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The Arctic and Antarctic Regions and the Law of Nations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

Thomas Willing Balch
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Extract

The announcement of the discovery of the North Pole raised in several quarters, among others the British and the Canadian Parliaments, the question whether the act of discovery gave to the United States any right of possession over the North Pole.

In searching for the answer to this question, it is necessary to ascertain the rules of the Law of Nations that govern analogous cases.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , April 1910 , pp. 265 - 275
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1910

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References

1 Walker: A History of the Law of Nations, Vol. I, p. 161; Oppenheim: International Law, Vol. I, p. 303.

2 Edwin Swift Balch: Antarctica.

3 Camdeni Annales, Anno 1580: tr. in Twiss’s Law of Nations, p. 208.

4 Cited by Westlake: International Law, Pt. I, p. 103.

5 lb., p. 99.

6 The Scottish Geographical Magazine, August, 1909, pp. 435-436.

7 August, 1909.

8 lb., June, 1909, pp. 326-327.

9 Fanning: Voyages Round the World, etc., pp. 434-440; Edwin Swift Balch: Antarctica, p. 86 et seq.

10 The Scottish Geographical Magazine, August, 1909, p. 436.

11 Vattel: The Law of Nations, tr. by Chitty, p. 98.

12 Klüber: Droit des Gens moderne de l’Europe: edited by M. A. Ott, p. 177.

13 Ortolan: Des Moyens d’acqugrir le Domaine International, cited by Westlake, International Law, Vol. I, p. 110.

14 Bluntschli: Le Droit International Codifié, tr. by M. C. Lardy.

15 de Martens: Traité de Droit International, tr. by Alfred Léo: Vol. I, p. 463.

16 Holtzendorff: Handbuch des Völkerrechts: Vol. II, p. 263.

17 Calvo: Le Droit International Théorique et Pratique: cinquième ed., Vol. I, p. 409.

18 Heffter, ed, by Geffcken; Das Europäische Völkerrecht der Gegenwart, 8th ed., p. 159, note 3.

19 Westlake: International Law, Pt. I, p. 109.

20 Oppenheim: International Law, Vol. I, p. 278.

21 Shackleton: The Heart of the Antarctic Continent, Vol. I, p. 343, Vol. II, p. 181.

22 Axel Heiberg Land, King Oscar Land, Amund Ringnes Land and Ellef-Ringnes Land, were the newly discovered lands that the Norwegian expedition commanded by Sverdrup annexed. Sverdrup: New Land. Vol. II, p. 449.

23 Greely: Handbook of Polar Discoveries, pp. 48-69, passim.

24 Scott: "Arctic Exploration and International Law," The American Journal Of International Law, October, 1909, p. 941.

25 Ibid, p. 941.