27.4.2011. [unpublished].Google Scholar
Aupers, S. & Houtman, D.. 2006. “Beyond the spiritual supermarket: The social and public significance of new age spirituality.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 21(2): 201–22.Google Scholar
Bæck, U. D. & Paulgaard, G.. 2012. Rural Futures? Finding One’s Place Within Changing Labour Markets. Stamsund: Orkana.Google Scholar
Beckford, J. A. 2003. Social Theory and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beyer, P. 1998. “Globalisation and the religion of nature.” In Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World, eds. Pearson, J. & Samuel, G., 11–21. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Bjørklund, I. 2000. Sápmi – Becoming a Nation. Exhibition catalog. Tromsø University Museum.Google Scholar
Bjørklund, I. 2013. “Industrial impacts and Indigenous representation: Some fallacies in the Sami quest for autonomy.” Études / Inuit / Studies 37(2): 146–160.Google Scholar
Blain, J. & Wallis, R.. 2007. Sacred Sites Contested Rites/Rights: Pagan Engagements with Archaeological Monuments. Brighton : Sussex Academic Press.Google Scholar
Boekhoven, J. W. 2013. “Public individualism in public Dutch shamanism.” In Religion beyond Its Private Role in Modern Society, eds. Hofstee, W. & van der Kooij, A., 245–57. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. 1973. “Cultural reproduction and social reproduction.” In Knowledge, Education and Social Change, ed. Brown, R., 71–112. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Bowman, M. & Valk, Ü. 2012. “Vernacular religion, generic expressions and the dynamics of belief.” In Vernacular Religion in Everyday Life, eds. Bowman, M. & Valk, Ü, 1–21. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brattland, C. & Myrvoll, M.. 2014. Etiske problemstillinger ved støtte til Sámisk nyreligiøsitet. Tromsø: Rapport NIKU, Barents Secretariat.Google Scholar
Carpenter, E. 1973. Oh, What a Blow That Phantom Gave Me! New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Carrette, J. & King, R.. 2005. Selling Spirituality: The Silent Takeover of Religion. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Castaneda, C. 1968. The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chandler, D. & Reid, J.. 2019. Becoming Indigenous: Governing Imaginaries in the Anthropocene. London: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Chidester, David. 2018. Religion: Material Dynamics. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Christensen, C. 2005. “Urfolk på det Nyreligiøse markedet: en Analyse av Alternativt Nettverk.” Master’s thesis, University of Tromsø.Google Scholar
Christensen, C. 2013. Religion som samisk identitetsmarkør: Fire studier av film. Doctoral dissertation, University of Tromsø.Google Scholar
Christiansen, V. E. 2015. “Samesjamanen lever av hellig sopp.” VG Nyheter. www.vg.no/nyheter/i/Kv981o/samesjamanen-lever-av-hellig-sopp.Google Scholar
Clifford, J. 2013. Returns: Becoming Indigenous in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coats, C. 2011. “Spiritual tourism – promise and problems: The case of Sedona Arizona.” In Media, Spiritualties and Social Change, eds. Hoover, E. M. & Emerich, M., 117–26. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Crossland, Z. 2012. “Materiality and embodiment.” In The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies, eds. Hicks, D. & Beaudry, M. C., 386–405. Oxford Handbooks Online. http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218714.013.0016.Google Scholar
Dressler, M. 2019. “Modes of religionization: A constructivist approach to secularity.” Working Paper nr. 7, Working Paper Series of the Centre for Advanced Studies, Multiple Secularities – Beyond the West, Beyond Modernities. www.multiple-secularities.de/publications/working-papers.Google Scholar
Dressler, M. & Mandair, A.-P. S. (eds.). 2011. Secularism and Religion-Making. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dunfjeld, S. 1998. Samisk folkemedisin I dagens Norge: rapport fra seminar i regi av Institutt for sosiologi og samisk senter. Seminar report. Tromsø November 26–27, 1998.Google Scholar
Duntley, M. 2015. “Spiritual tourism and frontier esotericism at Mount Shasta, California.” International Journal for the Study of New Religions 5(2): 123–50. http://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v5i2.26233.Google Scholar
Eliade, M. 1964. Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Finn, C. 1997. “‘Leaving more than footprints’: Modern votive offerings at Chaco Canyon prehistoric site.” Antiquity 71: 169–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00084659.Google Scholar
Flemmen, A. & Kramvig, B.. 2016. “What alters when the traditional costume travels? A study of affective investments in the Sápmi.” In Sensitive Objects: Affect and Material Culture, eds. Frykman, J. & Povrzanovic Frykman, M., 179–98. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fonneland, T. 2010. Samisk nysjamanisme: i dialog med for(tid) og stad. Doctoral dissertation, University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Fonneland, T. 2012. “Spiritual entrepreneurship in a northern landscape, tourism, spirituality and economics.” Temenos: Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 48(2): 155–78.Google Scholar
Fonneland, T. 2015. “The festival Isogaisa: Neoshamanism in new arenas.” In Nordic NeoShamanisms, eds. Fonneland, T., Kraft, S. E., & Lewis, J., 215–34. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fonneland, T. 2017a. Contemporary Shamanisms in Norway: Religion, Entrepreneurship and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fonneland, T. 2017b. “The shamanic festival Isogaisa: Religious meaning-making in the present.” In The Brill Handbook of Indigenous Religion(s): Pathways – Being, Becoming, Back, eds. Johnson, G. & Kraft, S. E., 234–46. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Fonneland, T. 2020. “Religion-making in the Disney feature film, Frozen II: Indigenous religion and dynamics of agency.” Religions 11: 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11090430.Google Scholar
Fonneland, T. & Kraft, S. E. 2013. “New age, Sami shamanism and Indigenous spirituality.” In New Age Spirituality: Rethinking Religion, eds. Sutcliffe, S. J. & Gilhus, I. S., 132–45. Durham, NC: Acumen Publishing.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. 2010. “From identity and material culture to personhood and materiality.” In The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies, eds. Hicks, D. & Beaudry, M. C., 352–85. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. 2011. “Personhood and the body.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion, ed. Insoll, T., 133–50. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, J. 1999. “Indigenous struggle and the discreet charm of the bourgeoisie.” Journal of World-Systems Research (2): 391–411.Google Scholar
Frykman, J. 2002. “Place for something else: Analyzing a cultural imaginary.” Ethnologia Europa 32(2): 47–68.Google Scholar
Gaup, A. 2005. The Shamanic Zone, trans. Lasse V. Gundersen. Oslo: Three Bear Company.Google Scholar
Gilhus, I. & Kraft, S.E. 2019. “Introduction: New age in Norway.” In New Age in Norway, eds. Gilhus, I. S., S. Kraft, E. & Lewis, J. R., 1–18. Sheffield: Equinox.Google Scholar
Gilje, N. 1998. “Renessansens menneskebilde og naturoppfatning.” In Det europeiske menneske, ed. Bagge, S., 131–56. Oslo: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Graburn, N. 1989. “Tourism: The sacred journey.” In Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, ed. Smith, V., 21–36. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Gregorius, F. 2008. “Modern Asatro: Att konstruera etnisk och kulturell identitet.” Doctoral dissertation, Lund University.Google Scholar
Grønaas, O., Halvorsen, J., & Torgersen, L.. 1948. Problemet Nord-Norge: statistiskøkonomisk undersøkelse av Nord-Norges andel i landets nasjonalinntekt i 1939. Bodø: Studieselskapet for nord-norsk næringsliv.Google Scholar
Haapoja-Mäkelä, H. 2019. “Näkymiä suomalaiseen muinaisuuteen: Aineeton kulttuuriperintö, kalevalaisuus, paikka ja maisema.” Terra 131(2): 97–112.Google Scholar
Hagen, R. 2002. “Harmløs dissenter eller djevelsk trollmann? Trolldomsprosessen mot samen Anders Poulsen i 1692.” Historisk tidsskrift 81(2–3): 319–46. https://hdl.handle.net/10037/910.Google Scholar
Hagen, R. 2015. Ved porten til helvete: Trolldomsprosessene i Finnmark. Oslo: Cappelen Damm AS.Google Scholar
Hall, M. 2007. “Politics, power and Indigenous tourism.” In Tourism and Indigenous Peoples, eds. Butler, R. & Hinch, T., 305–18. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hall, S. 1992. “The question of cultural identity.” In Modernity and Its Futures, eds. Hall, S., Held, D. & McGrew, T., 274–316. Cambridge: Polity Press/ Open University.Google Scholar
Hammer, O. 2001. Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Handler, R. & Linnekin., J. 1984. “Tradition, genuine or spurious.” Journal of American Folklore 97: 273–390.Google Scholar
Hansen, L. I. & Olsen, B.. 2014. Hunters in Transition: An Outline of Early Sámi History. The Northern World 63. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Harlin, E.-K. & Musta, I.. 2019. “Myös Suomessa tulee kunnioittaa alkuperäiskansan pyhiä paikkoja.” Opinion piece. Helsingin Sanomat, October 28. www.hs.fi/mielipide/art-2000006287430.html.Google Scholar
Harner, M. 1980. The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing. San Francisco: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Harner, M. 2013. Cave and Cosmos: Shamanic Encounters with Another Reality. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.Google Scholar
Harrison, R. & Schofield, J.. 2010. After Modernity: Archaeological Approaches to the Contemporary Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, G. 2009. Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Heino, M. T., Salmi, A., Äikäs, T., Mannermaa, K., Kirkinen, T., Sablin, M., Ruokonen, M., Núñez, M., Okkonen, J., Dalen, L., & Aspi, J.. 2020. “Reindeer from Sámi offering sites document the replacement of wild reindeer genetic lineages by domestic ones in Northern Finland starting from 1400–1600 AD.” Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 35, 102691.Google Scholar
Helander-Renvall, E. 2008. “‘Váisi,’ the sacred wild: Transformation and dreaming in the Sami cultural context.” In Wo(men) and Bears: The Gifts of Nature, Culture and Gender Revisited, ed. Kailo, K., 314–38. Toronto: Inanna Publications and Education.Google Scholar
Herva, V.-P., Varnajot, A., & Pashkevich, A.. 2020. “Bad Santa: Cultural heritage, mystification of the Arctic, and tourism as an extractive industry.” The Polar Journal 10(2): 375–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2020.1783775.Google Scholar
Holloway, J. 2003. “Make-believe: spiritual practice, embodiment, and sacred space.” Environment and Planning A 35: 1961–74.Google Scholar
Holmberg, U. 1915. Lappalaisten uskonto. Suomen suvun uskonnot, part II. Porvoo: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö.Google Scholar
Holtorf, C. & Piccini, A. (eds.). 2011. Contemporary Archaeologies: Excavating Now. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Horn, M. J. & Gurel, L. M. 1981. The Second Skin: An Interdisciplinary Study of Clothing. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Houlbrook, C. 2018. The Magic of Coin-Trees from Religion to Recreation: The Roots of a Ritual. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Houlbrook, C. 2022. “Ritual Litter” Redressed. Magic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hutton, R. 2001. Shamans: Siberian Spirituality and the Western Imagination. Hambledon: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. H. 1975. “Folklore’s nature and the sun’s myth.” The Journal of American Folklore 88(350): 345–69.Google Scholar
Ikäheimo, J. & Äikäs, T.. 2017. “Constructing a trumped-up future with the pastness of the present? Neo-relics and archaeological heritage.” World Archaeology 49(3): 388–403.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 2009. “Materializing performance and ritual: Decoding the archaeology of movement in Tallensi shrines in Northern Ghana.” Material Religion 5(3): 258–311.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. (ed.). 2011. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Itkonen, T. I. 1948a. Suomen lappalaiset vuoteen 1945, part I. Porvoo: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö.Google Scholar
Itkonen, T. I. 1948b. Suomen lappalaiset vuoteen 1945, part II. Porvoo: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö.Google Scholar
Ivakhiv, A. 2003. “Nature and self in new age pilgrimage.” Culture and Religion 4(1): 93–118.Google Scholar
Jaakkola, S. 2022. “Joulupukki ja noitarumpu: saamelaisuus vääristyy edelleen Lapin matkailussa.” A blog text, April 12. AntroBlogi. https://antroblogi.fi/2022/04/saamelaisuus-lapin-matkailussa/.Google Scholar
Johnson, G. & Kraft, S. E.. 2017. “Introduction.” In Handbook of Indigenous Religion(s), eds. Johnson, G. & Kraft, S. E., 1–24. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Jonuks, T. & Äikäs, T.. 2019. “Contemporary deposits at sacred places: Reflections on contemporary Paganism in Finland and Estonia.” Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 75: 7–46. http://folklore.ee/folklore/vol75/jonuks_aikas.pdf.Google Scholar
Josefsen, E. & Skogerbø., E. 2021. “Indigenous political communication in the Nordic countries.” In Power, Communication, and Politics in the Nordic Countries, eds. Skogerbø, E., Ihlen, Ø, Kristensen, N. N., & Nord, L., 197–217. Gothenburg: Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.Google Scholar
Joy, F. 2014. “What influence do the old Sámi noaidi drums from Lapland play in the construction of new shaman drums by Sámi persons today?” Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 56: 117–58.Google Scholar
Joy, F. 2018. Sámi Shamanism, Cosmology and Art: As Systems of Embedded Knowledge. Doctoral dissertation. Rovaniemi: Lapin yliopisto.Google Scholar
Joy, F. 2019. “Sámi cultural heritage and tourism in Finland.” In Resources, Social and Cultural Sustainabilities in the Arctic, eds. Tennberg, M., Lempinen, H., & Pirnes, S., 144–62. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Joyce, R. A. 2005. “Archaeology of the body.” The Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 139–58.Google Scholar
Jussila, J. 2022. “Saamelaisten tarinoista ammentava suomalaispeli on saanut runsaasti huomiota maailmalla: oli vaikea valinta tehdä peli oman kulttuurin traumoista, sanoo käsikirjoittaja.” Helsingin Sanomat, June 20. www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000008886581.html.Google Scholar
Kaikkonen, K. I. 2020. “Contextualising descriptions of noaidevuohta: Saami ritual specialists in texts written until 1871.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Kalela, J. 2013. “History making: The historian as consultant.” Public History Review 20: 24‒41.Google Scholar
Kalvig, A. 2015. “Shared facilities: The fabric of shamanism, spiritualism, and therapy in a Nordic setting.” In Nordic NeoShamanisms, eds. Fonneland, T., Kraft, S. E., & Lewis, J., 67–88. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kalvig, A. 2020. “Nature and magic as representation of ‘The Sami’ – Sami shamanistic material in popular culture.” Religions 11: 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11090453.Google Scholar
Karhu, H. 2020. “Shamanismi voimistuu nykypäivän Suomessa.” A blog text, September 17. AntroBlogi, https://antroblogi.fi/2020/09/shamanismi-voimistuu-nykypaivan-suomessa/.Google Scholar
Karlsen Bæck, U.-D. & Paulgaard, G.. 2012. “Introduction: Choices, opportunities and coping in the face of unemployment.” In Rural Futures? Finding One’s Place Within Changing Labour Markets, eds. Karlsen Bæck, U.-D. & Stamsund, G. Paulgaard, 9–22. Stamsund: Orkana Akademisk.Google Scholar
Kehoe, A., B. 2000. Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking. Wisconsin: Waveland Press.Google Scholar
Kildal, J. 1727 [1910]. “Afguderiets dempelse.” In Källskrifter till laparnas mytologi, ed. Reuterskiöld, E., 88–98. Stockholm: Ivar Hjeggströms boktrycfri A.B.Google Scholar
Kouri, J. 2022. “Shamanismista.” https://shamaaniseura.fi/artikkelit/34-shamanismista.Google Scholar
Kraft, S. E. 2000. “De nye hellig-dyrene: Om dyremennesker og menneskedyr I nyreligiøsiteten.” DIN: Tidsskrift for religion og kultur (3): 42–47.Google Scholar
Kraft, S. E. 2009. “Kristendom, Sjamanisme og Urfolksspiritualitet i Norsk Sápmi.” Chaos 51: 29–52.Google Scholar
Kraft, S. E. 2020. “Spiritual activism: Saving Mother Earth in Sápmi.” Religions 11(7): 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11070342.Google Scholar
Kraft, S. E. 2022. Indigenous Religion(s) in Sápmi: Reclaiming Sacred Grounds. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kramvig, B. & Flemmen, A. B.. 2018. “Turbulent Indigenous objects: controversies around cultural appropriation and recognition of difference.” Journal of Material Culture 24(1): 64–82.Google Scholar
Kulick, D. & Willson, M. E.. 1992. “Echoing images: The construction of savagery among Papua New Guinean villagers.” Visual Anthropology 5(2): 142–152.Google Scholar
Kuparikettu, & Saure, H. 2021. Noitakirja: Nykynoidat ja noitien historiaa. Helsinki: Into.Google Scholar
Kvernmo, R. 2020a. Digital newsletter. https://isogaisasiida.mailmojo.no/m/337359/4ZGk47qRlv0vXaCJtP0NogaaaxwYEZ.Google Scholar
Kvernmo., n.d. “Chaga inneholder 46 ganger mer antioksidanter enn blåbær!” Digital newsletter. https://isogaisasiida.mailmojo.no/m/253938/4ZGk47qRlv0vXaCJtP0NogaaaxwYEZ.Google Scholar
Lakkala, A. 2015. “Yhdenvertaisuusvaltuutettu suomii Visit Finlandin markkinointivideota: “Saamelaisten kulttuurisia oikeuksia on kunnioitettava matkailussa.” Yle.fi, October 23 . https://yle.fi/sapmi/3-8403269.Google Scholar
Last, J. 2022. “Skábma: Snowfall is a huge win for Indigenous game makers.” Wired, January 11. www.wired.com/story/skabma-snowfall-Indigenous-game-makers/.Google Scholar
Lehto – Suomen Luonnonuskontojen yhdistys ry. 2022. “Samanismi on universaali uskonto.” June 15. www.facebook.com/Lehtory/posts/4806333166135110.Google Scholar
Lehtola, V.-P. 2012. Saamelaiset suomalaiset: Kohtaamisia 1896–1953. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.Google Scholar
Leiwo, H. 2022. “Jurvalainen Juha Järvinen vastasi mystiseen sähköpostiin, ja nyt viikinkielokuvassa The Northman soivat eteläpohjalaiset noitarummut.” Yle.fi/uutiset. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12423143.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. 2010. “How religions appeal to the authority of science.” In Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, eds. Lewis, J. & Hammer, O., 23–40. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Lilleslåtten, M. 2021. Vanskelig for samer å sette politisk dagsorden. www.hf.uio.no/imk/forskning/aktuelt/aktuelle-saker/2021/vanskelig-for-samer-a-sette-politisk-dagsorden.Google Scholar
Lucas, G. & Buchli., V. 2001. Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
MacCannell, D. 1976. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Schocken Books.Google Scholar
Magga-Hætta, T. M. 2001. “Pohjoinen luontosuhde ei ole myytävänä.” Kide 5/2001: 21–22.Google Scholar
Manker, E. 1957. Lapparnas heliga ställen: Kultplatser och offerkult i belysning av nordiska museets och landsantikvariernas fältundersökningar. Acta Lapponica XIII. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Masuzawa, T. 2005. The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Mathisen, S. R. 2000. “Kulturen materialisering: en innledning.” In Kulturens materialisering: identitetog uttrykk, ed. Mathisen, S. R., 9–24. Kulturstudier 13. Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget.Google Scholar
Mathisen, S. R. 2003. “Tracing the narratives of the ecological Sami.” In Nature and Identity: Essays on the Culture of Nature, eds. Pedersen, K. & Viken, A., 189–206. Kulturstudier 36. Kristiansand: Norwegian Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mathisen, S. R. 2004. “Hegemonic representations of Sámi culture: From narratives of noble savage to discourses on ecological Sámi.” In Creating Diversities: Folklore, Religion and the Politics of Heritage, eds. Siikala, A.-L., Klein, B., & Mathisen, S. R., 17–30. Helsinki: SKS.Google Scholar
Mathisen, S. R. 2010. “Indigenous spirituality in the touristic borderzone: Virtual performances of Sami Shamanism in Sapmi Park.” Temenos – Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 46(1): 53–72. https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.6941.Google Scholar
Mathisen, S. R. 2020. “Souvenirs and the commodification of Sámi spirituality in tourism.” Religions 11(9): 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11090429.Google Scholar
Minde, H. 2008. “Constructing ‘Laestadianism’: A case for Sami survival?” Acta Borealia: A Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Societies 15(1): 5–25.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. P. 2018. “Religion and embodiment.” In The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, ed. H. Callan, n.p. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1791.Google Scholar
Morgan, D. 2009. Religion and Material Culture: The Matter of Belief. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Morgan, D. 2012. The Embodied Eye: Religious Visual Culture and the Social Life of Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Myrhaug, E. 2018. “Sjamanveien: veien til moderne sjamanisme.” Ottar: Populærvitenskaplig tidsskrift fra Tromsø Museum-Universitetsmuseet 321: 28–33.Google Scholar
Naum, M. & Nordin, J. M.. 2013. “Introduction: Situating Scandinavian colonialism.” In Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity: Small Time Agents in a Global Arena, eds. Naum, M. & Nordin, J. M., 3–16. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikanorova, L. 2022. “The role of academia in finding, claiming, and authorizing Sakha religions.” In Religions around the Arctic: Source Criticism and Comparison, eds. Rydving, H. & Kaikkonen, K., 255–75. Stockholm: Stockholm University Press.Google Scholar
Olsen, K. 2000. “Sápmi: fra Djursland til Kåfjord.” In Kulturens materialisering: identitet og uttrykk, ed. Mathisen, S. R., 53–66. Kulturstudier 13. Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget.Google Scholar
Olsen, K. 2017. “What does the sieidi do? Tourism as a part of a continued tradition?” In Tourism and Indigeneity in the Arctic, eds. Viken, A. & Müller, D. K., 225–45. Bristol: Channel View Publications.Google Scholar
Pääkkönen, L. W. 1902. “Matkakertomus muinais- ja kansatieteelliseltä keräysmatkalta kesällä 1901 Tornion, Muonion ja Ounas sekä Kemin jokivarsilla.” Selonteko muinais- ja kansatieteellisestä keräysmatkastani Tornion jokilaaksossa Oulun Historiallisen Seuran toimesta kesällä 1900. L. Pääkkönen: Kytäjä.Google Scholar
Pain, R. 1965. “Læstadianisme og samfunnet.” Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning 1965(1): 60–73.Google Scholar
Paulaharju, S. 1932. Seitoja ja seidan palvontaa. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.Google Scholar
Prentice, R. 2001. “Experiential cultural tourism: Museums & the marketing of the new romanticism of evoked authenticity.” Museum Management and Curatorship 19 (1): 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647770100201901.Google Scholar
Primiano, L. N. 1995. “Reflexivity and the study of belief.” Western Folklore 54(1): 37–56.Google Scholar
Rainio, R., Lahelma, A., Äikäs, T., Lassfolk, K., & Okkonen, J.. 2018. “Acoustic measurements and digital image processing suggest a link between sound rituals and sacred sites in Northern Finland.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 25(2): 453–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-017-9343-1.Google Scholar
Redden, G. 2005. “The new age: Towards a market model.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 20(2): 231–46.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. 2004. “Biography, time and local history-making.” Rethinking History 8(1): 89‒102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642520410001649741.Google Scholar
Robertson, R. 1995. “Glocalization: Time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity.” In Global Modernities, ed. Featherstone, M., 25–44. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Rothstein, M. 2004. “Science and religion in the new religions.” In The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, ed. Lewis, J. R., 99–118. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rountree, K. 2012. “Neo-Paganism, animism, and kinship with nature.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 27: 305–20.Google Scholar
Ruotsala, H. 2008. “Does sense of place still exist?” Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 1(2): 43–54.Google Scholar
Rydving, H. 1991. “The Saami drums and the religious encounter in the 17th and 18th centuries.” In The Saami Shaman Drum, eds. Ahlbäck, T. & Bergman, J., 28–51. Scripta Instituti Dionneriani Aboensis 14. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Rydving, H. 1993. The End of Drum-Time: Religious Change among the Lule Saami, 1670s–1740s. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Historia Religionum 12. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Rydving, H. 1995. Samisk religionshistoria: några källkritiska problem. Uppsala Research Reports in the History of Religions 4. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Rydving, H. 2010. Tracing Sami Traditions: In Search of the Indigenous Religion Among the Western Sami During the 17th and 18th Centuries. Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture / Novus.Google Scholar
Rydving, H. 2011. “Le chamanisme aujourd’hui: constructions et déconstructions d’une illusion scientifique.” Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines [En ligne], 42. https://doi.org/10.4000/emscat.1815.Google Scholar
Said, E. 1978. Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Salmi, A.-K., Äikäs, T., & Lipkin, S.. 2011. “Animating ritual at Sámi sacred sites in Northern Finland.” Journal of Social Archaeology 11(2): 212–35.Google Scholar
Salmi, A.-K., Äikäs, T., Spangen, M., Fjellström, M., & Mulk, I.-M.. 2018. “Traditions and transformations in Sámi animal offering practices.” Antiquity 92(362): 472–89.Google Scholar
Salmi, A.-K., Fjellström, M., Äikäs, T., Spangen, M., Núñez, M., & Lidén, K.. 2020. “Zooarchaeological and stable isotope evidence of Sámi reindeer offerings.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102129.Google Scholar
Salmi, A.-K. & Seitsonen, O. 2022. “Effects of reindeer domestication on society and religion.” In Domestication in Action: Past and Present Human–Reindeer Interaction in Northern Fennoscandia, ed. Salmi, A.-K., 215–47. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Schanche, A. 2004. “Horizontal and vertical perceptions of Saami landscapes.” In Landscape, Law and Customery Rights: Report from a Symposium in Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino March 26–28, 2003, eds. M. Jones & A. Scanche. Dieđut 3: 1–10.Google Scholar
Shamaaniseura ry. 2022a. “Toinen shamanistinen kokoontuminen ja konferenssi.” https://shamaaniseura.fi/kokoontuminen-gathering/.Google Scholar
Shamaaniseura ry. 2022b. “Usein kysytyt kysymykset.” https://shamaaniseura.fi/home/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset.Google Scholar
Sidky, H. 2010. “On the antiquity of shamanism and its role in human religiosity.” Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 22: 68‒92.Google Scholar
Forbund, Sjamanstisk. 2020. “Hva er kraftdyr og hjelpere?” www.sjamanforbundet.no/artikkel/hva-er-kraftdyr-og-hjelpere.Google Scholar
Smith, J. Z. 1988. Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Smith, J. Z. 1998. “Religion, religions, religious.” In Critical Terms for Religious Studies, ed. Taylor, M.C., 269–84. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Solbakkk, A. 2008. Hva vi tror på: Noaidevuohta: en innføring I nordsamenes religion. Karasjok: CálliidLágádus.Google Scholar
Spangen, M. & Äikäs, T.. 2020. “Sacred nature: Diverging use and understanding of old Sámi offering sites in Alta, Northern Norway.” Religions 11(317): 1‒22. Special Issue, “Sámi religion: Religious identities, practices and dynamics.” https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11070317.Google Scholar
Stark, L. 2002. Peasants, Pilgrims, and Sacred Promises. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society. https://doi.org/10.21435/sff.11.Google Scholar
Stausberg, M. 2011. Religion and Tourism: Crossroads, Destinations and Encounters. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Steam. n.d. “Skabma: Snowfall.” https://store.steampowered.com/app/1665280/Skabma__Snowfall/.Google Scholar
Stoor, K. 2016. “Svenska Kyrkan och Jojken.” In De historiska relationerna mellan svenska kyrkan och samerna, eds. Lindmark, D. & Sundström, O., 711–35. En vetenskaplig antologi 2. Skellefteå: Artos.Google Scholar
Storm, D. 2014. “The mission networks and the religious situation.” In The Protracted Reformation in Northern Norway: Introductory Studies, eds. Hansen, L.-I., Bergesen, R., & Hage, I., 185–210. Stamsund: Orkana Akademisk.Google Scholar
Strmiska, M. F. 2018. “Pagan politics in the 21st century: ‘Peace and love’ or ‘blood and soil’?”. Pomegranate 20(1): 5–44. https://doi.org/10.1558/pome.35632.Google Scholar
Stuckrad, K. V. 2003. “Discursive study of religion: From states of the mind to communication and action.” Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 15: 255–71.Google Scholar
Taira, T. 2010. “Religion as a discursive technique: The politics of classifying Wicca.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 25(3): 379–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2010.516546.Google Scholar
Taves, A. & Kinsella, M. 2018. Religions 9. Special Issue, “Ethnographies of worldviews/ways of life.” www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special_issues/-ethnographies.Google Scholar
Tweed, T. A. 2006. Crossing and Dwelling: A Theory of Religion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tylor, E. B. 1871. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. Vols I and II. London: John Murray. www.masseiana.org/primitive_culture1.htm and www.masseiana.org/primitive_culture2.htm.Google Scholar
Valkonen, J. & Valkonen., S. 2014. “Contesting the nature relations of Sámi culture.” Acta Borealia 31(1): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2014.905010.Google Scholar
ValonTalo, Palvelut. n.d. “Palvelut.” https://lighthouseres.wixsite.com/valontalo/palvelut.Google Scholar
ValonTalo. 2015. “Pakurikäävän ihmeellinen maailma.” https://valontalo.wordpress.com/, 24 February.Google Scholar
Wallis, R. J. 2003. Shamans/Neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, Alternative Archaeologies and Contemporary Pagans. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wessman, A. 2010. Death, Destruction and Commemoration: Tracing Ritual Activities in Finnish Late Iron Age Cemeteries (AD 550–1150). Helsinki: Finnish Antiquarian Society.Google Scholar
Willumsen, L. H. 2022. “The witchcraft trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadø 1692: Critical perspective.” In Religions Around the Arctic: Source Criticism and Comparisons, eds. Rydving, H. & Kaikkonen, K., 139–60. Stockholm: Stockholm University Press.Google Scholar
Zachariassen, K. 2012. “Samiske Nasjonale Strategar: Den Samepolitiske Opposisjonen i Finnmark, ca. 1900–1940.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Tromsø.Google Scholar
Znamenski, A. A. 2007. The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- 9
- Cited by