Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T23:23:52.993Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is Hudson Bay a Closed or an Open Sea?*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

Extract

Many of the foremost jurisconsults of the world, representing many nations, have in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries stated that Hudson Bay, a great North American sea, is a part of the open sea, and consequently free to the vessels of all nations for the purposes of navigation and fishing. This seems to have been a generally accepted doctrine until the close of the nineteenth century. Within recent years, however, the Dominion of Canada has set up the claim that all American vessels that enter Hudson Bay to catch fish or hunt whales must pay a license. The maintenance of such a policy would be tantamount to making of Hudson Bay a closed sea (mare clausum).

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1912

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This article is the English version prepared by Mr. Balch, with variations and some additions, of an article in French, “La baie d’Hudson, est-elle une mer libre ou une mer fermée?”, that he contributed at the end of last year to the Revue de Droit International et de Législation Comparée, Brussels, second series, Volume XIII, pages 539–586.

References

1 Vattel, , Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle (1775), Vol. I, p. 140 Google Scholar; Wharton, , Digest of International Law (1887), Vol. III p. 38 Google Scholar; Twiss, , The Law of Nations (1897), Vol. I, p. 312 Google Scholar; Rivier, , Principes du Droit des Gene (1896), Vol. I, p. 243 Google Scholar; Oppenheim, , International Law (1905), Vol. I, p. 242 Google Scholar; Fiore, , Nouveau Droit International Public (1885), Vol. II, p. 88 Google Scholar.

2 Maine, , International Law (1888), p. 77 Google Scholar.

3 Ulpiamis, L. 13, pr. D. VIII, 4, Mart quod natura omnibus patet.

4 Celus, L. 3. d. XLIII, 8, Maris oommunem usum omnibus hominibus ut aëris.

5 Marcianus, L. 2, sec. 1, D., 1, 8. De divisione rerum et qualitate.

6 Law Reports, 2 Exchequer Division (1876), p. 174.

7 Waultrin, René, “La question de la souveraineté des Terres Arctiques,” in Revue Générale de Droit International Public (1908), p. 403 Google Scholar.

8 Seiden, Mare Clausum, lib. II, ch. XXXII, p. 448.

9 Ibid., lib. II, ch. XXXII, p. 450.

10 Ibid., lib. I, ch. XIX, p. 119.

11 Ibid., lib. I, ch. XVI, p. 99.

12 Paolo Sarpi, Del Dominio del Mare Adriatico e sui Reggioni per il “Jus Belli” della Serenissima Rep. de Venezia, Venet, 1676.

12a Selden, Mare Clausum, lib. I, ch. XVI, p. 105.

13 de Ubaldis, Ange, Consilia Consilium, cited by Nys, Ernest, Les Origines du Droit International, Brussels (1894) p. 381 Google Scholar.

14 Camden, Annales, s., a., 1580 (edition of 1605), 309.

15 John Seiden, “Mare Clausum, The Eight and Dominion of the Sea in two books, written at first in Latin by that late Famous and Learned Antiquary, John Seiden, Esquire; formerly translated into English, and now perfected and restored by J. H. Gent, London, 1663.”

16 Hautefeuille, Histoire des origines, des progrès et des variations du Droit Maritime International. (1858), p. 14 et seq; Bluntschli, Le Droit International Codifié, tr. by Lardy (1886), sec. 304; Calvo, Le Droit International (1896), Vol. I, pp. 25, 43, 471 et seq.; Perels, Manuel de Droit Maritime International (1884), p. 17 et seq.; Westlake, International Law (1904), Vol. I, p. 160 et seq.; Nys, Le Droit International (1905), Vol. II, p. 136; Chief Justice Cockburn in the case of The Queen v. Keyn (1876), L. R. 2 Exch. Div., p. 174.

17 Grotius, De Jure Belli av Pacis (1853), Bk. II, ch. III, sec. 13.

18 Bynkershoek, “Jcti et Praesidis, Quaestionum Juris Publiai, libri duo: quorum primus est De Rebus Bellicis, secundus De Rebus Varii Argumenti: Lugduni Batavorum, apud Joannem van Kerckhem, 1737,” liber I, cap. VIII, folio 59. See also, Du Ponceau’s translation of the first book of this work under the title, A Treatise on the Law of War, published at Philadelphia in 1810.

19 Bynkershoek, “Opera Minora; Lugduni Batavorum, 1730, De Dominio Maria Dissertano,” cap. II, pp. 363-364.

20 Taylor, A Treatise of International Public Law (1901), pp. 293, 294; West-lake, International Law (1904), Vol. I, pp. 184, 185; Holland, Letters to the Times; War and Neutrality (1909), p. 132; Hershey, International Law and Diplomacy of the Russo-Japanese “War (1906), pp. 132-133; Wilson, International Law (1910), p. 98; Baty, Law Magazine and Review (1910), p. 463.

21 Holland, Letters to “The Times” upon War and Neutrality (1881-1909), (1909), p. 132.

22 Barclay, Problems of International Practice and Diplomacy (1907), p. 357.

23 Barclay, Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit International, Vol. XII (1892-94), p. 125; Kleen, ibid., p. 140.

24 Lord Derby to Mr. R. G. Watson, Sept. 25, 1894. Ex. Doc, 1875-76, Washington, Government Printing Office (1876), p. 641.

25 Vattel, , Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle ( 1775 ), Vol. I, p. 142 Google Scholar.

26 Ortolan, , Diplomatie de la Mer (1856), Vol. I, p. 157 Google Scholar.

27 Hautefeuille, , Des Droits et des Devoirs des Nations Neutres en temps de Guerre Maritime (1868), 3d ed., Vol. I, p. 60 Google Scholar.

28 De Martens, , Traité de Droit International ( 1883 ), Vol. I, pp. 494-495.Google Scholar

29 Fiore, , Nouveau Droit International Publio (1885), Vol. II, pp. 93-94 Google Scholar

30 Latour, , La Mer Territoriale (1889), p. 56.Google Scholar

31 Testa, Le Droit Public International Maritime (1886), p. 70.

32 Wheaton, , Elements of International Law, 6th ed., by Lawrence, W.B. (1855), p. 241.Google Scholar

33 Halleck, , International Law, 4th ed., by Baker, (1908), Vol. I, p. 180 Google Scholar.

34 Woolsey, International Law (1888), p. 80.

35 Taylor, A Treatise of International Public Law (1901), p. 291.

36 Rivier, , Principes du Droit des Gens (1896), Vol. I, p. 154 Google Scholar.

37 Nys, , Le Droit International; les principes, les theories, les faits (1904), Vol. I, p. 448 Google Scholar.

38 Oppenheim, , International Law (1905), Vol. I, p. 307 Google Scholar.

39 Sir G. Sherston Baker, as editor of the fourth edition of General Halleck’e International Law, revised the American author’s text so as to bring it down to date, and consequently the views on the law of nations expressed in that edition have the sanction of the learned British editor.

40 de Louter, J., Het StelUg Volkenrecht (1910), Vol. I, p. 386 Google Scholar.

41 Bluntschli, Le Droit International Codifié, tr. by Lardy (1886), sec. 309.

42 de Martens, F., Traité de Droit International (1883), Vol. I, p. 504 Google Scholar.

43 J. de Louter, Bet Stellig Volkenrecht (1910), p. 386. The reference that de Louter makes to Martens will be found in the first volume of the French edition of the latter’s work at pp. 495 and 503.

44 Oppenheim, , International Law (1904), Vol. I, pp. 247, 306-307Google Scholar.

45 Perels, Manuel de Droit Maritime International (1884), p. 36.

46 Rivier, , Principes de Droit dea Gens (1896), Vol. I, p. 153.Google Scholar

47 Rivier, ibid., p. 164.

48 Rivier, ibid., p. 155.

49 Barclay, Problems of International Practice and Diplomacy (1907), p. 112.

The original French text of these two articles is here given : —

“Article 2.—La mer territoriale s’étend â six milles marins (60 au degré de latitude) de la laisse de basse marée sur toute l’étendue des côtes.

“Article 3.—Pour les baies, la mer territoriale suit les sinuosités de la côte, sauf qu’elle est mesurée à partir d’une ligne droite tirée en travers de la baie dans la partie la plus rapprochée de l’ouverture vers la mer, où l’écart entre les deux côtes de la baie est de douze milles marins de largeur, à moins qu’un usage continu et séculaire n’ait consacré une largeur plus grande.”

Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit International, Vol. XIII (1894), p. 329: “Définition et régime de la mer territorial, Rapporteur, M. Barclay.”

50 Annuaire, ibid., p. 292. The words are cited as reported by Sir Thomas Barclay, not as spoken by M. Rolin.

51 Kent, , Commentaries on American Law (1826), Vol. I, p. 29 Google Scholar.

52 Kent, ibid., pp. 28-29.

53 Kent, ibid., p. 29.

54 Woolsey, , International Law (1888), 5th ed., p. 78 Google Scholar.

55 North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration: Argument of the United States (1910), p. 219.

56 Pomeroy, , International Law, edited by Woolsey, T. S. (1886), p. 176.Google Scholar

57 Davis, Elements of International Law (1908), p. 58.

58 139 U. S. (1890), p. 258.

59 Rivier, , Principes du Droit des Gens (1896), Vol. I, p. 155 Google Scholar.

60 Baty, The Lato Magasine and Review (1910), p. 464.

61 Browning, , Foreign Policy of Pitt to the outbreak of war with France, Cambridge Modern History (1904), Vol. VIII, p. 305 Google Scholar.

62 American State Papers, Foreign Relations (1833), Vol. I, p. 140; McMaster, , The Struggle for Commercial Independence (1783-1812), Cambridge Modern History (1903), Vol. VII, p. 318 Google Scholar.

63 McMaster, , History of the People of the United States (1888), Vol. II, p. 99 Google Scholar.

64 American State Papers, Foreign Relations (1833), p. 160.

65 Ibid., p. 147.

66 Ibid., p. 148.

67 Albany Law Journal (1886), p. 484; Scott, Cases on International Law (1902), p. 143.

68 Hall, A Treatise on International Law ( 1884 ), p. 650

69 Westlake, , International Law (1904), Vol. II, p. 176 Google Scholar.

70 Phillimore, , International Law (1879), Vol. I, p. 274 Google Scholar.

71 Phillimore, ibid., p. 284.

72 Documents of the United States Senate, Special Session called March 4, 1853, Senate Document 3, pp. 4-8, 9-21.

73 Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of America and other Powers since July 4, 1776 (1889), p. 445.

74 Senate Ex. Doc., No. 103, 34th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 184.

75 United States No. 1 (189S), Bering Sea Arbitration, British Argument (London), p. 145.

76 United States, No. 1 {1893), Bering Sea Arbitration, British Case (London) ; Thomas Willing Balch, The Alaska Frontier (1903).

77 Ibid., British Case, pp. 5, 41, 42, 43.

78 Ibid.; Balch, ibid.

79 Fur Seal Arbitration (Washington), Vol. IV, p. 388.

80 United States, No. 1 (1893), Bering Sea Arbitration, British Case (London), pp. 41, 42.

81 Fur Seal Arbitration, British Case (Washington), Vol. IV, p. 448.

82 Fur Seal Arbitration (Washington), Vol. IV, p. 42. Here follows the French text of this treaty. Ibid., p. 500.

Article I.

II est convenu que dans aucune partie du Grand Océan, appelé communéiment Océan Pacifique, les sujets respeetifs des Hautes Puissances Contractantes ne seront ni troubles, ni généis, soit dans la navigation, soit dans Sexploitation de la péche, soit dans la faculté d’aborder aux côtes, sur des points qui ne seroient pas déjà occupas, afin d’y faire le commerce avec les indigènes, sauf toutefois les restrictions et conditions déterminées par les Articles qui suivent.

83 United States, No. 1 (1893), Bering Sea Arbitration, British Case (London), pp. 5, 43.

84 Fur Seal Arbitration, Appendix to American Case (Washington), Vol. I, pp. 168-194, bound up in Vol. II.

85 Thomas Willing Balch, L’Évolution de l’Arbitrage International (1908), pp. 77-79; Fur Seal Arbitration (Washington), Vol. V, pp. 527-529.

86 Fur Seal Arbitration (Washington), Vol. IV, p. 93.

87 Fur Seal Arbitration, Appendix to American Case (Washington), Vol. I, p. 113, bound up in Vol. II.

88 Thomas Willing Balch, L’Évolution de l’Arbitrage International (1908), p. 76.

89 Fur Seal Arbitration ( Washington ) Vol. IV, p. 99.

90 United States, No. 4 (1898), Bering Sea Arbitration, British Argument (London), p. 3.

91 Fur Seal Arbitration (Washington), Vol. IV, p. 107.

92 United States, No. 4 (1893), Bering Sea Arbitration, British Argument (London), pp. 7-8.

93 Thomas Willing Balch, The Alaska Frontier (1903); Alaskan Boundary Tribunal, American Case (Washington) ; American Counter Case (Washington) ; American Argument ( Washington ).

94 Fur Seal Arbitration (Washington), Vol. IV, p. 501. The original French text follows : —

Article III.

La ligne de démarcation entre les possessions des Hautes Parties Contractantes sur la côte du continent et les îles de l’Amérique nord-ouest, sera tracée ainsi qu’il suit:

A partir du point le plus méridional de l’île dite Prince of Wales, lequel point se trouve sous le parallèle du 54me degré 40 minutes de latitude nord, et entre le 133me et le 133me degré de longitude ouest (méridien de Greenwich), la dite ligne remontera au nord le long de la passe dite Portland Channel, jusqu’au point de la terre ferme où elle atteint le 56me degré de latitude nord; de ce dernier point la ligne de démarcation suivra la crête des montagnes situées paralléement a la côte, jusqu’au point d’intersection du 141me degré de longitude ouest (même méridien), et, finalement, du dit point d’intersection, la même ligne mê;ridienne du 141me degré formera, dans son prolongement jusqu’a la Mer Glaciale, la limite entre les possessions Russes et Britanniques sur le continent de l’Amgrique nord-ouest.

Article IV.

Il est entendu, par rapport à la ligne de démarcation déterminée dans l’Article précéndent:

1°. Que l’île dite Prince of Wales appartiendra toute entière à la Russie.

2°. Que partout où la crête des montagnes qui s’étendent dane une direction parallèle à la côte depuis le 56me degré de latitude nord au point d’intersection du 141me degré de longitude ouest, se trouveroit à la distance de plue de dix lieues marines de l’océan, la limite entre les possessions Britanniques et la lisière de côte mentionnée ci-dessus comme devant appartenir à la Russie, sera formée par une ligne parallèle aux sinuosités de la cote, et qui ne pourra jamais «П être éloignée que de dix lieues marines.

95 Senate Ex. Doc, No. 146, 50th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 5 ; Thomas Willing Baloh, The Alaska Frontier (1903), p. 123; Alaskan Boundary Tribunal, American Counter Case (Washington), pp. 160, 162.

96 Alaskan Boundary Tribunal, American Counter Case (Washington), p. 162.

97 Alaskan Boundary Tribunal, American. Counter Case (Washington), pp. 151, 154, 159, 160, 162.

98 Westlake, International Law (1904), p. 187.

99 Law Reports, 2 Appeal Cases, 394.

100 Holland, Letters toThe Times” upon War and Neutrality ( 1909 ), p. 133.

101 The Albany Law Journal (1885), p. 484; Scott, Cases on International Law (1902), p. 143.

102 Thomas Balch, International Courts of Arbitration, 1874 ( 1899 ) ; J. C Bancroft Davis, Mr. Fish and The Alabama Claims (1893) pp. 98-102; Thomas Willing Balch, The Alabama Arbitration (1900); L’Evolution de l’Arbitrage International (1908), p. 68; Hackett, Reminiscences of the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration, 1812, the Alabama Claims (1911), pp. 179, 183, 185, 190, 193.

103 Westlake, , International Law (1904), Vol. I, p. 188 Google Scholar.

104 Phillimore, , International Law (1879), 3d ed., Vol. I, p. 284.Google Scholar

105 Fur Seal Arbitration (Washington), Vol. IV, p. 99.

106 Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of America and other Powers since July 4, 1776 (1889), pp. 377, 416.

107 Westlake, , International Laxo (1904), Vol. I, p. 193 Google Scholar.

108 Albericus Gentilis, De Ivre Belli, Libri Tres, Nune primum in lucem editi. Ad illvstrissimvm Comitem Essexiae. Hanoviae, apud Hoeredes Guilielmi Antonii (1612) ; Hugo Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres, Lausanne (1751) ; J. de Louter, Het Stellig Volkenrecht (1910) ; Milenko R. Vesnitch, Deux précurseurs français du Pacifisme et de l’Arbitrage International (1911).

109 Selden, Mare Clausum, The Bight and Dominion of the Sea (1663), p. 123 et seq.

110 Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Libri, Tres (1853), liber II, cap. III, sec. VIII.