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The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2014

D. J. Wiseman
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Extract

The sixth (1955) season of excavation by the British School of Archaeology in Iraq at Nimrud (ancient Kalḫu, Biblical Calah) was mainly devoted to clearing buildings in the south-eastern corner of the akropolis. One building to the north of Ezida, the temple of Nabu, contained a long Throne-room (SEB2) where lay a varied collection of ivories and bronzes from Assyrian furniture broken when the building was destroyed by fire. Amid this debris more than three hundred and fifty fragments of baked clay tablets were found scattered in the north-west corner of the room between the dais which once supported the royal throne and the door leading to a small ante-chamber (NTS3). Some fragments were also found in the southern doorway of the Throne-room and in the adjacent courtyard (Fig. 1). It will probably never be known with certainty, whether the documents had once been housed in this room or thrown there when the building was sacked by the Medes about 612 B.C. A special room (NT12) in the neighbouring Nabu Sanctuary seems to have been set aside for the use of scribes and for the storage of tablets and this may have been their original location.

These fragments proved to be parts of a few large tablets of which one was reconstituted in the field. Miss Barbara Parker, who was present at the time of discovery, soon identified the text as a treaty made in 672 B.C. by Esarhaddon, king of Assyria (681–669 B.C.), with a chieftain of the Medes named Ramataia of Urukazaba(r)na. The remaining texts were duplicates except that they named different city-govenors, or chieftains, as the other party to the agreement. The dated fragments bear the same Eponym year-date of 672 B.C. With commendable speed Miss Parker published a brief report based on her preliminary reading of about three hundred lines of the Ramataia text and some of the fragments.

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , Volume 20 , Issue 1: The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon , Spring 1958 , pp. 1 - 99
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 1958 

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References

1 Mallowan, M. E. L., Iraq XVIII, Pt. 1, pp. 1–21 Google Scholar.

2 Ibid. p. 11; Plate II.

3 Formerly numbered SEB I (Iraq XIX, Pt. 1, Pl. II).

4 Iraq XVIII, Pt. 1, p. 12 Google Scholar; XIX, Pt. 1, p. 6.

5 Iraq XIX, Pt. 1, pp. 5–6 Google Scholar.

6 ND. 4327 measures 45·8 × 30 cms. This compares with K.4349, the largest tablet in the K. collection, when complete, was the same size, but not so thick. Cf. also the well-preserved text of Shalmaneser III (IM54669; Sumer VI, p. 7 Google Scholar (33 × 24 cms)).

7 This was the basis of Iraq XVIII, Pt. 1, pp. 12–14 Google Scholar.

8 By Mr. C. A. Bateman of the Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities. See also p. 92 ff.

9 Not Bani as in Iraq XVIII, Pt. 1, p. 13 Google Scholar.

10 A Paper outlining the treaty and these identifications was read at the XXIVth International Congress of Orientalists at Munich on August 31st, 1957. For a discussion of the names see p. 82.

11 All text numbers are hereafter given in this abbreviated manner (e.g. ND. 4338B as 38B).

12 All have eight columns, but the arrangement of lines differs.

13 My thanks are due to Professors Gadd, Mallowan and Sachs, for much encouragement and many ideas both in discussion and during their reading of my manuscript.

14 See pp. 22, 28.

15 See pp. 23, 26 f.

16 See p. 22 f.

17 Lit. ‘chief royal prince of the Succession House.’ Cf. pp. 4, 7.

18 H.A.B.L. 584 implies that other days (20th 22nd, 25th) may have been suggested. H.A.B.L. 33, mentions 16th.

19 Rassam Cyl. of Ashurbanipal (Rm. 1) i, 12; cf. K.2694, ii. 3 ( Streck, , Assurbanipal, p. 2 Google Scholar; V R 1).

20 Rm. I, i, 18–22.

21 K. 2694, ii, 7–8.

22 Piepkorn, A. C., Editions E… K of the Annals of Ashurbanipal, p. 28 Google Scholar. (B. i, 9) lulime may refer to the foreign princes.

23 H.A.B.L. 202, 213. Cf. P.E.A. (i. 15) p. 20.

24 See p. 8.

25 ll. 4–6; p. 29.

26 See above, Rm. I, i, 18–19.

27 P.E.A. (v. 55), p. 25.

28 P.E.A. (v. 54–vi, 1), pp. 25–26.

29 See p. 26.

30 Weidner, E. F., A.f.O. XIII, p. 215 Google Scholar; Tf. XIV; XVII, p. 14, n. 13. VAT. 11534 can now be read and restored from the duplicate ll. 229–236:

šum-ma at-tu-nu UGU m aššur-DÙ. ADUMU XX GAL [ša É UŠ-ti]

(230) DUMU m aššur-PAB.AS XX KUR aššur EN-ku-nu la ta-ma[ḫ-ḫaṣ-a-ni]

la ta-mu[t]-ta-a-[ni]

[ša ina] muḫ-ḫi-šú ṭa-bu-u-ni la tu-ba-’a-a-ni la [te-ep-pa-áš-ša-ni]

šum-ma la DÙG.GA-tu te-e[p-pa-ša-ni-šu-u-ni] mil-ku la dam-qu ta-mal-[li-ka-šu-u-ni]

(235) [KASKA]L šal-mu ana G[ÌR].II-šú ta-[šá-kan-a-ni] [ina ki-n]a-a[-te tar-]ṣa-[a]-ti [la ta-ta-nab-bal-šú-u-ni].

31 Nassouhi, E., M.A.O.G. III 1/2 pp. 22–32 Google Scholar; I.A.K.A., pp. 71–72. A letter (H.A.B.L. 628) implies the restoration of buildings in Tarbiṣu in addition to the bēt rēdūti. Soon afterwards the workmen were transferred to complete Esarhaddon's palace at Calah (H.A.B.L. 885).

32 Luckenbill, D. D., The Annals of Sennacherib, p. 155 Google Scholar.

33 Rm. I, i, 23–24.

34 Andrae, W., Die Festungswerke von Assur, pp. 178–179 Google Scholar; I.A.K.A., p. 8.

35 Iraq, XIV, Pt. I, p. 54 Google Scholar; ND. 1126 (BM. 131129) is dated 5th Ab of this same year (672 B.C.).

36 Layard, A. H., Inscriptions in the Cuneiform Character (1851)Google Scholar, pl. 35.

37 Inscriptions recording the restorations of gateways by him in 678 B.C. have been found during the 1958 excavations. See also H.A.B.L. 394, 493, 1103.

38 Cf. The dedication by Aššur-nasir-pal II of his palace at Calah with festivities lasting ten days ( Iraq XIV, Pt. I, p. 58 Google Scholar).

39 H.A.B.L. 1004.

40 36C is dated on the 16th; 54D, 54E on 18th day.

41 Cf. I.L.N., January 28th, 1956, p. 130, figs. 10, II.

42 See also p. 90.

43 P.E.A. (i.8,) p. 9.

44 Hence the clause designed to prevent a recurrence of this in the case of Ashurbanipal (ll. 318–327).

45 Bab. Chron. (BM. 92502), iii, 34–35. The text is given in Z.A. II, pp. 163–168 Google Scholar; J.R.A.S. 1887, pp. 655–681 Google Scholar; Delitzsch, F., Die Babylonische Chronik, pp. 19–24 Google Scholar.

46 Discussed in the forthcoming volume Documents of Old Testament Times, 1958 (Ed. D. Winton-Thomas).

47 2 Kings xix, 36–37.

48 For this much discussed subject see P.E.A., pp. 7–8; Z.A. 37, pp. 61 ffGoogle Scholar, 215 ff; 42, pp. 170; Hirschberg, , Studien zur Geschichte Esarhaddons, pp. 5 ffGoogle Scholar.

49 E.g. The possibility of Ashurbanipal's assassination (ll. 237–248), death by poisoning (ll. 259–263) or other means (ll. 264-265).

50 Bab. Chron. (K. 92502), iv, 22. (cf. n. 45).

51 ll. 249–250; and the recurring phrase aḫḫēšu ša mār ummišu ša m aššur-bān-apli (ll. 94, 103, etc.). Her name is unknown unless she is to be identified with Ešarḫamat, a concubine (Streck, op. cit. pp. CCXL, 224).

52 See p. 9; Nougayrol, J., Syria XXXIII, pp. 156–160 Google Scholar, pl. VII, for a relief showing this Queen-mother and for the most recent discussion.

53 The Bab. Chron. has no entry for this year, implying that nothing of particular note occurred in Babylonian or Assyrian foreign affairs.

54 Godbey, A. H., “The Esarhaddon Succession” in A.J.S.L. XXII (1905), p. 68 Google Scholar argues that the intention to settle the succession was known at least as early as the year preceeding the great Assembly of the month of Iyyar.

55 P.E.A., pp. 25–26.

56 H.A.B.L., 186; cf. 52, 175.

57 Streck, op. cit., pp. CCXLI–CCL; H.A.B.L. 308; cf. discussion by A. H. Godbey, loc. cit., pp. 78–79.

58 Streck, op. cit., p. CLXXXV.

59 BM. 872209 (CT. X, 4; King, L. W., Boundary-Stones, p. 71 Google Scholar).

60 H.A.B.L., 870, 10.

61 C.A.H., iii, p. 86; Streck, op. cit., pp. CCXLII–CCXLIII.

62 Since mār (šarri) rabū is commonly used also of Ashurbanipal and the context of BM. 87220 is lost. For the earlier debate cf. Godbey, loc. cit.; Johns, C. H. W., A.J.S.L., XXII, pp. 236–237 Google Scholar.

63 Assur text 13956 ( A.f.O. XIII, p. 214 Google Scholar).

64 K. 501 (H.A.B.L., 113), r. 6–10.

65 Cf. H.A.B.L., 1239, 3.

66 See note on p. 84.

67 References in Streck, op. cit., pp. 629–630.

68 M.O.S., XI (Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli, I), Taf. III.

69 Streck, op. cit., pp. CCXLVII–CCXLIX.

70 l. 674′. Cf. l. 86 omits GAL (rabū) from the title of Šamaš-šum-ukin, as in K. 501, r. 7.

71 H.A.B.L., 202, 15–16 Google Scholar, r. 17–19; cf. 1245.

72 E.g. H.A.B.L., 117, 5 Google Scholar; cf. Schmidtke, F., Asarhaddons Statthalterschaft in Babylonien und seine Thronbesteigung in Assyrien 681 Google Scholar v. Chr. ( A.B.T.U. 1/2), pp. 136 ffGoogle Scholar.

73 BM. 87220 (CT. X, 5–7), written when war had broken out between the brothers.

74 K. 891, 16–18.

75 E.g. H.A.B.L., 430, 434.

76 H.A.B.L. 870, 5–r. 9; cf. also H.A.B.L. 33, 202, 384, 386 Google Scholar, which may refer to this same time.

77 H.A.B.L. 656, 18–21 Google Scholar.

78 Bab. Chron. (BM. 92502), 29 (the passage is broken); Sidney Smith, , Babylonian Historical Texts, p. 13 Google Scholar (l. r. 4).

79 The revolt may have concerned the provinces. Cf. Z.A. NF. XIII, pp. 89–91 Google Scholar. A revolt by the army is possible as later against Nebuchadnezzar II ( Wiseman, D. J., Chronicles of Chaldaean Kings, p. 36 Google Scholar). For the revolt against Esarhaddon (possibly that in 680 B.C.) see VAT. 4923; Weidner, E. F., A.f.O., XVII, pp. 5–9 Google Scholar.

80 War broke out on 19. x. 16th year of Šamaš-šum-ukin (Jan. 651 B.C.; J.N.E.S. III, p. 39 Google Scholar).

81 Bab. Chron. (BM. 92502), iv. 32–33.

82 ll. 81–82, 120–122, 143–144, 156–158, 178–179.

83 Cf. A.J.S.L., XXII, pp. 238–239 Google Scholar.

84 H.A.B.L. 878, r. 12.

85 Cf. l. 238. H.A.B.L. 917 implies that she may have acted in the absence, or sickness, of her son Esarhaddon.

86 Zakutu is known to have had special administrative interest in Babylonia. She could have been less than 65 years old at the time of the quarrel between her grandsons.

87 The upper left corner of BM. 83–1–18, 45 (H.A.B.L. 1239) is missing, so that the designation adě must remain in doubt.

88 Cf. The forthcoming article by Gadd, C. J.. “The Harran Inscriptions of Nabonidus” in A.S. VIII (1958)Google Scholar with especial reference to Adad-guppi’, the mother of Nabonidus.

89 H.A.B.L. 1105, 34 Google Scholar, cf. ll. 509–510; 196, 301, cf. ll. 72, 129.

90 ND. 2759; to be published by H. W, F. Saggs, in “The Nimrud Letters—IV,” in the forthcoming number of Iraq.

91 Thureau-Dangin, F., La Huitième Campagne de Sargon, pp. vii–xii Google Scholar.

92 D. D. Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib, col. i, 65–ii, 36, iii, 75–iv, 31.

93 Esarhaddon Chronicle, 9 ( Smith, Sidney, B.H.T., p. 12 Google Scholar).

94 A Scythian tribe, Dua, Gk. Δαοι (I R 45, ii, 11), Smith, Sidney, B.H.T., pp. 16–17 Google Scholar; P.E.A., iii, 48–49, p. 18.

95 I R 15, iii, 1; I R 45, i, 8. One is possibly the name of a smaller district incorporated in the larger region; Smith, (B.H.T. p. 17)Google Scholar suggests Tabal.

96 C.A.H. iii, p. 83 Google Scholar; Herodotus i, 13, 103.

97 Cf. Diakonoff, I., , p. 258 Google Scholar.

98 Protothyes of Herodotus i, 103 ( A.f.O. I, p. 488 Google Scholar). Diakonoff (op. cit. p. 260) considers that Bartatua follows Išpakaia, in which case the alliance would have been made after 679 B.C.

99 J.A.D.D. 1, 364 Google Scholar (K.341); Diakonoff op. cit., p. 258.

100 Esarhaddon Chronicle, r. 1. ( Smith, , B.H.T., p. 13 Google Scholar).

101 P.E.A. (iii, 39–61), p. 19.

102 Ghirshman, R., Iran, p. 107 Google Scholar; Barnett, R. D., Iraq XVIII, Pt. 2, pp. 111–116 Google Scholar. ( Godard, A., Le Trésor de Ziwiyé, pp. 10–12 Google Scholar had suggested a 9th century B.C. date).

103 J. A. Knudtzon, Assyrische Gebete an den Sonnengott, Nos. 1–146; Klauber, E. G., Politisch-religiöse Texte aus der Sargonidenzeit, pp. LVI–LIX, I ffGoogle Scholar.

104 Diakonoff, op. cit., p. 239.

105 Knudtzon, op. cit., No. 16.

106 H.A.B.L. 1257. Cameron, G., (History of Early Iran, p. 174)Google Scholar interprets this as a latter attempt to recapture the one-time province of Manna.

107 Ashurbanipal Annals iii, 71 (Streck, op. cit. p. 102).

108 See Speiser, E. A., A.A.S.O.R. VIII, pp. 1 Google Scholar.

109 43. 3. and p. 82.

110 H.A.B.L. 582, 684.

111 P.E.A. (iv, 32–45), p. 21; see also p. 82.

112 Herzfeld, E. A.M.I. VII (1934), p. 28 f.Google Scholar; Diakonoff, op. cit., p. 263.

113 So G. Cameron, op. cit., pp. 173–174.

114 E.g. DAG.GAS stones (P.E.A., p. 21); Thompson, R. C. D.A.C.G., p. xlii Google Scholar. or read takkas (blocks) as I.A.K.A., p. 54.

115 I.A.K.A., p. 54.

116 The Pateischoreis of Strabo Geogr. XV., iii, 1 Google Scholar. For earlier discussion of this name see references in G. Cameron, op. cit., p. 173, n.7. Cf. Diakonoff, op. cit., p. 263.

117 The Andirpatianu which sent gifts to Sargon II (F. Thureau-Dangin, op. cit., p. 10, l. 48).

118 Cf. Knudtzon, op. cit. Nr. 33, 7, 9; Klauber, op. cit., Nr. 21, 7.9. This name can now be restored from 28A, 3–4.

119 P.E.A. (iv. 46–52), p. 21; Knudtzon, op. cit., Nr. 30; Klauber, op. cit., No. 21, 10.

120 Sidney Smith (C.A.H. iii, p. 81; B.H.T., pp. 17–18) interprets Bāzzu of Esarhaddon's later campaign as Ardistan, but see contra. Thompson, R. C., J.R..A.S. 1933, p. 891 Google Scholar and my discussion in Iraq XVIII, Pt. 1, p. 128 Google Scholar.

121 P.E.A., p. 21; “A New Hexagonal Prism of Esarhaddon,” iii, 53–61, published by Heidel, A. (Sumer XII, pp. 24–25)Google Scholar.

122 Knudtzon, op. cit., No. 34.

123 Klauber, op. cit., No. 22.

124 Diakonoff, op. cit., p. 263.

125 For a discussion of these names see p. 82.

126 This assumes that Bit-Parnakki is to be identified with the Bit-Bunakki captured by Sennacherib and later by Ashurbanipal. See Smith, Sidney, C.A.H. iii, p. 81 Google Scholar, n. 1.

127 Klauber, op. cit., Nos. 19, 20.

128 See p. 82.

129 Diakonoff op. cit., p. 257.

130 P.E.A. (iii, 71–83) p. 19.

131 Cameron, op. cit., p. 166.

132 H.A.B.L., 328.

133 Scheil, V., Mémoires, Mission archéologique de Susiane, XIV, pp. 36, 49 Google Scholar; R.A. XIV, p. 29 Google Scholar.

134 Cameron, op. cit., pp. 177–178.

135 Herodotus i, 102.

136 Knudtzon, op. cit., Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 12; Klauber, op. cit., Nos. 3, 7, 8, 13, 14.

137 Diakonoff, op. cit., p. 266.

138 See p. 90 (3).

139 See pp. 22–23.

140 Perhaps due to its large size. Cf. Assyrian writing-boards ( Iraq XVII, Pt. 1, pp. 8–9 Google Scholar); also J.C.S. I, p. 217 Google Scholar.

141 This was done by stretching a fine cord down the length of the tablet. The twisted strands of this are clearly visible on 36B; 45A; 50N; 51S; 54A; 54B; X9; X12.

142 Pl. IV, 1, shows the rolling of Seal A over the edge of Seal B.

143 E.g. Schaeffer, C. F. A., Ugaritica III, pp. 1–35 Google Scholar; D. J. Wiseman, The Alalakh Tablets, No. 3; pl. IV.

144 Cf. also l. 409 and p. 22.

145 C. F. A. Schaeffer, op. cit., p. 67.

146 Nougayrol, J., Le Palais royal d'Ugarit, III, pp. XL–XLIII Google Scholar. For the same tradition in Roman times, cf. Suetonius, Life of Augustus, §L, G. Dossin in ibid, p. XLIII, n. 3. For the use of ancestral seals in Cappadocian tablets, Lewy, J., H.U.C.A. XXVII, p. 29 Google Scholar.

147 A large seal (10 cms. in height), inscribed ‘Palace of Esarhaddon’, was found in the 1958 excavations at Nimrud. For another ruler's seal, see Unger, A., B.A.S.O.R. 130, pp. 16–19 Google Scholar.

148 Sachs, A. J., “The Late Assyrian Royal-seal Type” in Iraq XV, Pt. 2, pp. 167–170 Google Scholar; C. F. A. Schaeffer, op. cit., p. 64.

149 The inscriptions do not always tally with the deities represented on cylinder seals ( Frankfort, H. H., Cylinder Seals, p. 8 Google Scholar).

150 Frankena, R., Tākultu, pp. 76, 106 Google Scholar.

151 So Thureau-Dangin, F., R.A. XXI, p. 194 Google Scholar. Layard took this to be a bull because of the horns. Ninlil's mount is not a lion as F. Thureau-Dangin, loc. cit. Cf. Güterbock, H., Belleten, 26, p. 311 Google Scholar; Dussaud, R., Syria, XXVII, p. 75 Google Scholar. For a description of such gods and goddesses cf. also Köcher, F., M.I.O.I. obv. II, 25′–32′Google Scholar; Brandenstein, C. G. von, M.V.A.G. XLVI Google Scholar.

152 Buren, E. D. Van, Orientalia, 1943, pp. 318 ffGoogle Scholar.

153 Parrot, A and Nougayrol, J., “Asarhaddon et Naqi’a sur un bronze du Louvre (AO 20.185)” in Syria XXXIII, pp. 147–160 Google Scholar. The object may be a small stick (p. 148) or a symbolic plant (p. 159, n. 3; cf. Thureau-Dangin, F., Til Barsib, p. 53)Google Scholar.

154 A drawing of the restored ‘Torrelief’ is given by Bachmann, W., Felsreliefs in Assyrien, Abb. 13, p.14 Google Scholar.

155 Illustrated in A. T. Olmstead, History of Assyria, fig. 132. The site was visited by members of the Nimrud expedition of the British Institute of Archaeology in Iraq, in April, 1951.

156 Permission to publish this drawing (and that on Pl. VIII, 1) has been generously granted by the Keeper of the Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities of The British Museum.

157 A. H. Layard, Monuments of Nineveh (Second Series), pl. 51.

158 W. Bachmann, op. cit. Abb. 11, p. 12.

159 Cf. R.A. XXI, p. 197 Google Scholar.

160 Maltai was first visited and described by M. Rouet, French Consul at Mosul, in 1845 and sketched by a doctor Riechi, M. (R.A. XXI, p. 185)Google Scholar. V. Place visited the site before 1854 and published a drawing (Ninive et l'Assyrie, pl. 45), but his description differs from that given by Layard, (Nineveh and its Remains (1849), I, pp. 230–231)Google Scholar who knew of Rouet's visit (Nineveh and Babylon, 1853, p. 207; Gadd, C. J., The Stones of Assyria, pp. 28 Google Scholar). The drawings made for Layard by T. S. Bell of the Maltai reliefs were unpublished though a comparison of Plate VIII, 1 with the photographs taken by Lehmann-Haupt, (Materialien zur älteren Geschichte Armeniens u. Mesopot. 1843 Google Scholar,) and much improved upon by R. P. Nasse in 1923 (R.A. XXI, pl. I–IV) and again by Bachmann (op. cit. (1927) Taf. 25–31) show the unreliability of the earlier publications by Luschan, von (Mitt. Or. Samm., XI, p. 23 Google Scholar, fig. 8). A recent survey of Maltai has been undertaken by the Iraq Dept. of Antiquities ( A.f.O., XVII, p. 426 Google Scholar).

161 E.g. F. Thureau-Dangin, loc. cit., pp. 194–195; B.O. VI, 166 Google Scholar, l. 5 (Nergal rides a horse).

162 Goff, B., Journal of the Warburg & Courtald Institutes, XIX (1956) p. 32 Google Scholar, pl. Id. The seal dedicated by Esarhaddon to Adad measures 12 × 4 cms.

163 The text is clearest on 36 (Pl. X, 1.); cf. 35, 53.

164 Porada, E., Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals, I, p. 62 Google Scholar.

165 E.g. E. Porada, op cit., Nos. 566–567, pl. LXXVII; Moortgat, A., Vorderasiatische Kollsiegel, pp. 44–45 Google Scholar; pl. 58–89.

166 E. Porada, op. cit., Nos. 558–565, pls. LXXVI–LXXVII; Moortgat, ibid.

167 B.M. 89052 (unpublished); lapis-lazuli; 24 mm. high. Inscribed “Iltani, son of […]-Sin, a farmworker.” It is unlikely that the space is due to the seal being unfinished as it is much worn.

168 E.g. Belleten, XVII, Res. 37, 40; Özgüç, N., Kültepe Kazisi Raporu, LIX, Nos. 663, 665Google Scholar; LX, 673, 677; LXII, 693.

169 E.g. a-lim KI; p. 81.

170 A. Unger, loc. cit., p. 118.

Buren, E. Van, Studi e mat. di Storia delle Religion X, 1934 Google Scholar A.J.A., 1935, p. 379 Google Scholar.

171 B.M. 117666, discussed by Sidney Smith J.R.A.S., 1926, pp. 442–446 Google Scholar.

172 Sidney Smith, loc. cit., p. 445. In this case it would be unlikely to be withdrawn. The pristine clearness of many cylinder seals is to be attributed to the hard material rather than to any lack of use in antiquity.

173 B. Goff, loc. cit., p. 31.

174 E.g. Frankfort, H. H., Cylinder Seals, pp. 10–11 Google Scholar. See also n.162.

175 Hornblower, G. D., “A Temple Seal and its Connections” in Ancient Egypt 1934, pp. 99–106 Google Scholar.

176 Cf. J.C.S. XI, p. 47 Google Scholar.

177 Calculated from the impression the edging of the cap was 3 mm. thick.

178 As on the Maltai reliefs (Pl. VIII), the Sinjirli stela (n. 187) and frequently on cylinder seals (e.g. Frankfort, H., Cylinder Seals, p. 178)Google Scholar.

179 Assur 19869; Andrae, W., Die jüngeren Ischtar-Tempelin Assur, pp. 67–73 Google Scholar; Tf. 30.

180 W. Andrae, Farbige Keramik aus Assur, Tf, 26, 27c.

181 Moortgat, A., “Assyrische Glyptik des 12. Jahrhunderts” (Z.A. N.F. 13), p. 36 Google Scholar, Abb. 36; E. Porada, Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals, No. 598E; Ménant, J., Glyptique Orientale, p. 60 Google Scholar, fig. 52.

182 A. Sachs first suggested this dating to me and Miss Edith Porada supplied helpful suggestions and references. For the free style cf. Frankfurt, Cylinder Seals, pl. XXXVa, XXXII (especially g). For the head-gear of the ‘tutelary god” see Moortgat, loc. cit., figs. 9, 19, 20, 34; the hair-style ibid., figs. 2–5, 9, 24, 33–34, 36; Frankfort, op. cit., pl. XXXVk; E. Porada, op. cit., No. 606. For the dress, especially the marked pattern and the belt tassels, cf. E. Porada, op. cit., Nos. 599, 608–609; Frankfort, op. cit., pl.XXXII, d, g. This comparison is somewhat vitiated by the shorter tunics shown there. The curved horns of the animals are paralleled in A. Moortgat, loc cit., figs. 17, 18, 22.

183 Although generally considered the weapon of Adad ( Buren, E. D. Van, Symbols of the Gods, pp. 161–162 Google Scholar) the axe might equally apply to Anu or Ashur. A miniature axe was dedicated by Shalmaneser III in the Anu-Adad temple of Assur ( Andrae, W. W.V.O.G. 10, 1909, pp. 53–55 Google Scholar). The style of axe on this seal may be a further indication of its early date (cf. Maxwell-Hyslop, R., “Western Asiatic Shaft-hole Axes,” Iraq XI Google Scholar, Pt. 1, type 20, Pls. XXXV, XXXVII, 12); Y. Yadin at Hazor has recently discovered a 13th century lug-hole axe of the same type.

184 I R, 16, 23–26. The term for prayer is here niš qati cf. šigu a form of prayer requiring kneeling on the ground, Oppenheim, L., Anthropos, XXXI, pp. 475–476 Google Scholar.

185 King, L. W., Records, of the Reign of Tukulti-Ninib I, pp. 60–71, 106–109 Google Scholar; O.L.Z., 1919, Sp. 147–1

186 Andrae, W., Die jüngeren Ischtar-Tempel in Assur (W. V.D.O.G. 58) pl. 59, p. 102 Google Scholar.

187 Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli, I (M.O.S. XI), 36 Google Scholar; Cf. Taf. 1., and Hinke, W. J., A New Boundary Stone of Nebuchadrezzar I, p. 89 Google Scholar, fig. 26 for the divine symbols on this stela.

188 I am indebted to Professor A. Dupont-Sommer for information on this text to be published (Stela I & II) in a forthcoming volume of Syria (“Les Stèles Araméenes de Sfiré”); stela III in Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth (“Une inscription Araméene inédite de Sfiré”) 1956, pp. 23–41 Google Scholar. See also Stela I, obv. 13–14; Cantineau, J., “Remarques sur la Stèle araméenne de Sefiré-Soudjin” (R.A.I., XXVIII, pp. 167–176)Google Scholar; Bauer, H., “Ein aramäischer Staatsvertrae aus dem 8. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Die Inschrift der Steig von Sudschin” (A.f.O. VIII, pp. 1–16)Google Scholar.

189 Weidner, E. F., A. f. O. VIII, pp. 17–27 Google Scholar.

190 See below pp. 26 ff; Friedrich, J., M.V.A.G. 31, pp. 1–179 Google Scholar; 34, pp. 1–228.

191 Marked by the strong asseverative summa … la…

192 To this as much as to the legal terminology may be assigned the word order, short sentence and interspersed explanatory clauses, e.g. ll. 83–100. For the grammar see e.g. Soden, W. von Grammatik, §§ 151 fGoogle Scholar; 185 g–j.

193 The order may be attributable to the train of thought (as e.g. the Laws of Hammurabi) and/or speech (cf. the Mosaic legislation in Deuteronomy).

194 This section is worded as a natural connection with, and introduction to, the following curses.

195 Gula, Sibitti, Palil, Girra.

196 E.g. kī ḫannē; ll. 531, 548, 561, 580, 604, 610, 613, 623, 629, 638.

197 Weidner, E. F., “Politische Dokumente aus Kleinasien” (Boghazköi-Studien 8), pp. 26–37 Google Scholar; A.N.E.T. pp. 205–206.

198 K. Bo. vi, 34; K.U.B. vii, 59; A.N.E.T. pp. 353–354; Schüler, E. von, Hethitische Dienstanweisungen (A.f.O., Beiheft 10), pp. 9–17 Google Scholar; 22–30.

199 It might be argued that this is the first affirmation on oath and that the preceding clauses of the treaty are all direct statements which the vassals hereby swear to perform.

200 Exodus xix, 8; Deut, vi, 24–27; Joshua xxiv, 16–18.24. Cf. Mendenhall, G. E., “Covenant Forms in Israelite Tradition” (B.A. XVII, pp. 50–76)Google Scholar. These and other parallels between this text and Hebrew ‘treaties’ were the subject of a Paper I read to the Society for Old Testament Studies (January, 1948).

201 E.g. the blessings and curses in Deut. xxviii (e.g. v. 23, cf. 1. 530) and xx, 17 (cf. 1. 448); xx, 22 (cf. 1. 461). Cf. Blank, S. H., “Curses and Oaths in the O.T.”, H.U.C.A., XXVIII Google Scholar.

202 Kramer, S. N., Israel Exploration Journal 3 (1953), p. 226 Google Scholar; From the Tablets of Sumer, p. 39.

203 Munn-Rankin, M., Iraq XVIII, Pt. 2, p. 84 Google Scholar; Wiseman, D. J., The Alalakh Tablets 1, 16–20 Google Scholar; 2, 77–79.

204 Col. XXVb 20–XXVIIIb. Driver, G. R. and Miles, J., The Babylonian Laws II, pp. 96–107 Google Scholar.

205 See p. 26, n. 200.

206 Borger, R., I.A.K.A., iv, 1–19, p. 109 Google Scholar. (l. 9 reads d A-qa-ti-ba-[…]) These curses are, however, not individually marked by a dividing line.

207 H.A.B.L., 1105, r. 5–25.

208 E.g. King, L. W., Babylonian Boundary-Stones … p. xi Google Scholar; W. J. Hinke, op. cit., pp. 58–70.

209 This allowed for capital punishment, sequestration or destruction of property, prison and exile (ll. 292–295). This was the ‘legal’ pretext for all Assyrian and Babylonian invasions of territories, which had once come under adē obligations. Cf. also Weidner, E. F., A.f.O. XVII, pp. 1–5 Google Scholar.

210 Except that of freedom and life itself (ll.287–301) which would be forfeit if the adē are transgressed.

211 E.g. The Alalakh Tablets, No. 126 (tuppi niš ilim).

212 Korošeç, V., Hethitische Staatsverträge (Leipzig, 1931).Google Scholar; M. Munn-Rankin, loc. cit. p. 86.

213 Ugaritica III, Pl. VI shows a stela from Ras Shamra (1935) on which is engraved the oath-taking ceremony. The two parties touch hands over an altar on which copies of the treaty are placed.

214 Contra G.E. Mendenhall, loc. cit. p. 56. A.f.O. XIII, Taf. XIV (Assur 13955z) shows that a similar treaty was prepared for Sin-šar-iškun.

215 Mendenhall, loc. cit., p. 60.

216 There is no proof that the idea or form of these treaties first came into Assyria or N. Syria from the Hittites (cf. Mendenhall, loc. cit. p. 61).

1 See also pp. 90-91.

Hdg. 39: NA4.KIšIB LÚ.NUN.

1 31: KURaššurKI.

2 28A: 32: 36: ends KURaššur.

3-4 For variants in names of parties see pp. 82.

4 28A: 31: 32: 36: 45?: add LÚ. ERIM.MEŠ ŠU.II-šú after the names and before gab-bu.

5 28A: ba-šu-ú.

7-8 28: 31: 32 place these lines after 1. 10.

7 32: 36: a-na u 4. -me. 36: ib-ba-áš-šú-u-ni.

8 28A: TA na-pa-aḫ dšam-ši a-di e-reb

d šam-ši. 31: 32: 36: TA na-pa-aḫ dUTU-ši a-di ra-ba (36: ra-bi-e) dUTU-ši.

9 36: [L]UGAL-u-tu.

10 31: 32: [a-]na muḫ-ḫi-šú-nu. 28.31:32: up-pa-áš-u-ni.

13 28 A: ina pa-ni. 28c: MULSAG.ME.GAR MUL dili-bat.

14 28c: MULUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.

16 28c: d aš-sur. 28A: den-líl.

17 28A: d šá-maš.

18 30B: dPA. 28A: 30B: dIB.

19 27: written d zib(for še)-ru-ua. 28A:

30B: d še-ru-ua. 28A: d be-lit DINGIR. MEŠ for MAḺ.

22 45A: KUR.EME.

23 45A: ú-dan-ni-n[u]. 28A: ú-dan-ni-nu-ú.

24 45A: iṣ-ṣi-bat-tu iš-ku-nu-[ni].

29 28A: d be-lit DING[IR.MEŠ] for MAḪ.

38 45A: 46E: KÁ.DINGIR.KI….NIBRU.KI

DÙ-šú-nu. 46E: adds [….] KUR aššur after NIBRU.KI.

39 45A: KUR.EME.KI.

40 45A: DINGIR.KUR.KUR. 46E: TIM.KI

for KI-tì. 45A: 46E: add at end DINGIR.MEŠ ina KUR-šu na-gi-šu DÙ-šú-nu MIN.

41 46E: a-de-e TA.

42 46E: TIM.K[I] for KI-tì cf l. 40.

45 46E: iz-k[ur]-u-ni ip-qid-du-šú-u-ni. 45L: iz-kur.

46 46w. clearly ki-ma.

47 46E: GIŠ.GU.ZA-e.

48 46W: tu-še-šáb-šú LUGAL-tu. 46E : LUGAL-túEN-tú.

49 46E: omits šá KUR aššur. 30A: up?-pa-á[š], 55G:[.…]-áš.

51 46E: la ta-mu-[ta]-ni.

53 55 FF: ta-ma-lik-a-šú-[u-ni].

55 46B: ta-nak-kar-a-šu-ni. 55 G. ŠEŠ.MEŠ-šú.

58 55 G : tu-šá-na-a-ni.

59 46B: xx KUR sššur.

60 30A: 46B: 55G: ḫa-an-nu-um-ma.

61 46B: EN-tu. 30A: 55G: add KUR aššur after belutu.

65 30A: iš-kun-u-ni.

68 30A: a-na la SIG5-tu te-pa-šá-niš-šú-ni. 46E: te-pa-šá-ni-šú-nu-ni.

69 30A: tu-nak-ka-ra-šú TA ŠÀ.

70 30A: omits ina kumušu.

72 30A: LUGAL šá-ni-ma EN šá-ni-ma ta-me-tú. 47A: EN ša-nu-um-ma.

73 36: la DÙG.GA-tu la SIG5-tu. 491: la DÙG.GA-tu la ba-ni-tu.

74 36: xx-u-te. 36: ina muḫ-ḫi.

75 46E: EN-ku-nu la tar-ṣa-at-u-ni. 36: GAL-u (passim)

76 49I: lu-u ina pi-i.… ŠEŠ.MEŠ.AD.ME-šú. 36: Omits ŠEŠ.MEŠ.AD-šú DUMU.ŠEŠ. ends ŠEŠ.MEŠ.AD.MEŠ-šú lu-u UKÙ. MEŠ-šú.

77 36: 491: NUMUN É AD-šú.

78 39 : šá LÚ ziq-ni LÚ.SAG.

79 28A: LÚ um-ma-a-ni. 36: 491: lu ina nap-ḫar.

80 39: ma-la. 43: 491: ta-šam-ma-a-ni. 36: tu-ba-za-ra-ni. 43: tu-pa-zar-a-ni.

82 36: la ta-qab-ba-niš-šú-un-ni. 39: la ta-qa-ba-a-ni. 36: omits paragraph division line.

83 36: [k]i-ma. 36: DUMU.MEŠ-šú.

84 28A: GAL-u.

85 28A: la tu-šá-aṣ-bat-a-ni. 39: la tú-šá-aṣ-ba-ta.

86 45 M: ŠEŠ ta-li-mu.

87 39: UŠ-t]i KÁ.DINGIR.KI GIŠ.GU.ZA. 45M: 55p: LUGAL-te DUMU.MEŠ.

88 28A: XI: tu-še-šá-ba. 45M: tu-še-šab-šu. 46Q: XI: LUGAL-tu KUR šu-me-ri. 45M: LUGAL-u-tu KUR.EME.KI. 28A: 55p: KUR šu-me-ri u URI.KI. 28A: KUR kar-d dun-iá-àš.

89 45M: ina IGI-šú. 46Q: ina pa-ni-šú (over erasure).

90 XI: SÈ-šú-un-ni. 45M: i-di-[na]-šú-un-ni.

91 45M: 460.: 49K: 551: XI: is-si-šúub-bal.

92 45E: omits ll. 93–94 šá m aššur-PAB.AŠ to šá É UŠ-ti.

95 39: 49K: ú-kal-lim-ka-nu-u-ni

94 31: omits ù.

96 39: iš-ku-nu-u-ni. 45E: iš-kun-[.…]: 31: iš-kun-u-ni. 55w: šá-li-[im-tu].

97 46z: la tu-kal-a-ni.

98 39: la ta-ta-na-bal-a-šú-nu-u-ni. 31: la ta-tan-nab-bal-a-šú-u-ni. 46z: la ta-tan-nab-bal-a-šú-nu-u-ni.

99 31: 46E: 39: is-si-šú-nu. 39: ta-da-bu-ub-a-ni. 55 G: URU-šú-nu.

100 55G: la ta-na-ṣar-šú-nu-u-ni.

105 46E: ta-ḫa-ṭa-a-ni qa-at-ku-nu.

106 46I: 46E: ina ŠÀ-šú.

107 45E: te-pa-[šá-ni]-šu-nu-u-ni.

108 4JE: [šu]m-ma a-bu-tú. 46E: a di-iq-tu for SIG5.

111 46I: [ṭa]-bat-u-ni lu. 45A: la ṭa-⌜bat-u-ni⌝. 46E: b]at-u-ni.

112 45A: sal-me-šu. 45E: [sa-]li-me-šu.

113 46E: pi[-i ŠEŠ.MEŠ-šú ŠEŠ.AD.MEŠ-šu DUMU.ŠEŠ.MEŠ.AD.MEŠ-šú.

116 46E: DUMU ra-gi-me. 45A: has LÚ ra-gi-me after LÚ.MAḪ.

117 49R: LÚ.MAḪ. 551: m]aḫ-ḫi-e DUMU šá. 46E: a-mat DINGIR.MEŠ.

118 45 A: omits ina pi. 46E: omits DU.

119 45A: 55I: ta-šam-ma-a-ni.

122 45A: la ta-qab-ba-ni. 46E: ends [….]-šá-ni.

124 46E: omits EN-ku-nu.

125 45A: la DÚG-GA-tu. 551: [DÙG].GA-tú la SIG5-tú. 46E: la ṭa-ab-tú.

126 45A: ta-ṣa-ba-ta-šu-un-ni.

128 55 I: LUGAL-ú-te.

129 45 A: a-na LUGAL man-ma EN man-ma].

130 46E: šúm-mu.

132 55F: iš-ku-nu-u-ni.

133 45A: [li-mu]t-ti-šú. 46E: li-mut-ti-šú.

134 55F: [i]-qab-ba-ka-nu-u-ni. 46s: adds a-na KA-šú-nu.

135 46E: ta-šam-ma-ni.

136 49K: 46E: e-piš-a-nu-te. 46E: šá bar-te la ta-ṣa-bat-a-ni.

138 46E: šúm-mu.

140 46E: la ta-du-ka-a-šá-nu-ni.

141 46E: la tu-ḫal-laq-qa-a-ni šúm-mu. 49E: la tu-ḫal-laq-qa-ni.

145 45D : 46E: e-piš-a-nu-te.

147 45D: lu e-ṣu-ti-ku-[nu]. 36: lu ma-’a-du-te.

148 36: du-un-qu la du-un-qu.

149 45D: la ta-qab-ba-a-ni.

152 46E : ŠÀ-ku-nu. 46E: 47E: la ga-mur-u-ni.

153 46E: ša DINGIR.MEŠ ú-še-šab-u-ni. 45D: a-de-e ina IGI DINGIR.MEŠ-ni 36: [ú-]ši-šá-bu-u-n[i].

154 46E: ta-šá-kan-a-ni. 36: ri-k[is] GIŠ.BANŠUR.

155 45D: A.MEŠ I.MEŠ.

156 45D: a-na a-ḫi-iš. 36: 46E: a-ḫa-meš. 46E: tu-tam-ma a-na m aššur-DÙ.A.

157 36: A for DUMU.

159 45D : 46E: e-piš-a-nu-ti. 47A: e-piš-šá-nu-te. 45D: 46E: 47A: u ERIM. MEŠ.

160 45D: la ta-ṣab-bat-a-ni. 46E: la ta-ṣa-bat-a-ni-ni. 47A: la ta-ṣab-bat-a-ni-ni. 45D : la ta-du-<ka>-a-ni.

161 45D: tu-ḫal-laq-a-ni. 47A: tu-ḫal-la-ka-a-[ni].

162 46E: šúm-mu lu LÚ aššur-a-a. 46E: šúm-mu. 45D: lu da-gil…KURaššur. 35: IGI šá.

163 39: 45D: 47A: lu….

164 45D: 47A: DUMU KUR ša-ni-tim-ma. 39: šá-ni-ti-ma. 39: 45 D: ZI-tim. 46E: šik-nat ZI-tim ma-la. 47A: lu nap-ḫar ṣal-mat SAG.DU ma-la ba-šú-u.

166 39: e-ta-az-ru-uš. 45 D: 47A: e-tap-šu. 38A: e-tap-áš-šu. 35: 47A: have no paragraph dividing line between 166 and 167.

168 47A : la ta-za-a-ni. 38 A: 45 D: 46E : 47A: ta-na-ṣar-a-šú-u-ni.

169 36: 46E: bar-tú e-pa-sú-ni-šú-un-ni. 45D: e-pu-šú-niš-šú-u-ni. 38A: e-pa-šu-ntš-šu-un-ni. 45D: 47A: ŠÀ-ku-nu.

171 39: ufor ù. 47A adds is-si-šú after AMA-šú.

172 38A: 47A: 55L: tu-še-za-ba-a-ni-ni.

173 55L: É re-du-te.

174 47A: A for DUMU.

175 38A: iš-kun-u-ni. 55L: iš-ku-nu-ni.

176 47A: is-si-šú-nu.

177 48D: šum-ma ki-i. 38: 47A: da-'a-a-ni. 39: da-a-ni i-ṣab-tu-ku-[nu].

178 47G: [la ta-ḫal-liq-qa]-a-ni-ni. 38A: la ta-ḫal-liq-qa-a-ni-ni.

179 39: la ta-lak-ni-ni.

181 55 C: [l]u ki-i qa-bal kur áš-ba-ka.

183 55C: la DÚG.GA-tú.

185 55C: šÀ-ku-nu.

187 55c: te-pa-šá-niš-[šu-un-ni].

188 55C: [šú]m-mu. 39: GAL-u.

190 55C: be-li-[ku-nu].

192 49G: [ú]-ša-pa-lu-u-ni šap-lu.

194 45G: [ú]-ba-la-ṭa-[….

195 48A: adds GÍR.II-šu ta-ša-kan-a-[ni].

196 X7: te-pa-šá-a-ni.

197 X7: [tu]-ba-a-ni.

202 55HH: [m]a-si la ma-ni. 49D: GE[6].

203 55HH: [AD]-ka ri-še[?

204 55F: i-ti-ši. 49D : i-te-ši.

205 480:at-tú-nu la ta-[….]. 55F: tu-ra-ma-šú-nu.

207 47C: 480: i-ra-’a-mu-u-[ni].

208 48 O: mar-ṣa-áš-šú-un-ni. 49L: 55F:[mar]-ṣa-šu-u-ni.

209 47 C: 49L: il-lak-u-ni. 47C: 49L: 480: EN-šú.

210 47 C: ḫa-ra-ma-a-ma. 480: TA DUMU xx.

212 48 O: pu-uḫ-ru for UKKIN. 48 O: XI3: a-na a-ḫi-iš.

213 48 O: tú-ta-ma-a-ni. 29: ta-da-na-a-ni.

214 48V: ŠEŠ.AD.MEŠ-šú.

215 55F: DUMU.ŠEŠ.AD.MEŠ.

216 29: šu-nu-ni. XI3: KURxx-tim-ma.

217 XI 3: qur-bu-u-ti.

218 29: 36: 47C: kal-za-a-ni.

220 47 C: muš-ki-nu-tu.

224 48 A: adds šá KUR aššur after GIŠ.GU.ZA.

225 29: 36: ta-da-na-niš-šu-ni.

228 29: la up-pa-áš-u-ni.

229 48A: šúm-mu.

230 29:48 A: la ta-ma-ḫaṣ-a-ni. VAT. 11534; la ta-maḫ[-šaṣ-a-ni]

231 29: la ṭa-bu-u-ni. 48.A: DÙG.GA-u-ni.

232 46A: 48A: te-pa-šá-a-ni. 45G: la tu-ba-ni la te-pa-šá-ni. 46A: 48A: VAT. la tu-ba-’a-a-ni la te-ep-pa-ša-a-ni. VAT. 11534 has a dividing line after l. 232.

233 28B: te-pa-šá-niš-šu-un-ni. 46A: te-ep-pa-šá-niš-šu-un-ni. 45G: te-pa-ša-ni-šu-un-ni. 48A: te-pa-šá-a-ni-niš-šu-un-ni.

234 VAT. la dam-qu. 45G: 46A: 48A: 52H: VAT. 11534: omit la before ta-mal-li-ka-šú-u-ni.

236 45 G: ta-ta-na-pal-a-šu-u-ni.

237 45G: adds EN-ku-nu after KUR aššur.

238 45G: lu šá LÚziq-ni. 46A: omits lu ša-ziq-ni. 28B: LÚ šá-ziq-ni.

241 45G: LUGAL-u-tu.

243 46A: LÚ.ÈRI.MEŠ-šú.

244 46A: 48C: la ta-na-kir-a-ni. 48J: la ta-na-ki-ra-ni.

245 After is-šú there is added by 48Q.: ina UGU […]; by 45F: 46A: 48C: si-ḫu ina muḫ-ḫi-šu la ta-ša-kan-a-ni.

246 45F: la ta-ṣab-bat-a-šú-u-ni.

249 48C: 39: IGI SAL.PEŠ4.

250 39: ù DAM.

252 39: la tu-ra-ba-a-ni.

254 4408: e-piš-a-nu-ti. 39: ta-ṣab-bat-a-ni-ni.

256 39: omits ina KUR. 4408: la tu-ḫal-la-qa-a-ni da-a-me ku-um dd-a-me.

257 39: ta-ta-bak-a-ni. 4408: gi-im-li. 36B: gi-mil-lu.

263 4408: ta-pa-šá-šá-a-ni-šu-u-ni.

264 36B: te-pa-š-ni-šu-un-ni. 46FF: te-pa-šá-niš-šu-ni. DINGIR u…. 35A: te-ep-pa-šá-niš-un-ni….dxv.

265 39 : tu-šá-az-na-a-ni.

268 4408: Zi.MEŠ-ku-nu. 36B: nap-šá-te-ku-nu la ta-ram-ma-ni. 4408: 55D: la tar-a-ma-a-ni.

269 51T: GAL-u.

270 4408 omits this line. 55D: kar-ṣí-šú-nu. 55U: [t]-a-kal-ni.

271 31: la DÙG.GA-ta-šu-[nu]. 55D: Á.II-šú-nu.

272 31: ina ŠÀ-šú-nu. 55 D: 55 U: ina lib-bi-šú-nu. 4408: t]a-ḫa-ta-a-ni.

273 55D: TA ŠÀ. 55U: ti-din-te. 31: 55D: 4408: inserts šá maššur-PAB.AŠ XX KUR aššur before AD-šú-nu. 55D: 55U: id-di-na-aš-šú. 4408: SÈ.

274 4408: iq-qi-nu-u-n[i]. 55 D: ta-na-šá-a-ni.

276 55 D: ANŠE. GÌR.NUN.NA.MEŠ.

277 4408: KUR aššur KI.

278 55D: X7: a-na DUMU.MEŠ-šú. 55D: la a-[na]. 4408: ina IGI-šu-nu la šu-tu-u-ni.

280 X7: adds is-si-ku-nu before la ta-gab-ba-ni. 55 D : la ta-qa-ba-a-ni.

281 55D: IGI?-u-ni. 4408: ina IGI-ni-šu.

282 4408: ú-sa-ta-a-mah-u-ni.

283 45G: an-nu-ti šá. 55D: UGU m aššur-PAB.AŠ.

284 48F: É UŠ-te. 4408: É UŠ-ti.

285 45G: ŠEŠ.MEŠ-šú. 460: ù ŠEŠ.MEŠ[.

287 29: ta-me-tu. 45G: iš-ku-nu-u-ni ta-me-[tú. 4408: iš-kun-[u]-ni. 4408: ú-tam-mu-ka-nu-ni. 48F: ú-tam-mu-ka-nu-u-ni.

290 29: ta-qab-ba-niš-[šu-u-ni]. 4408: ta-ga-ba-a-ni-šú-nu ṭe-[.

292 29: la uṣ-ra-a. 36: la ta-ḫa-ti-a.

293 29: 36: ZI.MEŠ-ku-nu. 36: ]-la-qa-ma. 4408: tu-ḫal-laq-[qa-….].

294 29: aṭ-mat-ku-nu a-na ḫa-bi-e.

295 36: a-na šá (over erasure)-la-li. 4408: a-bu-<tu> an-ni-tú.

296 36: DINGIR.MEŠ a-me-lu-u-te.

297 36: [ina pa-]ni-ku-nu. 4408: ina IGI. MEŠ-ku-nu.

298 36: be-lu-te. 4408: EN-tú.

299 4408 : UKÙ.MEŠ lu na-ṣir.

300 49Ḫ: lu n[a-bi].

301 49Ḫ: ina muḫ-ḫi-šú. 36: ina muḫ-ḫi-ku-nu la ta-šá-ka-na. 4408 : omits la.

302 49H: me-me-<ni> ina UGU. 29: omits XX KUR aššur.

303 29:e-tap-áš. 4408: e-tap-pa-aš. 49H: LUGAL-u-te.

305 29: taḫ(a)-da-a-ni. 29: la ta-ṣab-bat-šú-u-ni. 4408: la ta-ṣab-bat-[a]-niš-šú-u-ni. 49H: la ta-ṣa-bat-a-šú-u-ni.

306 4408: ṣa-bat-ti-šú.

308 29: ÈRI.MEŠ-ti. 45G: šá ÈRI-nu-ti. 4408: ÈRI.MEŠ-a-nu[.

310 45G: ta-bal-kàt-ni.

311 29: qa-ra-a-bu.

313 29: ta-ḫal-bat-a-ni-ni?

314 29: la ta-du-ka-a-ni. 45G: la ta-du-ka-ni.

315 29: la tu-ḫal-la-qa-a-ni.

316 45G: É UŠ-u-te.

319 45G: ŠEŠ.MEŠ.AD.M[EŠ].

320 35: 45 G: TA ŠA É AD.-šú 29: pa-ni-ú-ut-ti. 35: LÚ pa-ni-ú-ti.

321 35: TA NUN-e LÚ.NAM.

322 28B: šá-ni-tim-ma. 35 : KUR xx-tim-ma. 28B: ú-šak-pa-du-ka-nu-u-ni. 35: ú-šá-ak-pa-du-ka-nu-ni. 56: Ú-<šá>-ka-pa-ad-di-ku-nu-ni.

323 28B: iq-qa-ba-<ka>-[n]u-ni. 56: i-qab-ba-ak-ka-nu-u-ni.

325 28B: omits ma-a. 56:ma-<a>.

327 38B: 56: ta-ṥá-kan-a-šú-nu-ni.

328 29: ]-ka-nu-u-ni.

329 38B: ú-š-an-za-ar-u-ka-nu-[ni].

331 35: z]er?-u-ni. 38B: ]-za-ar-u-ni ša kar-ṣi.

334 38B: Š]a aššur dDUT ù d[.

335 X 16 : ma-a ŠEŠ-ku-nu.

338 31: LÚ DUMU KUR aššur.

339 52G: lu DUMU xx [-tim-ma]. 35 : lu ina nap-ḫar.

340 52G: ma-la GÁL. XI 5: i:-qab-ba-kan-[.

342 49V: šam-ḫi-ṣa.

344 49V: ta-šam-ma-a-ni. XI 5: la ṭa-⌜ab-tu⌝.

345 49Q: ina pa-[ni-sú], 49V: ina IGI.MEŠ-šú.

346 49V: XI 5: 4408: TA IGI. 48K: ⌉-sa-šú-u-ni. XI 5: ta-par-ra-sa-šú-ni.

348 48K: iq-ba-ka-nu-u-[ni]. 35: tu-ra-ma-šu-u-ni. 46V: tu-ra-ma-šu-[nu-u-ni]. XI 5: tu-ra-ma-šá-nu-u-ni.

349 48K: omits šum-ma.

351 35: ma-a la-KA. 4408 : ma-a AD-u-ka.

352 4408: i-sa-kan ú-[. XI 5. is-sa-kan.

357 45c: ⌜ga-ri-šú-nu⌝.

359 prob, restore ú-tam-ma-ni.

361 48T: it-ta-la[K].

362 50 Z: LUGAL-u-te.

363 45 C: lu-u LÚ.

364 48T: Š]EŠ.MEŠ-šú-nu ta-gab[. 50 Z:tu-ša-an-ṣa-ra-ni.

367 50 Z: tu-na-kar-a-šá-nu[.

368 50 Z : di-ib-bi-šú-nu.

369 48T: ma-ṣa-šu.

373 4408: ša ina UGU.

374 XI4: ŠU.II-ku-nu lu <na>-bul-ta-[.4408 : KU lu-bul-ta-ku-nu.

376 45J: ta-rak-kas-ni. 48B:]-pa-šá-a-r[i. 4408 : te-ep-pa-šá-a-ni.

377 48B: DUMU(mar 5)-tu.

378 48B: ši-in-ga-a-[te]…. tu-tur-ri. XI4: ina IGI-ni-šá.

380 37: ta-me-tu an-ni-tu.

382 37: šá ina u4 - me ṣ[a-a-t]i.

385 27 qaq dittog. 48B: ki-i qaq-qar. 37: ta-me-tu an-ni-tu.

386 37: ta-bab-ti.

387 after ta-tam-ma-a-ni 37: adds ina gu-mur ŠÁ-ku-nu. 48B: adds ina gu-tnur-ti [….] la ta-ta-tna-a-ni. 27: possibly omits by haplog.

388 37: 48B: la tu-šal-la-ṭa-a-ni.

390 37: r[a-ma-ni-k]u-nu.

398 36: ]u i-ḫa-ṭu-u i-pa-sa-su.

410 29: tu-na-kar-[….] a-na dGIŠ.BAR.

411 29: ta-pa-qid-a-[ni].

413 29: ⌞tu-ḫal-liq-qa-⌟[.

414 29: dŠÁR LUGAL DINGIR.MEŠ mu-šim[.ši-mat SAL ḪUL la DÙG. GA-tu li-š[im. 35: d aššur.

After 1. 418: 29: 35: insert:—

419 29: dXXX na-an-nar AN.⌜MEŠ u KI⌝. 35: na-nar. 56: AN-e u KI-tì SAḪAR-šub-bu.

420 35: e-ri-ib-ku-nu.

421 29: GIM sír-ri-me MAš.DÀ EDIN ru-[up]-da.

422 29: šá-ma-mi u qaq-qar. 35: omits qa-qa-ri. 56: omits mešari.

423 29: li-ši-[mu].

424 29: ina iq-li-ti. 56: iq-lit-te it-la-ka.

425-7 29: has ll. 431-2 here and places 425-7 after l. 430.

425 56: lu-šam-qit.

426 35 : uzu.MEš-Ku-nu (over erasure).

427 28B: lu-šá-kil.

428 35: ḫi-ra-a-te-ku-nu.

430 27: li-i-zi-za.

431 35: ṣi-i-ru for MAḪ. 3 5: É.SAG.ÌL.

433 35: ḫi-i-ṭi kab-tu.

434 35: -t]i-ku-nu. 39: a-na š-im-ku-nu.

435 35: na-di-nat. 39: MU u NUMUN.

436 39: lu-ḫal-liq.

437 35: nab-ni-[t]u.

438 35: a-na la-ke-e.

441 29: lip-ru-[us?]. 35: ina KUR.

443 50A: iq-qill? cf. 46EE.

444 50 A: ṭi-(erasure)-i-a-ni.

445 50 A: lu kab?-niš 46EE: ŠE.PAD eṣ-ma-[.

447 50A: le-e-še-lu la i-ṭa-ab-b[u. 27: QA?-ku-nu.

449 50A: ina bu-b[u?

451 46EE: 46M: li-ku-lu. 50A: ŠAḪ le-e-ku-lu. 46EE: li-la-biš.

452 46EE: GIDIM (over erasure?). 50N: e-ṭim-[ma-ku]-nu. 50N: a-a ir-še.

453 46EE: bi-lit for EN.

454 50 X: TA LÚ.KÚR-ku-nu l[i-.

455 46EE: [dU + G]UR UR.SAG DINGIR.

456 50A: šag-gaš-tú. X20: šag-ga-aš-tu. X12: [li]-iš-ku-nu.

457 XI2: [NI]NA.

458 XI2: paṭ-ri ḫa-an-ṭu. X20: paṭ-ru ḫa-am-ṭ[u].

459 48U: AMA for rēmu.

460 4408 : a-a i-šá-kan.

461 48U: a-zu-gal-lu-tú GAL-tú.

462 X12: zu-um-⌞ri⌟-[ku-nu]. X17: zu-um-ku-nu.

483 48Y: ri-bit URU aššur.

485 50C: MU.AN.NA.MEŠ-ku[-nu].

486 50C: [šim?-t]i-ku-nu li-ši-i-[mu].

487 48Y: NÁ.ÀM?

488 50C: a-bu-bu ul-tu ŠÀ KI-tì li-[.

489 50 C: liš-ku-[nu].

492 52F: e-la-pu-u šá ÍD. 46C: tak-tim.

496-7 46C: omits after šeš].MEŠ-šú.

497 49B: 49D: DUMU.MEŠ. 49B: EN-i-ni.

499 46C: [LÚ].KÚR.MEŠ-šú.

500 46C: 49B: mu-šam-ḫi-ṣu-tu.

501 49B: a-mat ḪUL-tì.

502 37: sur-ra-a-ti. 46c: su-ra-a-ti u la.

505 46C: ni-šá-mu-u-ni nu-pa-za-ar-u-ni. 37: nu-pa-zar-ru-u-ni.

506 37: be-lí-nì.

507 37:46C: u 4-me.

508 37: <DUMU.>DUMU.MEŠ. 37: 46C: bal-ṭa-a-ni-ni.

511 46C: ŠU.II-ni.

517 46: EN-ku-nu is-si-ku-nu.

524 28A: ma-ka-le-e.

525 NUMUN.MEŠ-ku-nu NUMUN.NUMUN-ku-mu

526 35: omits ina.

527 28A [qa]-qu-ru lu-si-qu-ni-ku-nu. 35: 38A: SIG4 [qaq]-qar etc.

528 35: le-e-pu-šú.

529 38A: i-par-ru-a. 35: 38A: 5IN omit following dividing line.

530 35: TA É AN. 36: AN-e šá ZABAR. 28A: la i-za-nun ŠÈG. 35: 51N: i-za-nun-u-ni.

531 49J: [na]-al-šu. 50Q: ŠÈG.

532 28A: ta-me-ra-ti-ku-nu. 35: ta-me-ra-a-ti-ku-nu. 31: ends para, at Du-ak. 28A: 36: [i]l-lak. 49J. la i-lak. 28A: ŠÈG pi-’i-na-a-ti. 28C: ku]-um zu-un-nu.

533 28A: 35: pi-’i-na-a-ti ina KUR-ku-nu li-iz-nun. 28C: li-iz]-nu-na.

534 51E: ki-i ša AN.NA.

535 51E: ina IGI LÚ.KÚR.

537 X12: KIMIN ki-i. XI9: šá ANŠE. G[ÌR.

540 XI2: qar-nu.

541 XI2: ina lìb-bi. 51C: šak-nu-u-ni. XI2: l]a i-par-ru-’u-u-ni.

542 51 E: la ta-sa-ḫ[ur….

547 50M: adds KIMIN. KIMIN before ki-i.

548 46BB: ]-u-ni UZU šá DU šá DUMU[.

549 46BB: UZU šá DUMU.MEŠ-ku-[nu].

550 46BB: lu-šá-ki-li-ku-n[u]. 49U: lu-šá-kil-u-ku-nu.

551 37: UDU.NIM. 49u: UDU.NIM SAL. UDU.NIM-tú.

552 511: GÌR.II-šú-nu.

553 37: ir-rì-ku-nu.

555 49U: adds at beginning [a-de-]e an-nu-ti šá m aššur.PAB.AŠ XX KUR aššur

]-ti ta-ḫa-ṭa-a-ni.

37: MUŠ ù DINGIR.NIN.KILIM. 511: ŠÀ.

556 37: 511 : la ir-rab-u-ni. 511: la i-rab-bi-[ṣu].

557 49U: omits na-kas.

558 49U: Š]À I -et ḫu-ri-te. 37: 511: la te-raba ina UGU I-et GIŠ.NÁ la ta-ta-la. 560 37: ir-rab-u-nì.

567 36C: [..] ⌜pi-it⌝-ti. 50F: ]pi-it GUŠKIN.

569 36: omits DUMU.SAL.MEŠ-ku-nu. 36: ina KA-ku-nu li-in-ti-iq. 50F: li-im-ti-qi.

570 follows 36. 50F: šá šá-az [.. ..].

572 36: tu-IZ-iz-lu ta-kul-a-ni. 50L: 50T: tu-IS-si-lu.

573 36: 47D: 50L: 50T: begin DINGIR.MEŠ ma-la ina dup-pi an-ni-e MU-šú-nu zak-ru.

574 36: lu-še-šib-ku-nu. 54B: lu-še-šib-u-ku-nu. 36: lu-še-bal-kit. 36: ki-in-niš 36: lu-ša-di-il-lu.

576 36: di-ku-ú-ni.

577 DUMU.MEŠ-ku-<nu> ina šU.II EN[.

579 47D: omits KIMIN. 481: t]a-da-gal-u-ni. 36]-gal-ni.

580 51B: 54A: biš-ka-ni. 5IG: pi-iš-ka-ni. 481: [ta]-sa-ḫir-u-ni. 51 B : ta-sa-[ḫ]ir-u-[ni]. 36: 47D: ḫa-an-ni-e at-tu-nu.

581 47D: SAL.MEŠ-ku-nu DUMU.MEŠ-ku-nu DUMU.SAL.MEŠ-ku-nu a-na É.MEŠ-ku-nu. 54A: la ta-sa-aḫ-ḫu-ra.

582 47D: begins ki-i šá. 47D: tu-ba-qi. 36: iṣ]-ṣab-bat-ni.

583 47D: ka-šú-nu sAL.MEŠ-ku-nu. 36: 47D: 481: EN ÚŠ.MEŠ-ku-nu.

584 36: 47D : 481: 54A: liš-ka-nu-ku-nu.

585 51G: begins KIMIN UZU.UEŠ-ku-nu. 36: SAL.MEŠ]-ku-nu.

587 54A: na]p-ṭu-ku-nu. 481: lu-ṣa-li-mu. 54A: li-ṣal-li-mu.

588 47D: ]ru-uš-ḫi šam-ma-mu.

589-590 as 47D: 54A. 590: 30C: na-aṣ-b[i-ta].

591 51C: omits KIMIN ki-i.

593 30C: ki-i UZU.MEŠ[ša]ḫur-ba-bíl-li. 51C: ki-i UZU šá ḫur-ba-bi-li.

594 51K: lìb-bu for ŠÀ.

595 30C:⌜pa⌝-lu-ša-a-ni ina ŠÀ UZU-ku-nu.

597 32: omits DUMU.SAL.MEŠ-ku-nu.

598 30C: lu-pal-li-šu.

599-600 30C: 5 IK omits.

599 51 C: KIMIN. KIMIN BUR5.

601 30C: 51C: KIMIN ki-i zu-um-bi. 30C: 32: X21: ina ŠU.II. LÚ.KÚR-ku-nu. 32: li-<pa>-áš-šu-ku-nu.

602 X21: lim-ri-iṣ-ku-nu.

603 36: pi-is-pi-su an-ni-u. X21: pi-is<pi>-su an-ni-u. 51C: bi-'i-šu-ú-ni.

604 36: ḫa-an-ni-i. 51 K: omits kî ḫannē. 30C: DINGIR.MEŠ LUGAL a-tm-lu-te. 28C: 32: a-me-lu-ti. 36: LÚ-u-te. 51C: LÚ-ti.

605 28C: 30: lib’-i-ši. 51K: li-ib'-i-iš.

606 X 21: [KIMIN.]KIMIN a-na ka-na-šu. 32: 36: SAL.MEŠ-ku-na ŠEŠ.MEŠ-ku-nu.

607 28C: [pi-ti]-il-ti. 36: 38A: li-iḫ-nu-qu-ku-nu.

608 38A: X21: ki-i šá ṣa-lam. X21: omits šá before GAB.LÀL. 36: 38A: iš-šar-rap-u-ni. X 2I: i-šar-rap-u-ni.

609 28A: ša IM ina ⌜A⌝.

610 38A: omits ki-i ḫa-an-ni-e. 50U: ḫ]a-ni la-an-ku-[nu].

611 28A: 28C: li-ṭa-bu-u. 38A: li-ṭa-ab-bu-ú.

612 28C: adds here a-de-]e an-nu-ti šá m aššur-PAB.AŠ XX KURaššur]DUMU.MEŠ [….]-a-ni. 38A: KIMIN ki-i. 38A: omits an-ni-tú. 28A: 38A: 50u: sa-si-šá. 28C: [sa-s]i-i-šá.

613 28A: X9: ra-aḫ-ṣa-tu-u-ni. 28C: ra-aḫ-≪aḫ≫-ṣa-tu-ni. 28A: 50B: X9: after raḫṣatuni GIŠ.GIGIR.MEŠ-ku-nu ina MÚRUB LÚ.KÚR-ku-nu.

615 28A: 50B: 50U: ina ÚŠ.MEŠ ša ra-ma-nì-ku-nu. 28A: 36: lì-ra-aḫ-ṣa.

616 50B: adds DINGIR.MEŠ ma-la ina tup-pi[an-ni-i MU-šú-nu zak-ru], 51Q: ki-i GIŠ pi-laq-qi. 28C: ki-i GIŠ.BAL. 28A: lu-šá-aṣ-bir-ku-nu. 28C: lu-ša-ṣa-bir-ku-nu.

617 28C: ina IGI DUMU KÚR-ku-nu l[i-p]a-šú-nu.

618 28A: 45N: adds DINGIR.MEŠ ma-la ina tup-pi (X9: a-de-e) an-ni-i MU-šú-nu Zak-ru. 28A: omits ŠEŠ.MEŠ-ku-nu. 28C: ŠEŠ-MEŠ-ku-<nu>.

619 28A: qi-in-niš. 28C: ki-niš.

622 28C: e-rab-u-ni. 51A: Š]À UZU ir-rab-u-ni.

623 28A: omits ki-i ḫa-an-ni-e. 46G: 51A: ina šÀ UZU.MEŠ-ku-nu.

625 28C: lu-še-ri-i-[bu].

626 51A: a-ra-ri.

627 46G: À.MEŠ. 31: ú-pát-tu(te?)-qu-u-ni. 51A: ú-pát-ti-qu-u-ni.

628 28C: 31: 46G: 51A: ú-ga-lil-u-ni.

629 31: ki-i ḫa-an-ni-i. 46G: 51R: lig-ma-ru-ku-nu. 51A: li-gi-m-ku-nu.

630 501: lu-ni-šu-ku-nu.

631 501: lu-šal-lip-ku-nu.

632

632-6 50Y: omits 501:

omits a-na.

634 50 I: tu-ra-ma-a-ni. 28c: ZAG ḪÚB.

635 28C: [l]i-ku-lu-šú. 52 E: li-kul-a-šú.

636-7 31: 52E: 55 R: insert para, here:— a-na ka-a-šú-nu SAL.MEŠ.ku-nu ŠEŠ.MEŠ -ku-nu

DUMU.WSŠ-ku-nu DUMU.SAL.MEŠ-ku-nu ki-i UDU.NIM ga-de-e [….].

637 55 R: ]šá su-’u an-nu-te.

638 51 J: ḫa-an-ni-e.

639 51 J: la ta-nu-ṣa (for ḫa).

640 50Y: [e]ṣ-ma-te-ku-nu. 51J: eṣ-ma-a-te-ku-nu. 51 J: a-na a-ḫ-iš lu la. 55R: ]ša lu la i-qar-ri-ba.

640-1 30B: 51J: 5IL: 55R: omit dividing line.

641 51 J: cf. 55 R: lìb-bu šá ḫu-up-pi.

642 30B: lìb-ba-[ku-nu] 51L: Š]À-ku-nu.

644 30B: 51J: LÀL.MEš Ì.MEŠ. XI 8: LÀL zi-[in. ….]

645 30B: a-na ša-ka-a-[an?].

646 30B : mar-tú-u-ni at-[tu-nu]. 52C: ZÉ-tu mar-rat-u-ni.

647 48L: [at]-tu-nu.

648 30B: lu ma-ra-ku-[nu].

649 52C: ina UGU[-ku-nu DUMU.]SAL.MEŠ-ku-nu. 48L: muḫ]-ḫi-ku-nu DUMU.SAL-ku[-nu].

651 48L: nap]-šat-ku-nu.

670′ 54B: dAG.EN.PAP.

671′ 44B: a-de-e ša m aššur-PAB.AŠ XX KUR aššur.KI

672′ 54C: DUMU XX <GAL> šá.

673′ 44B: ù] ina UGU M.dGIŠ.NUX.MU.

674′ 54E: UŠ]-Ú-[ti. 44B: šak-[. 54E: šak-n[u-u-ni].