Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-06T05:35:21.435Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Global Civil Society and China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 April 2024

Anthony J. Spires
Affiliation:
The University of Melbourne

Summary

This Element traces the history of and recent developments in the unstable relationship between global civil society (GCS) and China. It analyses the normative impacts GCS has had on China – including the Chinese state and domestic civil society – and the possibilities created by Beijing's new 'going out' policies for Chinese civil society groups. It examines the rhetoric and reality of GCS as an emancipatory project and argues that 'universal values' underpinned by principles of human rights and democracy have gained currency in China despite official resistance from the government. It argues that while the Chinese party-state is keen to benefit from GCS engagement, Beijing is also determined to minimize any impact outside groups might have on regime security. The Element concludes with some observations about future research directions and the internationalization of Chinese civil society.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009183925
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 18 April 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

United Nations Office n Geneva (UNOG) 5th Meeting, 73rd Session, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) (2023). https://media.un.org/en/asset/k10/k10ledzwso (Accessed: April 25, 2023).Google Scholar
Albert, E. (2017) Backgrounder: China in Africa. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-africa (Accessed: August 4, 2023).Google Scholar
Al-Jizawi, N. et al. (2022) Psychological and Emotional War: Digital Transnational Repression in Canada, 151. Toronto: University of Toronto. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/120575/1/Report%23151–dtr_022822_lowres.pdf.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. (2021) “Amnesty International to Close Its Hong Kong Offices,” October 25. www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/10/amnesty-international-to-close-its-hong-kong-offices/ (Accessed: April 6, 2023).Google Scholar
Anderson, E., and Zaloznaya, M. (2018) “Global Civil Society and the Test of Kyoto: A Theoretical Extension,” International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 59(3), pp. 179211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715218776411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, K., and Rieff, D. (2005) “Global Civil Society”: A Sceptical View. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 899771. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=899771 (Accessed: February 10, 2014).Google Scholar
Anheier, H. K., Glasius, M., and Kaldor, M. (2001) “Introducing Global Civil Society,” in Anheier, H. K., Glasius, M., and Kaldor, M. (eds.) Global Civil Society 2001, pp. 322. www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/CSHS/civilSociety/yearBook/contentsPages/2001.aspx (Accessed: February 21, 2014).Google Scholar
Anheier, H. K., Glasius, M., and Kaldor, M. (2005) “Country Participation in INGOs,” in Anheier, H. K., Glasius, M., and Kaldor, M. (eds.) Global Civil Society 2004/05. London: Sage, pp. 304309.Google Scholar
Beck, U. (2000) “The Cosmopolitan Perspective: Sociology of the Second Age of Modernity,” British Journal of Sociology, 51(1), pp. 79105. https://doi.org/10.1080/000713100358444.Google Scholar
Bewicke, A. E. (2016) “From ‘Eating the Rice’ to Sipping Starbucks: China’s Emerging Relationship with Universal Criminal Justice Norms and the Role of External Actors,” in Chen, T. C., and Chen, D. (eds.) International Engagement in China’s Human Rights.(China policy series, 40) New York: Routledge, pp. 4661.Google Scholar
Bloodgood, E. A., and Schmitz, H. P. (2013) “The INGO Research Agenda,” in Reinalda, B. (ed.) Routledge Handbook of International Organization. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 6779. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203405345.ch5.Google Scholar
Bob, C. (2009) “Introduction: Fighting for New Rights,” in Bob, C. (ed.) The International Struggle for New Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 113. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812201345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenner, D. (2012). “Are Chinese NGOs ‘Going out’? The Role of Chinese NGOs and GONGOs in Sino-African Relations.” Journal of Public and International Affairs, 22(1), pp. 131152.Google Scholar
Burton-Bradley, R. (2022) Has China’s Push to Ban ‘Effeminate’ and ‘Sissy’ Men Claimed Its First Victim? The Tragic Case of Zhou Peng, The South China Morning Post. www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/gender-diversity/article/3162053/has-chinas-push-ban-effeminate-and-sissy-men (Accessed: April 25, 2023).Google Scholar
Carpenter, C. (2009) “Orphaned Again? Children Born of Wartime Rape as a Non-Issue for the Human Rights Movement,” in Bob, C. (ed.) The International Struggle for New Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 1429. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812201345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, C., Duygulu, S., Montgomery, A. H., & Rapp, A. (2014) “Explaining the Advocacy Agenda: Insights from the Human Security Network,” International Organization, 68(2), pp. 449470. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818313000453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, K. (2015) “Occupying Hong Kong: How Deliberation, Referendum, and Civil Disobedience Played Out in the Umbrella Movement,” International Journal on Human Rights, 12(21), pp. 17.Google Scholar
Chen, J. (2012) Transnational Civil Society in China: Intrusion and Impact. Northampton: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
China Development Brief. (2023) CDB Projects Map, China Development Brief. https://chinadevelopmentbrief.org/projects-map-en/ (Accessed: April 29, 2023).Google Scholar
China Times. “Minzhengbu: Jiaqiang Jingwai NGO Lai Guonei Huodong Dengji Guanli” (Ministry of Civil Affairs: Strengthen the Registration and Management of Activities by INGOs in China).” China Times, September 20, 2013. http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/09-20/4198753.shtml.Google Scholar
ChinaFile. (2013) Document 9: A ChinaFile Translation –How Much Is a Hardline Party Directive Shaping China’s Current Political Climate?, ChinaFile. www.chinafile.com/document-9-chinafile-translation (Accessed: September 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Chinese International Education Foundation. (2023) About CIEF. www.cief.org.cn/jj (Accessed: May 5, 2023).Google Scholar
Cooley, A., and Ron, J. (2010) “The Political Economy of Transnational Action among International NGOs,” in Prakash, A. and Gugerty, M. K. (eds.) Advocacy Organizations and Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 205228. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511762635.012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, F. (2020) “Feizhengfuzuzhi zai meiguo dui wai zhanlue zhong de zuoyong qianxi,” Zhongguo Renmin Daxue Xuebao, 4, pp. 113124.Google Scholar
Devlin, K., and Ni, V. (2017) Chinese Gay Video Ban Sparks Online Backlash, BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-40610679 (Accessed: April 25, 2023).Google Scholar
Drainville, André C. (2005) “Beyond Altermondialisme: Anti-Capitalist Dialectic of Presence.” Review of International Political Economy 12(5), pp. 884908. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290500339875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farid, M., and Li, H. (2021) “International NGOs as Intermediaries in China’s ‘going out’ Strategy,” International Affairs, 97(6), pp. 19451962. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farid, M., and Song, C. (2020) “Public Trust as a Driver of State-Grassroots NGO Collaboration in China,” Journal of Chinese Political Science, 25(4), pp. 591613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09691-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonte, J. (2004) “Democracy’s Trojan Horse,” National Interest, (76), pp. 117127.Google Scholar
Franceschini, I., and Negro, G. (2014) “The “Jasmine Revolution” in China: The limits of the Cyber-Utopia,” Postcolonial Studies, 17(1), pp. 2335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2014.912190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, D. (2017) “Disguised Collective Action in China,” Comparative Political Studies, 50(4), pp. 499527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015626437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (1989) “The End of History?,” The National Interest, (16), pp. 318.Google Scholar
Gao, X. (2010) “From the Heyang Model to the Shaanxi Model: Action Research on Women’s Participation in Village Governance,” The China Quarterly, 204, pp. 870898. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741010001001.Google Scholar
Gow, M. (2017) “The Core Socialist Values of the Chinese Dream: Towards a Chinese Integral State,” Critical Asian Studies, 49(1), pp. 92116. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2016.1263803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsu, J. Y., Hildebrandt, T., & Hasmath, R. (2016). “Going out’or staying in? The expansion of Chinese NGOs in Africa.” Development Policy Review, 34(3), pp. 423439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, D. (2003) “Cosmopolitanism: Taming Globalization,” in Held, D., and McGrew, A. G. (eds.) The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 514529. D Blackwell Pub.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, T. (2013) Social Organizations and the Authoritarian State in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsiung, P.-C., Jaschok, M., and Milwertz, C. N. (eds.) (2001) Chinese Women Organizing: Cadres, Feminists, Muslims, Queers. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Huang, Q. (2023) “Anti-Feminism: Four Strategies for the Demonisation and Depoliticisation of Feminism on Chinese Social Media,” Feminist Media Studies, 23(7), pp. 35833598. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2129412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jalloh, A.-B., and Wan, F. (2019) “Resistance Growing to Chinese Presence in Zambia,” Deutsche Welle, April 9. www.dw.com/en/resistance-growing-to-chinese-presence-in-zambia/a-47275927 (Accessed: August 4, 2023).Google Scholar
Jordan, L. (2011) “Global Civil Society,” in Edwards, M. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 93106. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398571.013.0008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Junker, A. (2019) Becoming Activists in Global China: Social Movements in the Chinese Diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaldor, M. (2003) Global Civil Society: An Answer to War. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Kaldor, M., Anheier, H. K., and Glasius, M. (2005) “Introduction,” in Glasius, M., Kaldor, M., and Anheier, H. K. (eds.) Global Civil Society 2004/05. London: Sage, pp. 122.Google Scholar
Kastner, S., L., Pearson, M. M., and Rector, C. (2018). China’s Strategic Multilateralism: Investing in Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keane, John. (2001). “Global Civil Society?” In Global Civil Society 2001, edited by Anheier, Helmut K., Glasius, Marlies, and Kaldor, Mary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 2347.Google Scholar
Keck, M. E., and Sikkink, K. (1998) Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keech-Marx, S. (2008) “Airing Dirty Laundry in Public: Anti-domestic Violence Activism in Beijing,” in Unger, J. (ed.) Associations and the Chinese State: Contested Spaces. Sharpe, M.E.. New York: Routledge, pp. 175199.Google Scholar
Kellogg, T. E. (2012) “Western Funding for Rule of Law Initiatives in China,” China Perspectives, 2012(3), pp. 5359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, S. ed., (2018). Global governance and China: The Dragon’s learning curve. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kent, A. (2002) “China’s International Socialization: The Role of International Organizations,” Global Governance, 8(3), pp. 343364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korten, D. C., Perlas, N., and Shiva, V. (2002) “Global Civil Society: The Path Ahead” www.pcdf.org/civilsociety/path.htm (Accessed: April 13, 2007).Google Scholar
Lai, W., and Spires, A. J. (2021) “Marketization and Its Discontents: Unveiling the Impacts of Foundation-Led Venture Philanthropy on Grassroots NGOs in China,” The China Quarterly, 245, pp. 7293. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741020000193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lecy, J. D. (2012) Competition in Growing NGO Sectors. Syracuse: Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs.Google Scholar
Lecy, J. D., Mitchell, G. E., and Peter Schmitz, H. (2010) “Advocacy Organizations, Networks, and the Firm Analogy,” in Prakash, A., and Gugerty, M. K. (eds.) Advocacy Organizations and Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 229251. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511762635.013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leggett, A. (2017) “Online Civic Engagement and the Anti-domestic Violence Movement in China: Shifting Norms and Influencing Law,” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28, pp. 22512277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9680-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemon, E., Jardine, B., and Hall, N. (2023) “Globalizing Minority Persecution: China’s Transnational Repression of the Uyghurs,” Globalizations, 20(4), pp. 564580. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2022.2135944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslie, A. N. (2016) “Zambia and China: Workers’ Protest, Civil Society and the Role of Opposition Politics in Elevating State Engagement,” African Studies Quarterly, 16(3–4), pp. 89106.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. I. (2020) “China’s Low-Carbon Energy Strategy,” in Esarey, A., Haddad, M. A., Lewis, J. I., and Harrell, S. (eds.) Greening East Asia. University of Washington Press, pp. 4761. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv19rs1b2.Google Scholar
Li, T. (2004) “Weishenme bu shuo,” in Li, Z. (ed.) Dagong shidai No. 1: Zhiye zhi tong. Beijing: Huaxia Chubanshe (Dagong Times, 1), pp. 35.Google Scholar
Li, X., and Dong, Q. (2018) “Chinese NGOs Are ‘Going Out’: History, Scale, Characteristics, Outcomes, And Barriers.” Nonprofit Policy Forum, 9(1), pp. 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, Y. (2018) “The Contradictory Impact of Transnational AIDS Institutions on State Repression in China, 1989–2013,” American Journal of Sociology, 124(2), pp. 309366. https://doi.org/10.1086/698466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowenkron, B. F. (2006) “The Essential Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Development of Democracy” https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/rm/2006/68658.htm (Accessed: January 9,2023).Google Scholar
Lu, J., and Peng, B. (2018) “Chinese NGOs ‘Going Out’: Handbook for Working in Nepal. Beijing: China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation.” (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Lu, J. (2021) “The Yirenping Experience: Looking Back and Pushing Forward,” Made in China, 15 July. https://madeinchinajournal.com/2021/07/15/the-yirenping-experience-looking-back-and-pushing-forward/ (Accessed: March 20, 2023).Google Scholar
Lugar, R. G. (2006) The Backlash Against Democracy Assistance: A Report Prepared by the National Endowment for Democracy for Senator Richard G. Lugar, Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy.Google Scholar
Martin, F. (2022) Dreams of Flight: The Lives of Chinese Women Students in the West. Durham: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, K. (2005) “The Emergence of NGOs in China and Their Transnational Linkages: Implications for Domestic Reform,” Australian Journal of International Affairs, 59(4), pp. 519532. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357710500367315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noakes, S. (2018) The Advocacy Trap: Transnational Activism and State Power in China. Manchester: Manchester University Press (Alternative Sinology).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noakes, S. and Teets, J. C. (2020) “Learning Under Authoritarianism: Strategic Adaptations within International Foundations and NGOs in China,” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31(5), pp. 10931113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9939-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pang, J. (2022) “China’s lockdown protests spread to campuses and cities abroad,” Reuters, 29 November. www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-protests-over-lockdowns-spread-campuses-communities-abroad-2022-11-28/ (Accessed: March 27, 2023).Google Scholar
Peck, J., and Tickell, A. (2002) “Neoliberalizing Space,” Antipode, 34(3), pp. 380404. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penghao Theater (2013) “The 4th Beijing Nanluoguxiang Performing Arts Festival” Beijing: Penghao Theater.Google Scholar
Ramia, G. (2003) “Global Social Policy, INGOs and Strategic Management An Emerging Research Agenda,” Global Social Policy, 3(1), pp. 79101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018103003001540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redvers, L. (2011) “The Rise and Rise of China in Zambia,” Mail and Guardian. Online, September 9. https://mg.co.za/article/2011-09-09-the-rise-and-of-china-in-zambia/ (Accessed: August 4, 2023).Google Scholar
Repnikova, M. (2022) Chinese Soft Power. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108874700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richburg, K. B. (2010) “China’s Crackdown on Nonprofit Groups Prompts New Fears Among Activists,” The Washington Post, May 11. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/10/AR2010051004801_pf.html.Google Scholar
Sautman, B., and Yan, H. (2014) “Bashing ‘the Chinese’: Contextualizing Zambia’s Collum Coal Mine shooting,” Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90), pp. 10731092. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2014.898897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitz, H. P., and Mitchell, G. E. (2022) “Understanding the Limits of Transnational NGO Power: Forms, Norms, and the Architecture,” International Studies Review, 24(3), p. viac042. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viac042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sénit, C., and Biermann, F. (2021) “In Whose Name Are You Speaking? The Marginalization of the Poor in Global Civil Society,” Global Policy, 12(5), pp. 581591. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Setiawan, K. M. P., and Spires, A. J. (2021) “Global Concepts, Local Meanings: How Civil Society Interprets and Uses Human Rights in Asia,” Asian Studies Review, 45(1), pp. 112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2020.1849028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shambaugh, D. (2015) “China’s Soft-Power Push: The Search for Respect,” Foreign Affairs, 94(4), pp. 99107.Google Scholar
Shieh, S., Lowell, C., Zhong, H., and Jinfei, Y. (2021) Understanding and Mitigating Social Risks to Sustainable Development in China’s BRI: Evidence from Nepal and Zambia. London: Overseas Development Institute. www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/251126/1/176461657X.pdf.Google Scholar
Shipton, L., and Dauvergne, P. (2021) “The Politics of Transnational Advocacy Against Chinese, Indian, and Brazilian Extractive Projects in the Global South,” The Journal of Environment & Development, 30(3), pp. 240264. https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965211019083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sidel, M. (2019) “Managing the Foreign: The Drive to Securitize Foreign Nonprofit and Foundation Management in China,” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(4), pp. 664677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-018-9988-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spires, A. J. (2011a) “Contingent Symbiosis and Civil Society in an Authoritarian State: Understanding the Survival of China’s Grassroots NGOs,” American Journal of Sociology, 117(1), pp. 145. https://doi.org/10.1086/660741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spires, A. J. (2011b) “Organizational Homophily in International Grantmaking: US-Based Foundations and their Grantees in China,” Journal of Civil Society, 7(3), pp. 305331. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2011.605005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spires, A. J. (2012) “Lessons from Abroad: Foreign Influences on China’s Emerging Civil Society,” China Journal, 68), pp. 125146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spires, A. J. (2020) “Regulation as Political Control: China’s First Charity Law and Its Implications for Civil Society,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(3), pp. 571588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764019883939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spires, A. J. (2022) “Built on Shifting Sands: INGOs and their Survival in China,” in Spires, A. J. and Ogawa, A. (eds.) Authoritarianism and Civil Society in Asia. New York: Routledge, pp. 218234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spires, A. J., Tao, Lin, and Chan, K. (2014) “Societal Support for China’s Grass-Roots NGOs: Evidence from Yunnan, Guangdong and Beijing,” The China Journal, 71, pp. 6590. https://doi.org/10.1086/674554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theo, R., and Leung, M. W. H. (2018) “China’s Confucius Institute in Indonesia: Mobility, Frictions and Local Surprises,” Sustainability, 10(2), p. 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, F., and Chuang, J. (2022) “Depoliticizing China’s Grassroots NGOs: State and Civil Society as an Institutional Field of Power,” The China Quarterly, 250, pp. 509530. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741022000157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truex, R. (2022) “China’s Blank-Paper Protests Are Only a Beginning,” The Atlantic, December 2. www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/12/chinas-next-revolution-doesnt-have-to-be-immediate/672327/ (Accessed: March 27, 2023).Google Scholar
Tsourapas, G. (2021) “Global Autocracies: Strategies of Transnational Repression, Legitimation, and Co-optation in World Politics,” International Studies Review, 23(3), pp. 616644. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tvedt, T. (1998) Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats?: NGOs & Foreign Aid. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
UNESCO, I. for S. (2021) Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow#slideoutmenu (Accessed: March 24, 2023).Google Scholar
United Nations, O. of the H.C. for H.R. (2022) OHCHR Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China. Geneva: United Nations. www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/2022-08-31/22-08-31-final-assesment.pdf.Google Scholar
Vlassis, A. (2016). “Soft Power, Global Governance of Cultural Industries and Rising Powers: The Case of China.” International Journal of Cultural Policy, 22 (4), pp. 481496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wan, X. (2022) “Will Chinese International Student Numbers Rebound in the US?,” University World News, October 21. www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20221019111638139 (Accessed: March 24, 2023).Google Scholar
Wang, H. (2007) “‘Linking Up with the International Track’ What’s in a Slogan?,” The China Quarterly. 2007/03/16 edn., 189, pp. 123. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741006000774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, S. (2013) “‘Gongmin Shehui’: Xin Ziyou Zhuyi Bianzao de Cucao Shenhua.” Renmin Luntan Zhenglun Shuangzhoukan, no. 412. http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2013/0808/c40531-22488604-3.html (Accessed: December 30, 2022).Google Scholar
Wang, Y. R. (2016) “The Changed and Unchanged in Chinese Religious Freedom Discourse and its Responses to International Engagement of Protestant Advocacy,” in Chen, T. C. and Chen, D. (eds.) International Engagement in China’s Human Rights. (China policy series, 40) New York: Routledge, pp. 113133.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. L. (2009) “Coloured Revolutions: The View from Moscow and Beijing,” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 25(2–3), pp. 369395. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270902861061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, F. (2011) “Strategic State Engagement in Transnational Activism: AIDS Prevention in China,” Journal of Contemporary China, 20(71), pp. 621637. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2011.587162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xi, J. (2015) “Chinese President Xi Jinping Addresses the American Public” Seattle, WA, September 22. www.ncuscr.org/event/chinese-president-xi-jinping-addresses-american-public/ (Accessed: April 6, 2023).Google Scholar
Xi, J. (2022) “Xi Jinping zai zhongguo gongchandang diershici quanguo daibiao dahui shang de baogao,” Xinhuanet, October 25. www.news.cn/politics/cpc20/2022-10/25/c_1129079429.htm (Accessed: April 30, 2023).Google Scholar
Xu, D. (2020) “Cong Meiguo xin ‘zhengzhizhan’ kan guoji feizhengfuzuzhi dailai de zhengzhi fengxian,” Changjiang Luntan, 1, pp. 4651.Google Scholar
Xu, X. (2022) “Tuidong gongyi cishan lingyu de ‘xingbie zhuliuhua,’ zenme zuo?,” 9 December. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/KQUoS-1PhuePMsEssryqDA (Accessed: April 11, 2023).Google Scholar
Yang, G. (2003) “The Internet and the Rise of a Transnational Chinese Cultural Sphere,” Media, Culture & Society, 25(4), pp. 469490. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437030254003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, L. (2022) “Controversial Confucius Institutes Returning to U.S. Schools Under New Name,” VOA, June 27. www.voanews.com/a/controversial-confucius-institutes-returning-to-u-s-schools-under-new-name/6635906.html (Accessed: May 5, 2023).Google Scholar
Yuen, S. (2015) “Friend or Foe? The Diminishing Space of China’s Civil Society,” China Perspectives, 3, pp. 5156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, N. (2001) “Searching for ‘Authentic’ NGOs: The NGO Discourse and Women’s Organizations in China,” in Hsiung, P.-C., Jaschok, M., and Milwert, C. (eds.) Chinese Women Organizing: Cadres, Feminists, Muslims, Queers. Oxford: Berg, pp. 159179.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., and Buzan, B. (2020) “China and the Global Reach of Human Rights,” The China Quarterly, 241, pp. 169190. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741019000833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, J., Du, J., and Wen, Y. (eds.) (2008) Tigao cunweihui nvganbu lingdao nengli. 1st edn. Xi’an: Xibei Daxue Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhao, L. (2006) “Ruhe kandai zai zhongguo de waiguo de feizhengfu zuzhi (How to View Foreign NGOs in China),” Study Times. www.studytimes.com.cn/txt/2006-08/21/content_7094045.htm.Google Scholar
Zhao, M. (2021) “Solidarity Stalled: When Chinese Activists Meet Social Movements in Democracies,” Critical Sociology, 47(2), pp. 281297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920520940007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, R., Wu, Z., and Tao, C. (2016) “Understanding Service Contracting and Its Impact on NGO Development in China,” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27(5), pp. 22292251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9714-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, B. (2011) “Zou zhongguo tese shehui guanli chuangxin zhi lu,” Qiushi, 10. www.qstheory.cn/zxdk/2011/2011010/201105/t20110513_80501.htm (Accessed: May 1, 2016).Google Scholar
Zhou, Y., and Luk, S. (2016) “Establishing Confucius Institutes: A Tool for Promoting China’s Soft Power?,” Journal of Contemporary China, 25(100), pp. 628642. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2015.1132961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zou, Y., and Jones, L. (2020) “China’s Response to Threats to Its Overseas Economic Interests: Softening Non-Interference and Cultivating Hegemony,” Journal of Contemporary China, 29(121), pp. 92108. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2019.1621532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Global Civil Society and China
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Global Civil Society and China
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Global Civil Society and China
Available formats
×