Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T21:29:04.540Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

When Organization Theory Met Business Ethics: Toward Further Symbioses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Abstract:

Organization theory and business ethics are essentially the positive and normative sides of the very same coin, reflecting on how human cooperative activities are organized and how they ought to be organized respectively. It is therefore unfortunate that—due to the relatively impermeable manmade boundaries segregating the corresponding scholarly communities into separate schools and departments, professional associations, and scientific journals—the potential symbiosis between the two fields has not yet fully materialized. In this essay we make a modest attempt at establishing further connectivity by surveying the terrain covered by the two disciplines jointly, as if the boundaries between them did not matter. We commence by providing a concise overview of the organization theory discipline for interested non-specialists from the field of business ethics. Next, we proceed to point out four research themes commonly investigated by members of both communities, and also a variety of organization-theoretical perspectives on each. In the final part of this essay we explore what organization theory has to offer business ethics, and what the boundaries of that potential contribution are. We warn skeptical readers in advance that the spirit and tone of our essay is most definitely upbeat, as we are convinced that the potential for symbiosis between the two fields is vast and inspiring, even though it has only been unleashed partially and incidentally thus far.

Type
Business Ethics Quarterly Twentieth Anniversary Forum, Part II: New Directions for Business Ethics Research
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abell, P. 2000. “Sociological Theory and Rational Choice Theory,” in The Blackwell Companion to Social Theory, ed. Turner, B. S.Oxford: Blackwell, 22344.Google Scholar
Alvesson, M., and Willmott, H., eds. 1992. Critical Management Studies. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Alvesson, M., and Willmott, H. 1996. Making Sense of Management: A Critical Introduction. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Alvesson, M., Willmott, H., and Bridgman, T., eds. 2009. The Oxford Handbook of Critical Management Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aoki, M. 2001. Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashforth, B. E., and Gibbs, B. W. 1990. “The Double-Edge of Organizational Legitimation,Organization Science 1: 17794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashforth, B. E., and Mael, F. 1989. “Social Identity Theory and the Organization,Academy of Management Review 14(1): 2039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barney, J., and Hesterley, W. 1996. “Organizational Economics: Understanding the Relationship between Organizations and Economic Analysis,” in Handbook of Organization Studies, ed. Clegg, S. R.Hardy, C. and Nord, W. R.London: Sage, 11547.Google Scholar
Basu, K., and Palazzo, G. 2008. “Corporate Social Responsibility: A Process Model of Sensemaking,Academy of Management Review 33: 12236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baudrillard, J. 1994. Simulacra and Simulation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Bauman, Z. 1993. Postmodern Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Benhabib, S. 1992. Situating the Self: Gender, Community, and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Berger, B. L., and Luckmann, T. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise on the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Anchor.Google Scholar
Bies, R. J., Bartunek, J. M.Fort, T. L. and Zald, M. N. 2007. “Corporations as Social Change Agents: Individual, Interpersonal, Institutional, and Environmental Dynamics,Academy of Management Review 32: 78893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blau, P. M. 1970. “A Formal Theory of Differentiation in Organizations,American Sociological Review 35(2): 20118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bojé, D. M. 1991. “The Storytelling Organization: A Study of Story Performance in an Office-Supply Firm,Administrative Science Quarterly 36: 10626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. E., and Treviño, L. K. 2006. “Ethical Leadership: A Review and Future Directions,Leadership Quarterly 17: 595616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, D. A., and Bryman, A., eds. 2009. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Research Methods. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Burns, T., and Stalker, G. M. 1961. The Management of Innovation. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Burrell, G., and Morgan, G. 1979. Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis. London: Heineman.Google Scholar
Calás, M. B., and Smircich, L. 1996. “From ‘The Woman’s’ Point of View: Feminist Approaches to Organization Studies,” in Handbook of Organization Studies, ed. Clegg, S. R.Hardy, C., and Nord, W. R.London: Sage, 21857.Google Scholar
Calás, M. B., and Smircich, L. 1999. “Past Postmodernism? Reflections and Tentative Directions,Academy of Management Review 24: 64971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calás, M. B., and Smircich, L. 2009. “Feminist Perspectives on Gender in Organizational Research: What Is It Yet to Be,” in The Sage Handbook of Organizational Research Methods, ed. Buchanan, D. A. and Bryman, A.London: Sage, 24669.Google Scholar
Camerer, C. F., Loewenstein, G., and Matthew, R., eds. 2003. Advances in Behavioral Economics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Carroll, G. R. 1984. “Organizational Ecology,Annual Review of Sociology 10: 7193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Child, J. 1972. “Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice,Sociology 6: 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clegg, S. R. 2009. “Doing Power Work,” in The Sage Handbook of Organizational Research Methods, ed. Buchanan, D. A. and Bryman, A.London: Sage, 14359.Google Scholar
Clegg, S. R., Hardy, C., and Nord, W. R., eds. 1996. Handbook of Organization Studies. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J. P., Haslam, S. A., and Balmer, J. M. T. 2007. “Societal Identity, Organizational Identity and Corporate Identity: Towards an Integrated Understanding of Processes, Patternings and Products,British Journal of Management 18: S1S16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courpasson, D. 2001. “Managerial Strategies of Domination: Power in Soft Bureaucracies,Organization Studies 21: 14161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crane, A., Matten, D., and Moon, J. 2008. Corporations and Citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daft, R. L., and Lewin, A. Y. 1993. “Where Are the Theories for the ‘New’ Organizational Forms? An Editorial Essay,Organization Science 4: ivi.Google Scholar
Davis, G. F., McAdam, D.Scott, W. R., and Zald, M. N., eds. 2005. Social Movements and Organization Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deephouse, D. L., and Carter, S. M. 2005. “An Examination of Differences between Organizational Legitimacy and Organizational Reputation,Journal of Management Studies 42: 32960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deephouse, D. L., and Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. 2009. “Linking Social Issues to Organizational Impact: The Role of Infomediaries and the Infomediary Process,Journal of Business Ethics 86: 54153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
den Hond, F., and de Bakker, F. G. A. 2007. “Ideologically Motivated Activism: How Activist Groups Influence Corporate Social Change Activities,Academy of Management Review 32: 90124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derrida, J. 1973. Speech and Phenomena. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Derrida, J. 1976. Of Grammatology. Balimore: John Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiMaggio, P. 1988. “Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory,” in Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment, ed. Zucker, L. G.Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 321.Google Scholar
Doh, J. P., and Stumpf, S. A., eds. 2005. Handbook on Responsible Leadership and Governance in Global Business. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, L. 2001. The Contingency Theory of Organizations. New York: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, T., and Preston, L. E. 1995. “The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications,Academy of Management Review 20: 6591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durkheim, É. 1982. The Rules of the Sociological Method. New York: Free Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, J. 1989. Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etzioni, A. 1975. A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations: On Power, Involvement, and Their Correlates. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Fairclough, N. 2005. “Discourse Analysis in Organization Studies: The Case for Critical Realism,Organization Studies 26: 91539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fayol, H. 1949. General and Industrial Management. London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1961. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, M. 1979. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1980. Power/knowledge: Selected Interviews and other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. and trans. Colin, Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. E. 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston: Pitman.Google Scholar
Frooman, J. 1999. “Stakeholder Influence Strategies,Academy of Management Review 24: 191205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giddens, A. 1984. The Constitution of Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gilbert, D. A., and Rasche, A. 2007. “Discourse Ethics and Social Accountability: The Ethics of SA 8000,Business Ethics Quarterly 17: 187216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gioia, D. A. 1998. “From Individual to Organizational Identity,” in Identity in Organizations: Building Theory through Conversations, ed. Whetten, D. A. and Godfrey, P. C.Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gioia, D. A., and Pitre, E. 1990. “Multiparadigm Perspectives on Theory Building,Academy of Management Review 15: 584602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodpaster, K. E., and Mathews, J. B. Jr. 1982. “Can a Corporation Have a Conscience?Harvard Business Review 60 (January/February): 13241.Google Scholar
Gouldner, A. W. 1954. Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1971. Knowledge and Human Interests. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1984. The Theory of Communicative Action, vol. 1. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1987. The Theory of Communicative Action, vol. 2. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1990a. The New Conservatism. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1990b. The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1993. “The Unity of Reason in the Diversity of Its Voices,” in Postmetaphysical Thinking: Philosophical Essays, ed. Habermas, J.Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 11548.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1996. Between Facts and Norms. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, J. 1997. “Modernity: An Unfinished Project,” in Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity: Critical Essays on the Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, ed. Passerin d’Entrèves, M. and Benhabib, S.Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 3857.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1998. “Three Normative Models of Democracy,” in J. Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 23952.Google Scholar
Hassard, J. 1993. Sociology and Organization Theory: Positivism, Paradigms, and Postmodernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatch, M. J. 1997. Organization Theory: Modern, Symbolic, and Postmodern Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A. 1948. Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. 2005. “A Neo-Weberian Theory of the Firm,Organization Studies 26: 54767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. 2008. Organization Theory: Bright Prospects for a Permanently Failing Field. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1268577.Google Scholar
Heugens, P.P. R, M. A.Kaptein, S. P., and van Oosterhout, J. 2006. “The Ethics of the Node versus the Ethics of the Dyad? Reconciling Virtue Ethics and Contractualism,Organization Studies 27: 391411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heugens, P.P. R, M. A.Kaptein, S. P., and van Oosterhout, J. 2008. “Contracts to Communities: A Processual Model of Organizational Virtue,Journal of Management Studies 45: 10021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heugens, P. P. M. A. R., and Lander, M. W. 2009. “Structure! Agency! (And other Quarrels): A Meta-Analysis of Institutional Theories of Organization,Academy of Management Journal 52: 6185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, P. 1995. “The Dynamics of Institutionalization: Transformation Processes in Norwegian Fisheries,Administrative Science Quarterly 40: 398422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isabella, L. A. 1990. “Evolving Interpretations as a Change Unfolds. How Managers Construe Key Organizational Events,Academy of Management Journal 33: 741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. 2003. “A Perspective on Judgment and Choice: Mapping Bounded Rationality,American Psychologist 58: 697720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. 2000. Choices, Values and Frames. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knights, D. 1997. “Organization Theory in the Age of Deconstruction: Dualism, Gender, and Postmodernism Revisited,Organization Studies 18: 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamertz, K., and Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. 2009. “Institutional Translation through Spectatorship: Collective Consumption and Editing of Symbolic Organizational Texts by Firms and their Audiences,Organization Studies 30: 124979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leffel, J. 1996. “Postmodernism and ‘The Myth of Progress’: Two Visions,” in The Death of Truth, ed. Dennis, McCallum. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 4557.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. 1982. Differentiation of Society. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luhmann, N. 1995. Social Systems. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lukes, S. 1974. Power: A Radical View. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lukes, S. 2005. “Power and the Battle for Hearts and Minds,Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33: 47793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyotard, J. F. 1984. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Maak, T., and Pless, N. M. 2006. “Responsible Leadership in a Stakeholder Society,Journal of Business Ethics 66: 99115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacIntyre, A. C. 1984. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Mandeville, B. 1988. The Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices, Public Benefits. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.Google Scholar
Martin, J. 1992. Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, M. W., and Zucker, L. G. 1989. Permanently Failing Organizations. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., and Wood, D. J. 1997. “Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts,Academy of Management Review 22: 85386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moon, J., Crane, A., and Matten, D. 2005. “Can Corporations Be Citizens? Corporate Citizenship as a Metaphor for Business Participation in Society,Business Ethics Quarterly 15: 42954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, D. C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Numagami, T. 1998. “The Infeasibility of Invariant Laws in Management Studies: A Reflective Dialogue in Defence of Case Studies,Organization Science 9: 215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nye, J. S. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs.Google Scholar
Paine, L. S. 1994. “Managing for Organizational Integrity,Harvard Business Review 72 (March–April): 10617.Google Scholar
Palazzo, G., and Scherer, A. G. 2006. “Corporate Legitimacy as Deliberation: A Communicative Framework,Journal of Business Ethics 66: 7188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, M. 1992. “Postmodern Organizations or Postmodern Organization Theory?Organization Studies 13: 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passerin d’Entrèves, M., and S. Benhabib, eds. 1997. Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity. Critical Essays on The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Pettit, P. 1996. The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfeffer, J., and Salancik, G. R. 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Phillips, N., Lawrence, T. B., and Hardy, C. 2004. “Discourse and Institutions,Academy of Management Review 29: 63552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podolny, J. M. 1993. “A Status-Based Model of Market Competition,American Journal of Sociology 98: 82972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, K. 1945. The Open Society and Its Enemies (2 volumes). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pratt, M. G. 2000. “The Good, the Bad, and the Ambivalent: Managing Identification among Amway Distributors,Administrative Science Quarterly 45: 45693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, H. 1994. “The Social Construction of Reputation: Certification Contests, Legitimation, and the Survival of Organizations in the American Automobile Industry: 1985–1912,Strategic Management Journal 15: 2944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Boston: Belknap Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, M. I. 2001. “Organization, Trust and Control: A Realist Analysis,Organization Studies 22: 20128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, S. J. 2006. “A Neurocognitive Model of the Ethical Decision-Making Process: Implications for Study and Practice,Journal of Applied Psychology 91: 73748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolston, H. 1975. “Is there an Ecological Ethic?Ethics 85(2): 93109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousseau, J. J. 1968. The Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Scherer, A. G. 1998. “Pluralism and Incommensurability in Strategic Management and Organization Theory: A Problem in Search of a Solution,Organization 5: 14768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G. 2003. “Modes of Explanation in Organization Theory,” in The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Theory, ed. Tsoukas, H. and Knudsen, C.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 31044.Google Scholar
Scherer, A. G. 2009. “Critical Theory and Its Contribution to Critical Management Studies,” in The Oxford Handbook of Critical Management Studies, ed. Alvesson, M.Willmott, H., and Bridgman, T.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G., and Palazzo, G. 2007. “Toward a Political Conception of Corporate Social Responsibility: Business and Society Seen From a Habermasian Perspective,Academy of Management Review 32: 10961120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G., and Palazzo, G. 2008. “Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility,” in The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility, ed. Crane, A.McWilliams, A.Matten, D.Moon, J. and Siegel, D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 41331.Google Scholar
Scherer, A. G., and Palazzo, G. Forthcoming. “The New Political Role of Business in a Globalized World: A Review of a New Perspective on CSR and Its Implications for the Firm, Governance, and Democracy,Journal of Management Studies 48.Google Scholar
Scherer, A. G., Palazzo, G., and Baumann, D. 2006. “Global Rules and Private Actors: Toward a New Role of the Transnational Corporation in Global Governance,Business Ethics Quarterly 16: 50532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G., and Steinmann, H. 1999. “Some Remarks on the Problem of Incommensurability in Organization Studies,Organization Studies 20: 51944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selznick, P. 1949. TVA and the Grass Roots. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. 1955. “A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice,The Quarterly Journal of Economics 69(1): 99118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stablein, R., and Nord, W. 1985. “Practical and Emancipatory Interests in Organizational Symbolism: A Review and Evaluation,Journal of Management 11: 1328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steffy, B. D., and Grimes, A. J. 1986. “A Critical Theory of Organization Science,Academy of Management Review 11: 32236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suchman, M. C. 1995. “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches,Academy of Management Review 20: 571610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, C. 1989. Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, F. W. 1911. The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Thachankary, T. 1992. “Organizations as ‘Texts’: Hermeneutics as a Model for Understanding Organizational Change,Research in Organizational Change and Development 6: 197233.Google Scholar
Thatcher, M. 1987. “Aids, Education and the Year 2000!Women’s Own (October 31): 810. Available at http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=106689.Google Scholar
Thomas, W. I., and Thomas, D. S. 1928. The Child in America: Behavior Problems and Programs. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. D. 1967. Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Tönnies, F. 2004. Community and Society. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Townley, B. 1993. “Foucault, Power/Knowledge, and Its Relevance for Human Resource Management,Academy of Management Review 18: 51845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treviño, L. K. 1990. “A Cultural Perspective on Changing and Developing Organizational Ethics,” in Research in Organizational Change and Development, vol. 4, ed. Woodman, R. and Passmore, W.Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 195230.Google Scholar
Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R., and Reynolds, S. J. 2006. “Behavioral Ethics in Organizations: A Review,Journal of Management 32: 95190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsoukas, H., and Knudsen, C., eds. 2003. The Oxford Handbook of Organization Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
van Oosterhout, J., Heugens, P. P. M. A. R., and Kaptein, S. P. 2006. “The Internal Morality of Contracting: Advancing the Contractualist Endeavor in Business Ethics,Academy of Management Review 31: 52139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walzer, M. 1995. Spheres of Justice: A Defence of Pluralism and Equality. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Weaver, G. R., and Gioia, D. 1994. “Paradigms Lost: Incommensurability vs Structurationist Inquiry,Organization Studies 15: 56590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, M. 1949. “Objectivity in Social Science and Social Policy,” in On the Methodology of the Social Sciences, ed. Shils, E. A. and Finch, H. A.Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. 1978. Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weick, K. 1979. The Social Psychology of Organizing. Redding, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Willmott, H. 1993a. “Breaking the Paradigm Mentality,Organization Studies 14: 681719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willmott, H. 1993b. “Strength Is Ignorance; Slavery Is Freedom: Managing Culture in Modern Organisations,Journal of Management Studies 30: 51552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willmott, H. 1998. “Towards a New Ethics? The Contributions of Poststructuralism and Posthumanism,” in Ethics and Organizations, ed. Parker, M.London: Sage, 76121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, J. 1965. Industrial Organization. Theory and Practice. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar