Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T05:11:44.961Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Remembering to Forget: Chosen Amnesia as a Strategy for Local Coexistence in Post-Genocide Rwanda

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Abstract

More than a decade after the genocide, Rwanda's local communities remain severely affected by the experience of the violence and horror. This is reflected in the way people remember their past, as well as in what they choose to forget. During fieldwork in Nyamata and Gikongoro it became apparent that even though the memory of the genocide as such, its pain and suffering, was essential for all interviewees, a clearer picture of the causes of the genocide had disappeared into oblivion. In this article I argue that this forgetting of pregenocide social cleavages reflects less a mental failure than a conscious coping mechanism. What I shall refer to as chosen amnesia, the deliberate eclipsing of particular memories, allows people to avoid antagonism and enables a degree of community cohesion necessary for the intimacy of rural life in Rwanda. While this is presently essential for local coexistence, it prevents the emergence of a critical challenge to the social cleavages that allowed the genocide to occur in the first place and impedes the social transformation necessary to render ethnicity-based violence impossible.

Résumé

Plus de dix ans après le génocide, les communautés locales du Rwanda restent profondément marquées par l'expérience de la violence et de l'horreur. On le voit dans la manière dont les Rwandais se remémorent leur passé, ainsi que dans ce qu'ils choisissent d'oublier. Dans le cadre de travaux de terrain menés à Nyamata et à Gikongoro, il s'est avéré que même si la mémoire du génocide en tant que tel, avec sa douleur et sa souffrance, était primordiale pour toutes les personnes interrogées, l'exposé précis des causes du génocide était tombé dans l'oubli. L'article affirme que l'oubli des clivages sociaux qui ont précédé le génocide est moins le reflet d'une déficience mentale que d'un mécanisme conscient de défense. Il décrit sous le terme d'amnésie voulue l'action délibérée d'occulter des souvenirs précis, qui selon lui permet d'éviter l'hostilité et rend possible un certain degré de cohésion communautaire nécessaire à l'intimité de la vie rurale au Rwanda. Bien qu'actuellement essentielle pour la coexistence locale, cette amnésie voulue empêche l'émergence d'une mise en question critique des clivages sociaux qui ont permis au génocide de se produire et gêne la transformation sociale nécessaire pour rendre impossible la violence ethnique.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

African Rights 2002. Tribute to Courage. Kigali: African Rights.Google Scholar
African Rights 2004. Broken Bodies, Tom Spirits. Living with genocide, rape and HIV/AIDS. Kigali: African Rights.Google Scholar
Amnesty International 2001. ‘Rwanda’, in Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, London: Amnesty International.Google Scholar
Amnesty International 2004. Rwanda. The enduring legacy of the genocide and war. London: Amnesty International.Google Scholar
AVEGA 1999. Survey on Violence against Women in Rwanda. Kigali: AVEGA.Google Scholar
Buckley-Zistel, S. 2006. ‘Dividing and uniting. The use of citizenship discourses in conflict and reconciliation in Rwanda’, Global Society 20 (1): 101–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AVEGA forthcoming, 2006. ‘Developing peace? A critical assessment of the international community's role in Rwanda's post-genocide transition’, PRIF Report, Frankfurt: PRIF.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. 1995. ‘State crimes and previous regimes: knowledge, accountability, and the policing of the past’, Law and Social Inquiry 20 (1): 750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S. 2001. States of Denial. Knowing about atrocities and suffering. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Eltringham, N. 2004. Accounting for Horror. Post-genocide debates in Rwanda. London: Pluto.Google Scholar
Fabian, J. 2003. ‘Forgetful remembering: a colonial life in the Congo’, Africa 73 (4): 489504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halbwachs, M. 1992. On Collective Memory. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatzfeld, J. 2003. Une Saison de Machettes. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
HRW 1999. ‘Leave none to tell the story’, in Genocide in Rwanda. Washington: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
HRW 2001. Uprooting the Rural Poor in Rwanda. Washington: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Lacger, L. 1959. Ruanda. Rwanda: Kabgayi, second edition.Google Scholar
Last, M. 2000. ‘Reconciliation and memory in postwar Nigeria’, in Das, V., Kleinman, A., Ramphele, M. and Reynolds, P. (eds), Violence and Subjectivity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, R. 1994. ‘Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in comparative perspective’, Journal of Modern African Studies 32 (4): 581604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemarchand, R. 2002. ‘A history of genocide in Rwanda’, Journal of African History 43: 307–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malkki, L. 1995. Purity and Exile. Violence, memory and national cosmology among Hutu refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulinda, C. K. 2002. ‘La généalogie de l'idée du peuplement du Rwanda: considérations sur l’autochtonie ou l'allochtonie des rwandais’, in Rutembesa, F., Ntaganda, E. and Murwanashyaka, J. (eds), Peuplement du Rwanda. Enjeux et perspectives. Butare: Editions de l’Université Nationale du Rwanda.Google Scholar
Newbury, C. 1988. The Cohesion of Oppression. Clientship and ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860–1960. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Newbury, C. 2002. ‘Ethnicity and the politics of history in Rwanda’, in Lorey, D. E. B. and William, H. (eds), Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources.Google Scholar
Nora, P. 1993. ‘General introduction: between memory and history’, in Nora, P. (ed.), Realms of Memory. Rethinking the French past.(Vol.1:Conflict and Divisions), New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Nordstrom, C. 1995. ‘War on the front lines’, in Nordstrom, C. and Robben, A. (eds), Fieldwork under Fire: contemporary studies in violence and survival. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ntampaka, C. 2002. ‘Memoire et réconciliation au Rwanda: écart entre les practiques populaires et les actions de l'autorité’, Dialogue 226: 333.Google Scholar
NURC 2000. Annual Report of Activities by the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, February 1999-June 2000. Kigali: NURC.Google Scholar
Pottier, J. 2002. Re-Imagining Rwanda. Conflict, survival and disinformation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prunier, G. 1995. The Rwanda Crisis. Historyofa genocide. London: Hurst and Company.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, F. 2004. ‘Rwanda, ten years on: from genocide to dictatorship’, African Affairs 103: 177210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutembesa, F. 2002. ‘Le discours sur le peuplement comme intrument de manipulation identitaire’, in Rutembesa, F., Ntaganda, E. and Murwanashyaka, J. (eds), Peuplement du Rwanda. Enjeux et perspectives. Butare: Editions de l'Université Nationale du Rwanda.Google Scholar
Schreiber, J.-P. 1995. ‘Lé genocide, la mémoire et l'historie’, in Verdier, R., Decaux, E. and Chretien, J.-P. (eds), Rwanda. Un Genocide du XXe siecle. Paris: Harmattan.Google Scholar
Uvin, P. 2001. ‘Reading the Rwandan genocide’, International Studies Review 3 (3): 7599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volkan, V. 1991. ‘On chosen trauma’, Mind and Human Interaction 3 (13).Google Scholar