¹ See esp. Philby, H. St. J., Sa⊂udi Arabia (London, 1955);Google Scholar Rentz, G., “Muḥammad ibn ⊂Abd al-Wahhâb (1703/04–1792) and the Beginnings of the Unitarian Empire in Arabia,” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1948.Google Scholar

² Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1965).Google Scholar

³ Taimiyya, Ibn, al-Siyāsa al-Shar⊂iyya (Baghdad, n.d.), p. 165.Google Scholar

⁴ See Laoust, H., Essai sur les Doctrines Sociales et Politiques de Taḳī-d-Dīn Aḥmad b. Taimīya (Cairo, 1939), pp. 297–299;Google Scholar idem., Le Traité de Droit Public d'Ibn Taimīya (Beirut, 1948), p. xxxv.Google Scholar

⁵ Philby, , Sa⊂udi Arabia, pp. 218–226;Google Scholar Winder, , Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century, pp. 229–263.Google Scholar

⁶ Bishr, Ibn, ⊂Unwān al-Majd fī Tarīkh Najd (Beirut, n.d.), p. 75.Google Scholar There appears to be no mention in the sources of the Imām ⊂Abd a1-⊂Azīz himself ever having been designated in advance as successor to his father, Muḥammad ibn Sa⊂ūd (see Rentz, , “Muḥammad ibn ⊂Abd al-Wahhâb,” p. 141 n. 2).Google Scholar

⁷ ⊂Abd, al-Raḥīm, al-Dawla al-Sa⊂ūdiyya al-Ûlā, 2d ed. (Cairo, 1976), pp. 231, 317.Google Scholar See also Philby, , Sa⊂udi Arabia, p. 170.Google Scholar

⁸ See generally Gibb, H. A. R., “Constitutional Organisation” in Khadduri, M. and Liebesny, H., eds., Law in the Middle East (Washington D.C., 1955), pp. 1–27;Google Scholar idem., “Some Considerations on the Sunni Theory of the Caliphate” in his Studies on the Civilisation of Islam (London, 1962), pp. 141–150.Google Scholar

⁹ The works most often discussed in this connection are those of Kelsen, Hans, esp. his General Theory of Law and State (New York, 1961)Google Scholar and Pure Theory of Law (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967)Google Scholar and Hart, H. L. A., The Concept of Law (Oxford, 1961).Google Scholar For some critical writings, see Simpson, A. W. B., ed., Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, 2d ser. (Oxford, 1973).Google Scholar

¹⁰ A passage from al-Ghazzālī quoted by Gibb (“Constitutional Organisation,” p. 20) is in point here: “Which is the better part, that we should declare that the qāḍīs are divested of their functions, that all wilāyāt are invalid, that no marriages can be legally contracted, that all executive actions in all parts of the earth are null and void, and to allow that the whole creation is living in sin—or to recognise that the imāmate is held by a valid contract, and that all executive acts and jurisdictions are valid, given the circumstances as they are and the necessity of these times?”

¹¹ Laoust, , La Traité, p. xxiii.Google Scholar

¹² Laoust, , Essai sur … Ibn Taimīya, pp. 255, 312–313.Google Scholar

¹³ Taimiyya, Ibn, al-Siyāsa al-Shar⊂iyya, pp. 161–162;Google Scholar Laoust, , Essai sur … Ibn Taimiyya, pp. 301–302.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Bishr, Ibn, ⊂Unwān al-Majd, p. 88.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Ibid., pp. 259–260.

¹⁶ Ibid., pp. 260, 375–376 (editor's note).

¹⁷ Palgrave, W. G., Central and Eastern Arabia (2 vols.; London, 1865), 1, 379.Google Scholar A picture of Shaikh ⊂Abd al-Laṭīf is given by Palgrave, Ibid., II, 20–22. Pelly, L. observes in his Report on a Journey to Riyadh (Cambridge, 1978), p. 4, that at the time of his visit (A.D. 1865) Shaikh ⊂Abd al-Raḥmān was living in retirement.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Philby, , Sa⊂udi Arabia, p. 218.Google Scholar Palgrave, writing of A.D. 1862–63, states that ⊂Abd Allāh was heir apparent and active administrator of the kingdom (Central and Eastern Arabia, II, 36, 64–65, 73).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Pelly, , Report, p. 69.Google Scholar

²⁰ Ibn, ⊂īsā, Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith al-Wāqi⊂a fī Najd (al-Riyāṭ, 1386/1966), p. 177.Google Scholar

²¹ Kitāb al-īmān wa-⊃l-Radd ⊂alā Ahl al-Bida⊂, pp. 7–8,Google Scholar in Rashīd, Riṭā, ed., Majmū⊂at al-Rasā⊃il wa-⊃l-Masā⊃il al-Najdiyya (4 vols.; Cairo, 1346/1928), II, pt. I.Google Scholar

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²³ So declared by the lmām Faiṣal to the inhabitants of al-Qaṣīm (Bishr, Ibn, ⊂Unwān al-Majd, p. 367).Google Scholar

²⁴ Public risāla of the lmām Faiṣal quoted in Bishr, lbn, ⊂Unwān al-Majd, p. 349.Google Scholar

²⁵ Laoust, , Essai sur … Ibn Taimīya, p. 298.Google Scholar

²⁶ Riḍā, , ed., Majmū⊂at al-Rasā⊃il, IV, p. 555.Google Scholar

²⁷ Public risāla quoted in Bishr, Ibn, ⊂Unwān al-Majd, p. 266.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ibn, Saḥmān, ed., al-Hadiyya al-Sunniyya wa-⊃l-Tuḥfa al-Wahhābiyya, 2d ed. (Cairo, 1344/1925–1926), p. 109.Google Scholar

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³⁰ Bishr, Ibn, ⊂Unwān al-Majd, p. 308.Google Scholar

³¹ See ibid., p. 308; Palgrave, , Central and Eastern Arabia, II, 74.Google Scholar

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³⁴ Ibid., p. 178.

³⁵ Risāla, xi, pp. 69–70,Google Scholar composed by Shaikh, ⊂Abd al-Laṭīf, in Riḍā, , ed., Majmū⊂at al-Rasā⊃il, Vol. III. This volume comprises 76 risālas written by Shaikh ⊂Abd al-Laṭīf and collected by lbn Saḥmān, one of his pupils and an eminent ⊂ālim during the early decades of the third Sa⊂ūdī state. All subsequent references to numbered risālas relate to epistles by Shaikh ⊂Abd al-Laṭīf contained in this collection.Google Scholar

³⁶ Risāla, xxvi, p. 171.Google Scholar Parts of this risāla and of the one specifically referred to in the preceding note have been translated in Helms, C., The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia (London, 1981), pp. 104–108. But her translations of these two important risālas should be treated with great caution.Google Scholar

³⁷ Ibn, ⊂īsā, Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith, pp. 179–181.Google Scholar

³⁸ Lorimer, J. G., Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf (2 vols.; Calcutta, 1915), 1, 1131–1132;Google Scholar Ḍārī, al Rashīd, Nubdha Tarīkhiyya ⊂an Najd (al-Riyāḍ, 1386/1966), p. 89.Google Scholar

³⁹ Risāla, xi, p. 70.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Risāla, xlvi, p. 274.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Risālas, xi, p. 70, xlvi, p. 274.Google Scholar

⁴² Philby, , Sa⊂udi Arabia, p. 221.Google Scholar

⁴³ Risāla, xxviii, p. 180.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Risāla, xi, p. 70.Google Scholar Helms points out that the number forty generally refers in Najd to an unknown quantity (The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia, p. 124, n. 63).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Risāla, xxviii, p. 179.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Ibn⊂īsā, , Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith, pp. 181–182.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Risāla, xxviii, p. 179.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Risāla, xlvi, pp. 274–275.Google Scholar By way of justification for his actions, the Shaikh cites as a historical precedent the truce sought and obtained from Ibrāhīm Pasha of Egypt by the people of al-Dar⊂iyya, including members of the āl al-Shaikh and other ⊂ulamā⊃ during the last days of the first Sa⊂ūdī state (Risāla, xxviii, p. 180).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Risāla, xi, p. 70.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Risāla, xlvi, p. 275.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Arabia of the Wahhabis (London, 1977), p. 73Google Scholar n. 2. See also al-Jāsir, , Madīnat al-Riyāḍ (al-Riyāḍ, 1386/1966), p. 110;Google Scholar Ḍārī, al-Rashīd, Nubdha, p. 50.Google Scholar

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⁵³ Risāla, xxvi, pp. 170–171.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Ibid., p 172.

⁵⁵ Risāla, xi, p. 70.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Risālas, xxv, pp. 167–168, xxvi, pp. 172–173.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Risāla, xi, p. 70.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Risāla, xxv, p. 168. This risāla dates from Sa⊂ūd's second period as imām. Shaikh ⊂Abd al-Laṭīf adopted an identical position on each occasion.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ See Ibn, Bisḥr, ⊂Unwān al-Majd, p. 374.Google Scholar Palgrave encountered āAbd al-⊂Azīz and speaks unfavourably of him (Central and Eastern Arabia, 1, 275–277, 292).Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Ibn, ⊂īsā, Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith, p. 181;Google Scholar Amīn, Sa⊂īd, Tarīkh al-Dawla al-Sa⊂ūdiyya (Beirut, 1964), I, 173.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Risāla, xi, p. 70.Google Scholar

⁶² Riāla, xxvi, p. 172.Google Scholar

⁶³ Risāla, xlvi, p. 274.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Ibid.

⁶⁵ Winder, , Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century, pp. 237–238.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Kelly, J. B., Britain and the Persian Gulf 1795–1880 (Oxford, 1968), pp. 719–720.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Ibn, ⊂īsā, Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith, pp. 182–183. For the Ottoman expedition in the context Anglo-Ottoman relations and the affairs of the Arabian Gulf generally, see Kelly, Britain and the Peisian Gulf, chap. 15.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Risāla, xlvi, p. 275.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Ibn⊂rsā, , Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawaādith, p. 177. ⊂Abd al-⊂Azīz himself died fighting for the lmām ⊂Abd Allāh against Muḥammad ibn Rashīd in 1301/1884Google Scholar (ibid., p. 192).

⁷⁰ Bishr, Ibn, ⊂Unwān al-Majd, p. 261.Google Scholar

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⁷² Risāla, ix, p. 61.Google Scholar

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⁷⁴ Ibid., p. 39.

⁷⁵ Bishr, Ibn, ⊂Unwān al-Majd, p. 261;Google Scholar Ibn, ⊂īsā Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith, p. 192, n. 1.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Risāla, xxiv, pp. 160–165.Google Scholar See also Riḍā, , ed., Majmū⊂at al-Rasā⊃il, 1,412–413.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Risāla, x, p. 67.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Ibn Saḥmān, the ⊂ālim who collected Shaikh ⊂Abd al-Laṭīf's risālas, observes at one point that the Shaikh is wrong in thinking that the basic requirement that the help be necessary relates to the dire need of the ruler in terms of his own power. What is in question is necessity from the point of view of religion (Risāla, xxiv, p. 165).Google Scholar

⁷⁹ See Risālas, x, pp. 67–68, xxiv, pp. 163–165, xxvi, pp. 172–173, xlvi, pp. 275–276.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ See Risāla, xxvi, pp. 171–173.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Risālas, ix, p. 63, xxvi, p. 174.Google Scholar

⁸² Risāla, xxviii, p. 180.Google Scholar

⁸³ See Risālas, xlvii, pp. 277–278, xlviii, pp. 280–281.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Risāla, xxxix, p. 229.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Risālas, iv, p. 39, viii, pp. 57–58, xxvii, p. 177.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Risāla, xxviii, p. 180.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ See Kelly, , Britain and the Persian Gulf, pp. 721, 727;Google Scholar Lorimer, , Gazetteer, I, 1132–1133;Google Scholar Winder, , Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century, pp. 257–258. Shaikh ⊂Abd al-Laṭīf's views on Sa⊂ūd's diplomatic manoeuvres are unrecorded but, in general, he seems to have regarded the British as being in league with the Ottomans.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ The most elaborate discussions by Shaikh ⊂Abd al-Laṭīf of the duty of hijra are contained in Risālas ii-ix, xxvii, xxix.

⁸⁹ Ibn, ⊂īsā, Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith, p. 184.Google Scholar Shaikh ⊂Abd al-Laḍīf complained at this time of desertion by the badū (Risāla, xlviii, p. 281).Google Scholar

⁹⁰ See Risālas, ii, p. 23, iii, p. 33, iv, p. 38, vii, p. 53.Google Scholar

⁹¹ For this period, see Ibn, ⊂īsā, Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith, p. 183;Google Scholarx al-Jāsir, , Madīnat al-Riyāḍ, p. 109;Google Scholar Kelly, , Britain and the Persian Gulf, pp. 736–737.Google Scholar

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⁹³ Risāla, lxi, p. 318. The references in this risāla to ⊂Abd Allāh's return and to jihād support the conclusion that it was written during the period of ⊂Abd Allāh's second reign as imām.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ For the history of Sa⊂ūd's negotiations with the Ottomans, see Lorimer, , Gazetteer, 1, 971, 1131;Google Scholar al-⊂Azzāwī, , Tarīkh al-⊂Irāq (Baghdad, 1353/1935–1376/1956), VIII, 15;Google Scholar Kelly, , Britain and the Persian Gulf, pp. 739–741.Google Scholar

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⁹⁸ See Ibn, ⊂īsā, Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith, pp. 186–187.Google Scholar According to Kelly, ⊂Abd al-Raḥmān's original object was not so much to fall out with the Ottomans as to compel them to appoint him mutaṣarrif of al-Aḥsā⊃ (Britain and the Persian Gulf, p. 762).Google Scholar

⁹⁹ Ibn, ⊂īsā, Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith, p. 187.Google Scholar

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¹⁰¹ Risāla, xxv, p. 168.Google Scholar

¹⁰² Ibn, ⊂īsā, Tarīkh ba⊂ḍ al-Ḥawādith, p. 188.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Risāla, xi, p. 72.Google Scholar Lorimer seems to have misread the situation because he states that after the death of Sa⊂ūd. ⊂Abd al-Raḥmān “was inclined to make terms with his half-brother ⊃Abdullah, but the Wahhābi priesthood, on account of the latter's connection with the Turks, would have none of him ‖” (Gazetteer, I, 1134).Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁶ It is worth remembering in this context that the Imām Faiṣal had himself paid tribute to the Ottomans (see Winder, , Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century, pp. 206–207).Google Scholar

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¹¹² It is interesting to note that Shaikh ⊂Abd al-Laṭīf regarded the Qaḥṭān as generally abiding by the Sharī⊂a (Risāla, xlii, pp. 261–262).Google Scholar Lorimer describes the Qaḥṭān as “‘austerely fanatical’ in religious matters to an unusual degree” (Gazerteer, 11, 1471).Google Scholar

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