Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T16:22:23.390Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Re-establishing legitimacy after stigmatization: Greenpeace in the North American North

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

Danita Catherine Burke Open the ORCID record for Danita Catherine Burke [Opens in a new window]
Danita Catherine Burke*
Affiliation:
Center for War Studies and Department of Political Science and Public Management, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
*
Author for correspondence: Danita Catherine Burke, Email: burke@sam.sdu.dk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

International environmental non-governmental organizations (IENGOs) have a long and checkered history of involvement and impact in, and on, the North. Using the example of Greenpeace, arguably one of the most stigmatized IENGOs in the North American North, this paper explores the questions: why are IENGOs stigmatized in the North American North and how might they overcome their stigma with local audiences? It outlines the role of moral legitimacy in stigmatization and overcoming stigma, and the challenges of (re)establishing moral legitimacy with a stigmatizing audience, in this case, Inuit in Northern Canada and Greenland.

Keywords

GreenpeaceArcticSealingIENGOsStigma
Type
Research Article
Information
Polar Record , Volume 56 , 2020 , e26
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Atack, I. (1999). Four criteria of development NGO legitimacy. World Development, 27, 855–864.10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00033-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, C. (2008). Cultural Studies: Theory And Practice, Third Edition. Los Angeles: SAGE.Google Scholar
Baur, D., & Palazzo, G. (2011). The moral Legitimacy of NGOs as Partners of Corporations. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21, 579–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
News, BBC. (2010, September 2). Greenpeace Cairn rig activists arrested off Greenland. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-11163225 (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Bernauer, W. (2011). Uranium mining, primitive accumulation and resistance in baker lake, nunavut: recent changes in community perspectives. Graduate Thesis, University of Manitoba published by the Library and Archives Canada.Google Scholar
Bernauer, W. (2014, September 1). A call to the south from Baffin Island: Mobilizing against offshore extraction. Briarpatch. https://briarpatchmagazine.com/articles/view/a-call-to-the-south-from-baffin-island1 (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Boldorn, A., & Major, B. (2016). Stigma. In. Miller, H. L., Jr. (ed.) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Theory in Psychology. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.Google Scholar
Burke, D. C., & Phelps Bondaroff, T. N. (2019). Becoming an Arctic Council NGO observer. Polar Record, 54, 349–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, N. (2007). The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, Policy, Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chasek, P. S., Downie, D. L., & Brown, J. W. (2014). Global Environmental Politics, Sixth Edition. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
CITES. (n.d.). The CITES appendices. https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Clark, I. (2003). Legitimacy in a global order. Review of International Studies, 29, 75–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, I. (2007a). International Legitimacy and World Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, I. (2007b). Legitimacy in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, I. (2007c). Setting the revisionist agenda for international legitimacy. International Politics, 44, 325–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connor, D. P. (2014). Stigma and stigma management. In Forsyth, C. J., & Copes, H. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Social Deviance. Thousands Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
Crocker, J., Major, B. N., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In Fiske, S., Gilbert, D., & Lindzey, G. (eds.) Handbook of Social Psychology. Boston: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Dauvergne, P. (2008). The Shadows of Consumption: Consequences for the Global Environment. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, C., & Gronfein, W. (2014). Tribal stigma. In Forsyth, C. J., & Copes, H. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Social Deviance. Thousands Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice.Google Scholar
Greenpeace. (2010). Greenpeace stopper olieboring I Grønland. https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-denmark/da/press/pressemeddelelser/2010/greenpeace-stopper-olieboring/ (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Greenpeace. (2020). Structure: How is Greenpeace structured? https://www.greenpeace.org/international/explore/about/structure/Google Scholar
Greenpeace Nederland. (2013). Faiza Oulahsen. http://www.greenpeace.nl/actie/archief-actiepaginas/free-our-activists/Arctic-30/Faiza-Oulahsen-Profile/ (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Greenpeace New Zealand. (n.d.). The birth of a movement. https://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/about/our-history/ (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Hampel, C., & Tracey, P. (2019). Introducing a spectrum of moral evaluation: Integrating organizational stigmatization and moral legitimacy. Journal of Management Inquiry, 28, 11–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, A. (2001). NGOs’ transnational advocacy networks: from ‘legitimacy’ to ‘political responsibility’? Global Networks, 4, 331–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, R. (2004). The Greenpeace to Amchitka: An Environmental Odyssey. Arsenal Pulp Press.Google Scholar
IFAW (International Fund for Animal Welfare). (2010). Death Knell for Polar Bears as CITES votes against conservation. Cision PR Newswire. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/death-knell-for-polar-bears-as-cites-votes-against-conservation-88379517.html (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. (2018). National Inuit strategy on research. https://www.itk.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ITK_NISR-Report_English_low_res.pdf (accessed 9 April 2020).Google Scholar
Kalland, A. (2009). Unveiling the Whale: Discourses on Whales and Whaling. New York and Oxford: Berghan Books.Google Scholar
Kerr, J. (2014, June 20). Greenpeace Hopes to Set the Record Straight on Aboriginal Hunting. Nunatsiaq News. https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674greenpeace_hoping_to_set_the_record_straight_on_aboriginal_hunting/ (accessed 9 April 2020).Google Scholar
Kohn, M. (2008). Trust: Self-Interest and the Common Good. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (2014). Stigma power. Social Science and Medicine, 103, 24–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lister, S. (2003). NGO legitimacy: Technical issue or social construct? Critique of Anthropology, 23, 175–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, G., Eng, T., & Sekhon, Y. E. (2013). Managing branding and legitimacy: A study of charity retail sector. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43, 629–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loukacheva, N. (2012). Indigenous Inuit Law, ‘Western’ Law and Northern Issues. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 3, 200–217.Google Scholar
Marberg, A., Kranenburg, H., & Korzilius, H. (2016). NGOs in the News: The road to taken-for-grantedness. Voluntas, 27, 2734–2763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCluskey, K. (1998, December 7). The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is anything but an animal rights group trying to destroy Northern livelihood. Northern News Services.Google Scholar
Milmo, D. (2011, July 18). Greenpeace target Cairn Energy in ‘polar bear’ protest. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/jul/18/greenpeace-cairn-energy-polar-bear (accessed 9 April 2020).Google Scholar
National Energy Board. (2013). National energy board hearing process handbook. https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/prtcptn/hrng/hndbk/index-eng.html (accessed 1 September 2018).Google Scholar
National Energy Board. (2018). Responsibilities. https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/bts/whwr/rspnsblt/index-eng.html (accessed 1 September 2018).Google Scholar
National Geographic. (2013). Help decelerate polar bears’ rapid decline. 1 March. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2013/03/01/help-decelerate-polar-bears-rapid-decline/ (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Northern News Services. (1996, August 27). Greenpeace Seeks new relationship.Google Scholar
Nunavut Research Institute. (2015). Research licensing applications. https://www.nri.nu.ca/research-licensing-applications (accessed 9 April 2020).Google Scholar
Oceana. (n.d.) Seismic Airgun Blasting: Overview. https://oceana.org/our-work/climate-energy/seismic-airgun-blasting/overview (accessed 1 September 2018).Google Scholar
Page, R. (1984). Stigma. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Publisher.Google Scholar
Pescosilido, B. A., & Martin, J. K. (2015). The stigma complex. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 87–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps Bondaroff, T. N., & Burke, D. C. (2014). Bridging troubled waters: History as political opportunity structure. Journal of Civil Society, 10, 165–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puljek-Shank, R. (2019, October) Beyond projects: Local legitimacy and civil society advocacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Friedrick Ebert Stiftung. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/sarajevo/15730-20191031.pdf (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Reuber, A. R., & Morgan-Thomas, A. (2019). Communicating moral legitimacy in controversial industries: The trade in human tissue. Journal of Business Ethics, 154, 49–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodon, T. (2017). Offshore development and Inuit rights in Inuit Nunangat. In Pelaudeix, C. & Basse, E. M. (eds.) Governance of Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sale, R., & Potapov, E. (2010). The Scramble for the Arctic: Ownership, Exploitation and Conflict in the Far North. London: Frances Lincoln Limited Publishers.Google Scholar
Shadian, J. (2010). From states to politics: Reconceptualizing sovereignty through Inuit governance. European Journal of International Relations, 16, 485–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaiko, R. (1993). Greenpeace USA: Something old, new, borrowed. The Annals, 88–100.Google Scholar
Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20, 571–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supreme Court Judgments. (2017). Clyde River (Hamlet) v. Petroleum Geo-Services Inc. Case number 36692. https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16743/index.do (accessed 8 February 2020).Google Scholar
Tasker, J. P. (2017, July 26). Supreme Court quashes seismic testing in Nunavut, but gives green light to Enbridge pipeline. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/supreme-court-ruling-indigenous-rights-1.4221698 (accessed 8 February 2020).Google Scholar
Thrandadottir, E. (2013). NGO Legitimacy: Four Models. London, UK: Department of International Politics, City University London.Google Scholar
Truth and Reconciliation Report. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: summary of the final report of the truth and reconciliation commission of Canada. http://caid.ca/TRCFinExeSum2015.pdf (accessed 8 February 2020).Google Scholar
United Nations. (2007). United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf (accessed 9 April 2020).Google Scholar
Waite, R. (2017, February 27). Bringing morality and ethics to the forefront of NGOs’ legitimacy. WaterAid Global. https://washmatters.wateraid.org/blog/bringing-morality-and-ethics-to-the-forefront-of-ngos-legitimacy (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Walker, S. (2013, October 3). 30 Greenpeace activists charged with piracy in Russia. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/oct/03/greenpeace-activists-charged-piracy-russia (accessed 9 April 2020).Google Scholar
Webb, T. (2010, October 26). Cairn Energy Fails to Find Enough Oil Off the Coast of Greenland. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/oct/26/cairn-energy-greenland-venture-fails (accessed 8 February 2020).Google Scholar
Wessendorf, K. (ed.) (2011). The Indigenous World 2011. The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/0454_THE_INDIGENOUS_ORLD-2011_eb.pdf (accessed 8 February 2020).Google Scholar
Wenzel, G. (1991). Animal Rights, Human Rights: Ecology, Economy and Ideology in the Canadian Arctic Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weyler, R. (2005, April 11). Why are we still hunting seals? The Tyee. https://thetyee.ca/Views/2005/04/11/HuntingSeals/ (accessed 10 April 2020).Google Scholar
WWF. (2013, March 14). Polar bears, WWF and CITES trade bans. http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?207907/Polar-bears-WWF-and-CITES (accessed 26 June 2020).Google Scholar
Whitley, R., & Campbell, R. D. (2014). Stigma, agency and recovery amongst people with severe mental illness. Social Science & Medicine, 107, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, S. J. (1986). The Wolf at the door: The anti-harvest campaign strikes at the heart of north aboriginal economies. Northern Perspectives, 14, 1–8.Google Scholar
WWF. (n.d.). How we work: The WWF Arctic Programme. https://arcticwwf.org/work/team/ (accessed 9 April 2020).Google Scholar