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Chapter IX Analysis of Archaeological Types
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 June 2018
Extract
Although the material from the middle and lower Yukon is for the most part so modern that it might with some justice be called ethnological rather than archaeological, and although it is a somewhat haphazard collection rather than a set of specimens from systematically excavated sites, it can illustrate in part the material culture of the Tena just prior to white contact. Typologically it lies between the culture of the Pacific Eskimo and Aleut (of the Kachemak Bay III horizon) and of the modern Bering Strait Eskimo on the one hand, and the culture of the interior Athabaskans of the upper Yukon, Mackenzie and Copper rivers, on the other hand. It seems to be a blending of old and new elements of diverse origins: some are from the ancient Icehunting horizon of the northern Eskimo; some, from the interior Snowshoe hunting complex of the northern Indians and Siberians; some seem to stem from an ancient North Pacific cultural continuum, others, from a recent circum- Pacific culture drift. It does not seem to be a particularly rich blend, however, even though we make due allowances for the scantiness of our collections. But because Tena culture is such a composite product, it will be interesting to take the various types which we found and attempt to trace their distribution and their relationships to similar types in the surrounding areas. In this way we may gain some insight into the building of Tena material culture.
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References
1 de Laguna, 1934, p. 172. Add: Haida (NMC XII-B- 521), Kotzebue Sound (Emmons, 1923, Pl. XII).
2 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXXIX, 5.
3 Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 22, 7, 8, pp. 103, 139.
4 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 73 f. 406.
5 Osgood, 1937, Pl. 12 c, p. 103.
6 Rainey, 1939, Fig. 4, 1, p. 366.
7 Niblack, 1890, Pl. XX, 79 d. Cf. also Haida and Tsimshian adzes (Pl. XXIII, 88, 90, 91) which are somewhat similar.
8 Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 19 i, Fig. 20 i (knobbed adzes, Maine), Fig. 21 c (knobbed gouge, Maine), Fig. 21 a, b, d, ei g, h,j, I (knobbed gouges, Mass.), Fig. 20 a-f, h (grooved adzes, Mass.) Fig. 21, / , i (grooved gouges, Mass. and N. H.); Hadlock, 1939, p. 8 (grooved adz, lowest layer, Red Paint shell heap, Taft's Point, Maine); Ritchie, 1938 b, p. 105 (grooved adzes, Orient); Wintemberg, 1936, p. 50, Pl. XIV, 15, also illustrates an unusual Iroquois grooved adz.
9 New York Coastal (Ritchie, 1938 b, pp. 104 f.; Skinner, 1932, figs, on p. 27), Vine Valley (Ritchie, 1932 a, Pl. VII, 12; 1932 b, p. 409; 1938 b, p. 100. However, I have not been able to find a recorded association of the grooved ax with either Point Peninsula or Middlesex, the two recognized foci of the Vine Valley.), Northern Coastal (Ritchie, 1932 b, p. 411; Willoughby, 1935, Figs. 72 and 73).
10 Hadlock, 1941 b, p. 159.
11 Hrdlička, 1930 a, Pl. 10; Osgood, 1936, Pl. 10 B, p. 85.
12 Kotzebue Sound (Emmons, 1923, Pl. XIV a), St. Lawrence Island (Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 34, 7 and p. 126, Pl. 49, 7and p. 149), Salish (Teit, 1928, p. III; Smith, 1900, p. 416; 1913, Pl. VII b).
13 Kanda, 1884, Pl. V, 8, 5, 6, 3.
14 Jochelson, 1928, p. 29 f.
15 Laufer, 1912, Pl. XIII, 1, pp. 50, 52 f.
16 Op. cit., Pl. XIII, 3, p. 51.
17 Niblack, 1890, Pl. XXIII, 87.
« E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXXIX, 3, described as a hammer for breaking bones (p. 75), and as an adz (p. 92); Murdoch, 1892, Fig. 123; Mathiassen, 1930 a, Pl. 8,12.
19 Mathiassen, 1930 a, p. 94.
20 J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. III 11; U of PM 29-90-259, 591.
21 Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. VI, 15 (shown upside down), p. 369.
22 NMC IX-C-1701, 1272; Jenness, 1941, Pl. XIX, 7.
23 NMC IX-C-552.
24 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 27; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 405 f. Add: Ipiutak (Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. II, 11).
25 Olson, 1927, pp. 13 ff., Pl. 2. They are used by the Shuswap, Thompson, Chilcotin, and northern Athabaskans —Carrier, Slavey, Dog Rib, Yukon and Copper River groups. Morice (1894, p. 46) believes that the chipped and ground adz blades of the Carrier were traded from the Coast Salish.
26 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 173 f. Chukchee (Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, p. 210, Fig. 127 a), Koryak (Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, Fig. 140 b), cf. also Yukaghir (Jochelson, 1926, Fig. 104), Mongolia (Torii, 1913-1914, Pl. III A/, h, Fig. 23, Fig. 28, 41, pp. 36, 39), Shensi (Laufer, 1912, Pl. II, Pl. VI, 1, 2, 4, Chou Bronze Age “jade chisels“), Shantung (ibid., Pl. X, J, 2).
27 Andersson, 1923, pp. 6 f., Pl. IV, 1,14,15.
28 Op. cit., Pl. VI, 17.
29 Olson, 1927, p. 15.
30 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXXIX, 1.
31 de Laguna, 1934, p. 173 f.
32 Collins, 1937 a, p. 334.
33 Collins, 1929 a, pp. 43 f; 1937 a, p. 309. cf. Jenness, 1928, pp. 76 f; and de Laguna, 1934, p. 186.
34 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, Fig. 150, p. 626.
35 Andersson, 1923, p. 5 f.; 1934, pp. 209-212 and Figs. 99 and 100 illustrate the evolution of the Chinese adz.
36 Andersson, 1923, pp. 6 f., Fig. 1.
37 Op. cit., Pl. VI, 17.
38 Clark, 1936,Fig. 40, 3,4; Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 28.
39 de Laguna, 1934, p. 174.
40 Clark, 1936, Fig. 40, 6.
41 Olson, 1927, p. 14, Pl. 1, la.
42 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 80, 2; Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 24, 3, 4, Pl. 43,8; Mathiassen, 1927,I, Pl. 21, 3,5.
43 Olson, 1927, p. 13, cf. esp. Pl. I.
44 Op. cit., pp. IS f.
45 It is, however, found archaeologically in northwestern California (Kroeber, 192S, Pl. 119; 1936, p. 114).
46 Olson, 1927, p. 17.
47 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 27 ff.
48 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 57, 121. No hafts have been found in Chugach sites, although small adz blades occur.
49 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 28.
50 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 28 f.
51 J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. III, 11.
52 Mathiassen, 1930 a, Pl. 6, 13, pp. 26, 43, 94.
53 de Laguna, 1934, p. 57; H. I. Smith, 1900, Fig. 349; Teit, 1900, Figs., 122, 123.
54 Ritchie, 1932 a, Pl. VII, 5-7; 1932 b, p. 409; 1936 b, Pl. IV; Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 23.
55 Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 18 m, Fig. 19 l, m, Fig. 20 k.
56 Tadoussac (Wintemberg, 1929, p. 40; 1931, p. 72, Pl. VI, 2), Red Paint (Moorehead, 1922, Fig. 51, lower specimens), Newfoundland (Howley, 1915, Pl. XVII, 9; Wintemberg, 1939-1940, Pl. XV, 2, 6, pp. 313 f.).
57 Laurentian gouges (Bailey, 1939, Pl. IV, 22; Ritchie, 1940 b, Pl. XVI, 30, 32-38), plano-convex adzes (Ritchie, 1932 b, Pl. 9 q, pp. 408,410,412; 1934, Pl. XTV, 22; 1936 a, Pl. XII, 32; 1938 b, p. 105), Iroquois (Parker, 1922, Pl. 88, 4, Fig/50; Wintemberg, 1931, p. 72).
58 Ritchie, 1936 a, Pl. X, 3, 4, p. 47.
59 Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 18 l; cf. the Danish Lyngby antler handle.
60 Jochelson, 1928, p. 29.
61 Kamchatka (op. cit., Pl. 9), Mongolia (Torii, 1913-1914, Pl. III A 17, and Fig.1).
62 de Laguna, 1934, p. 155; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933.
63 Old Bering Sea and Punuk (Collins, 1937 a, pp. 160 f. and Pl. 49, pp. 234 f.), Birnirk (UPM 29-90-336 and 337), protohistoric and modern St. Lawrence Island (Geist and Rainey, Pl. 24, 5, p. 104, Pl. 43, 9, p. 140), modern Cape Nome, Nunivak Island, and Norton Sound ( E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXXIII b, 1, 2, 3), Kachemak Bay III (de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 46, 13). Curiously enough these picks seem to be lacking from the Thule culture but belong to the Canadian Dorset (NMC IX-B-232 and MAI 15/8255 from Nuvuk and Mill Islands in Hudson Bay).
64 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 406 ff., like the stone ax described by Osgood from the Ingalik Tena, cf. Chapter VI, p. 117.
65 Osgood, 1936, Pl. 10 A, p. 85.
66 Op. cit., pp. 86, 88.
67 Osgood, 1937, Pl. 13 A, p. 110.
68 Op. cit., p. 111.
69 H. I. Smith, 1899, Fig. 81.
70 Morice, 1894, p. 46.
71 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 145. For a distribution of comparable types, cf. pp. 465 f.
72 Niblack, 1890, Pl. XLVI, 257, 260.
73 Interior Salish (Teit, 1900, Fig. 252, p. 264; H. I. Smith, 1900, p. 415), Columbia River Salish (Teit, 1928, p. III; Hill-Tout, 1934, p. 609), Coast Salish (Emmons, 1923, Fig. 1, Pl. VII J, p. 25).
74 H. I. Smith, 1906 a, Fig. 149 b, p. 367.
75 Boas in H. I. Smith, 1906 a, p. 418: California (Figs. 179 c, 180 a-e), Oregon (Fig. 179 a, b; Hill-Tout, 1934, p. 610), Coast Salish (Boas in H. I. Smith, 1906 a, Fig. 181 a, b), Tsimshian (specimens in NMC), Tlingit (Boas in H. I. Smith, 1906 a, Fig. 182).
76 Emmons, 1923, pp. 34 f., Fig. 4, Pl. IX b, Pl. X; NMC XII-B-532.
77 Haida (VMM 754), Tsimshian (NMC XII-B-573).
78 Hyashi, 1936, Fig. 2,4; Higuchi, 1930, Pl. 1,2; Kanda, 1884, Pl. XI, 1-6.
79 Ohyama, 1930, Fig. 32; Schnell, 1932, Pl. V, 1 and legend. Cf. Munro, 1911, Fig. 16, 1, Fig. 17, 1, 2, 4, pp. 118 f., “ … it is possible that they are the ‘mallet weapons’ of the ancient classics.”
80 Jochelson, 1928, p. 30.
81 Andersson, 1923, Fig. 2 a, p. 8; 1934, pp. 212 f., Figs. 101, 102.
82 Andersson, 1923, Pl. V; Creel, 1937 a, p. 145, Pl. XII, 1, 2; cf. also Shang bronze specimens at ROMA.
83 Egami, Komai, and Mizo, 1934, Fig. 2, 1.
84 Kroeber, 1923, p. 3.
85 Clark, 1936, p. 84, Fig. 27, 1, 2.
86 Creel, 1937 a, p. 206, Pl. X.
87 Hill-Tout, 1934, p. 608. Teit (1928, p. 112) mentions that these people had grooved stone mauls and war club heads, but does not describe them in detail.
88 Alaskan Eskimo (Murdoch, 1892, Fig. 27; Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 49, 13, pp. 148 f.; Collins found none in the Old Bering Sea or Punuk, and they seem to be lacking also from the Birnirk, Ipiutak, and Canadian Thule and Dorset), Kachemak Bay and Prince William Sound (de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 17, ;, Pl. 21, 6, p. 174), Northwest Coast (NMC XII-B-1423; Niblack, 1890, Pl. XX, 79 b, c, Pl. XII, 81,82,85,86, Boas, 1916, Fig. 4).
89 Newcombe, 1907, pp. 135 ff.
90 Niblack, 1890, p. 282.
91 de Laguna, 1934, p. 169.
92 Teit, 1928, p. 112; Hill-Tout, 1934, p. 609.
93 Teit, 1898-1900, Figs. 247, 248, p. 263; cf. specimen in NMC.
94 Strong (1935, pp. 60, 66) found them very common at historic and protohistoric sites.
95 Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, Fig. 105 b, p. 187 f.; Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, Fig. 102 a, but may have been used without a handle.
96 Teit, 1900, Fig. 250, p. 264; Morice, 1894, Fig. 40, p. 64.
97 U of PM 29-90-433.
98 NMC VIII-A-178.
99 de Laguna, 1934, p. 175.
100 For a distribution of clubs used for hunting and fishing by the Eskimo, Northwest Coast Indians, northern Athabaskans, tribes of northeast Asia, cf. Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 435 f. They seem to belong to the North Pacific salmon cultures, primarily.
101 Tsimshian (specimens in NMC; Niblack, 1890, Pl. XXVII, 122), Coast Salish (H. I. Smith, 1903, pp. 174 S., Fig. 39; Boas in H. I. Smith, 1906 a, Fig. 175d, e, Fig. 176), Interior Salish (Teit, 1900, p. 264).
102 H. I. Smith, 1903, p. 176.
103 H. I. Smith, 1906 b, pp. 298 ff., Pl. XXIII a-d.
104 Boas in H. I. Smith, 1906 a, Figs. 165-174, Hill-Tout 1934, p. 610; Koppert, 1930, p. 104.
105 St. Nicholas Island, California (specimen in LAM); Puye, New Mexico (specimen in SWM).
106 Kanda, 1884, pp. 2 f., Pls. VII-DC; cf. Montandon, 1937, Fig. 71.
107 Kanda, 1884, p. 4, Pl. X, 5.
108 Schnell, 1932, Pl. V, 3 from Iwashiro Province, in north Honshu; Ohyama, 1926, p. 26 of resumé. 109 de Laguna, 1934, p. 175.
110 Torii, 1913-1915, pp. 60 ff., Fig. 39.
111 Arimitsu, 1939, Fig. 1, esp. B.
112 Tsimshian (specimens in NMC); Middle Columbia Salish (Hill-Tout, 1934, p. 608); Salish and Nootka (Boas in H. I. Smith, 1906 a, Figs. 165-174).
113 de Laguna, 1934, p. 62 (felsite bars).
114 de Laguna, 1934, p. 175; Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 35,5.
115 de Laguna, 1934, p. 175; H. I. Smith, 1899, p. 130; Fig. 33.
116 Spier, 1930, p. 177.
117 A rectangular bar of basalt (Geist and Rainey, 1936, p. 197, Pl. 66,13).
118 Mathiassen, 1927, I, p. 53.
119 Strong, 1935, p. 109.
120 Jochelson, 1928, Pl. 11,4.
121 de Laguna, 1934, p. 155; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933.
122 de Laguna, 1934, p. 175 f. Emmons (1923, p. 40) says, however, that they are lacking on the coast north of Salish territory. The Clayoquot Nootka may have made them, since Koppert (1930, p. 37) reports that they made a “stone file” of hard black stone by chipping and grinding. “The natural coarseness of the grain gives it a file-like surface.” Unfortunately he does not tell how it was used.
123 de Laguna, 1934, p. 172; Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 42, 20.
124 Emmons, 1923, p. 43. H. I. Smith (1900, p. 416) mentions similar techniques which may have been employed by some of the Interior Salish in addition to, or in place of the use of the sandstone saw.
125 Sawed (?) nephrite adz blade (Jenness, 1925, Fig. 4 c); stone saw (?) (NMC IX-C-921). On the Belcher Islands in Hudson Bay, slate was “occasionally, sawn into shape,” (Jenness, 1941, p. 189).
126 Specimens in SWM; in SBM as “digging stones” and “stone fleshers”; in LAM from St. Nicholas Island, and from 40 miles north of Santa Monica.
127 Kidder, 1932, Fig. 58, p. 82 f., “stone files.”
128 Specimens in SWM, dating from A.D. 1000 to 1300.
129 Gladwin, 1937,1, Pl. XCI b; Pl. XL a, b.
130 de Laguna, 1934, p. 176.
131 Sawed slate was found at the Nevin shell heap in Maine, but no stone saws (information from Douglas S. Byers).
132 de Laguna, 1934, p. 173; cf. also Kanda, 1884, Pl. VI, 1, 3, 5: sawed adz blades from Musashi Province, near Tokyo.
133 Torii, 1913-1915, p. 18.
134 Op. cit., Fig. 8 (sawed stone), Pl. XI, 8 (stone saw).
135 Torii, 1913-1914, Fig. 25.
136 Kanda, 1884, Pl. VT, 7, 8. Cf. also Akaboshi, 1930, Fig. 1 on p. 359.
137 Shimada, 1930, Fig. 7,1.
138 Laufer, 1912, Pl. VII, 1; Pl. VI, 3, p. 39.
139 de Laguna, 1934, p. 155; cf. however, Pl. 19,4, p. 57 f., from Kachemak Bay III (and II ?) which is somewhat similar.
140 Koppert, 1930, pp. 8, 38; Olson, 1936, p. 78 (also with blades of bone or antler).
141 Niblack, 1890, Fig. 78; Emmons, 1923, p. 28.
142 Morice, 1894, p. 47, Fig. 10.
143 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Tables A 90 and B 59; de Laguna, 1934, p. 199; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 409.
144 Osgood, 1936, p. 75.
145 Morice, 1894, p. 47; Osgood, 1937, p. 104.
146 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 200, 208.
147 Ipiutak (Rainey, 1941 b, p. 369 note 8), Old Bering Sea and Punuk (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 47, 8, 9, p. 235), Birnirk (U of PM 29-90-169 and 337), Kachemak Bay I, (de Laguna, 1934, pp. 100 f.), Dorset (NMC IX-C-205, 2683, IX-B-233, etc.).
148 de Laguna, 1934, p. 199; Baba, 1936, Pl. VII, 3; Torii, 1919-1921, p. 200.
149 Jochelson, 1928, p. 31; Torii, 1913-1915, Fig. 20, 38.
150 Op. cit., p. 29, Fig. 20,43-50, Pl. XIII.
151 Kachemak Bay (de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 46, / ) , Chugach and Eyak (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 409 f.), Tanaina (de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 56, 20; Osgood, 1937, p. 104), Kutchin (Osgood, 1936, p. 61), Carrier (Morice, 1894, p. 76, Fig. 64), Haida (Niblack, 1890, Pl. XX, 79 a), Salish (USNM 209700 from Salt Spring Island, B.C.; H. I. Smith, 1899, Fig. 37 from Lytton; H. I. Smith, 1903, p. 161, mentions asymmetric wedges from the Coast Salish, but does not suggest their use as bark strippers).
152 Gifford, 1940, p. 171, Type Dl on p. 210.
153 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 409 f.
154 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXXIX, 4.
155 Op. cit., Pl. XXXVIII, 20 and 17.
156 Quinault (Olson, 1936, p. 83), Klamath (Spier, 1930, p. 173), Yukaghir (Jochelson, 1926, p. 419), Ainu (Mac-Ritchie, 1892, Pl. XVII, II).
157 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, p. 627 and note 1.
158 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1935, p. 518.
159 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 109 f.; Mathiassen, 1927, II, pp. 79 ff.; Collins, 1937 a, pp. 162 f., 237; de Laguna, 1934, pp. 155,186; J. A. Mason, 1930, p. 386. Weyer, 1930, pp. 269 f., etc.
160 Jenness, 1925, p. 435.
161 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 110.
162 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 413, 520.
163 Osgood, 1936, p. 75.
164 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Table B47, p. 351.
165 Osgood, 1936, p. 70. For the age of the pump drill in North America cf. Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 413.
166 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Table B54, p. 359.
167 Op. cit., Table B47, p. 351.
168 Osgood, 1937, pp. 45, 107 f., 202.
169 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Table B47, p. 351.
170 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 77.
171 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Table B54; Olson, 1936, p. 79.
172 de Laguna, 1934, p. 185.
173 Ibid.
174 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 41, 1-4, Pl. 48, 1-4.
175 Collins, 1937 a, p. 162, Pl. 82, 37-40, p. 236; Mathiassen, 1927,1, Pl. 22,14. The Thule culture apparently lacked the hand rest, but it may have been present, though rare, for Quimby (1940, p. 157) reports one made of a bear canine from the Belcher Islands.
176 J. A. Mason, 1930, p. 386; Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 22, 15; Mathiassen, 1930 a, p. 14
177 Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, pp. 211, 232, Pl. XIX, 3.
178 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, Prince William Sound, 1933; de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 48, 12; Pl. 52, 1 c.
179 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXXVII, 24, 25; Jochelson, 192S, Fig. 103 B, p. 100, Pl. 17, 26; Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, pp. 610 f.; Jochelson, 1928, Fig. 39; Torii, 1919-1921, p. 276.
180 Torii, 1919-1921, Pl. XXXIX E.
181 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXXIV, 3, 7; Pl. XXXVII, 1, 11-13, 22, 23, 26, 28.
182 Rainey, 1939, pp. 383, 387, Fig. 8, 1-11 flakes, Fig. 8, 12-14 cores.
183 Op. cit., p. 366, Fig. 5, 6 core, Fig. 5, 7-9 flakes.
184 Op. cit., pp. 388 f.
185 Cape Dorset (NMCIX-C-1076, etc.), Coats and Mansel Islands in Hudson Bay (IX-C-427, etc.), Nuvuk Island near northwest Labrador Coast (IX-B-329, etc.), Newfoundland (Wintemberg, 1939-1940, I, Pl. VI-2,1-3).
186 Solberg, 1907, pp. 38 f., Fig. 13 flakes, Fig. 14 core.
187 N. C. Nelson, 1937, p. 270.
188 Ritchie, 1937, Pl. 16, 3; 1938 a, Pl. 18, h-n, Pl. 19, e.
189 Specimens in SBM and SWM.
190 N. C. Nelson, 1937, p. 270.
191 Jochelson, 1928, Fig. 25, Fig. 26, p. 53.
192 Torii, 1913-1914, p. 42, Figs. 30-32, p. 43 notes 28 and 29; Yawata, 1935, Figs. 9-13 on p. 129 (Hokkaido).
193 N. C. Nelson, 1937, p. 268; Rainey, 1939, Figs. 7, 8.
194 N. C. Nelson, 1937, p. 268. What Rainey calls “side scrapers” are large specimens (Fig. 7, 5, 6) and these I identify as ulo-shaped scrapers.
196 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 41, 15-31.
196 NMC IX-C-433, from Coats or Mansel Island, Hudson Bay; etc.
197 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 334 f.; de Laguna, 1934, p. 181; cf. Rainey, 1941 b, p. 369.
198 N. C. Nelson, 1937, p. 268. Rainey (1939, p. 382) suggests these bone fragments may have come from the refuse burned on the site by the University.
199 Rainey, 1939, p. 382.
200 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 40, pp. 148, 232.
201 Jenness, 1925, Fig. 4l.
202 Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 7, 16.
203 Cf. J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. 1, 3, though this is not a very good example, since the tang is not clearly developed; Mathiassen, 1930 a, Pl. 7,16,17, pp. 37 f.
204 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LVII a, 5, 6,12.
205 Weyer, 1930, Fig. 20 h, i, k; Dall, 1878, Pl. 10 no. 17265; Jochelson, 1925, Pl. 15, 31, Figs. 14, 15, 29.
206 Morice, 1894, Fig. 23 i; cf. also VMM 2955.
207 Rainey, 1939, Fig. 5, j, 3, 4, Fig. 6, 7.
208 Op. cit., Fig. 9, 4, Fig. 10, 3.
209 N. C. Nelson, 1937, p. 268.
210 Thompson River (specimens in NMC); Coast (H. I. Smith, 1906 a, Fig. 118 c).
211 Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, p. 116, Fig. 31.
212 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, Fig. 136 a.
213 Baba, 1934, Fig. 8, 2, 15; 1936, Pl. I, 11, 12, 23, 26.
214 Kanda, 1884, Pl. III, 5; Schnell, 1932, pp. 32 f.
215 Jenness, 1935, Fig. 4 e, h, i, k; Jochelson, 1925, Pl. 15, 23, etc. Cf. de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 30, 36 (Kachemak Bay II or sub-III).
216 Jenness, 1940, p. 8; Akabori, 1932, Fig. on p. 297, map on p. 299; de Laguna, 1946.
217 Morice, 1894, Figs. 18, 19.
218 Rainey, 1939, Fig. 5, 5, Fig. 6, 3, 4, Fig. 7, 1, 2.
219 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 71, 182 f.; Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 39, 6-13; Rowley, 1940, Fig. 2 k; NMC specimens from Dorset sites.
220 Howley, 1915, Pl. XIX, 1-5; Wintemberg, 1939-1940, Pl. XVI-1, 12.
221 Howley, 1915, Pl. XIX, 8; NMC IX-B-56.
222 Tadoussac, Quebec (NMC VIII-E-160); Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (NMC files); Ontario (NMC VII-F- 9082, 5128, 15232; ROMA HD.31288); Vermont (Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 32 c); Maine (Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 33 b,f, g; W. B. Smith, 1930, Figs. 9, 10; AMNH 459 T; PMH 49214, G-4236, G-4224; PA 50373, 50441, 51136, 57847, 57995; USNM 6348; Rowe, 1940, Pl. XI f ) ; Massachusetts (PMH 48167, 94349, USNM 34330); Connecticut and Rhode Island (MAI exhibit); New York (Parker, 1922, Pl. 18, 5; AMNH T 2698, 13/43; RMAS exhibit and files).
223 Nova Scotia and Quebec (NMC files); Ontario (ROMA HD.8460, 12098); Maine (AMNH T 2457; MAI exhibit); New Hampshire, slightly grooved down center (R. B. Hill, Oneota, N. Y.); New York (AMNH 20.0/2336).
224 Nova Scotia (NMC files); Tadoussac (NMC-E-813), Quebec (-487); Ontario (AAR for 1891, Fig. 47; AAR for 1895, Fig. 146; ROMA HD. 87); Red Paint, Maine (AMNH T 2462; Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 33 h, unfinished); New York (AMNH 20.1/3522; Beauchamp, 1897 b, Fig. 169; RMAS exhibit).
225 Quebec (NMC files); Maine (PA 50311; AMNH T 2461; Hadlock, 1939, Pl. 4 b; Rowe, 1940, Pl. XI d, e), New York (USNM 208036).
226 Interior barbed types (cf. Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 32); Red Paint barbed types (cf. Fig. 34 a-e).
227 NMC VII-E-86, 132, 133 a, e,f, 763 a; AMNH 20.1/9043.
228 Wintemberg, 1923; ROMA HD.8316; AMNH 13/183; Beauchamp, 1897 b, Figs. 131, 132; Ritchie, 1940 b, p. 95 note 1.
229 Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 34 g-k; Bailey, 1939, Pl. IV, 7; Hadlock, 1939, Pl. 4 b; Rowe, 1940, Pl. XI a, c; W. B. Smith, 1930, Figs. 7, 8.
230 Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, p. 214, Fig. 135.
231 Torii, 1913-1914, Fig. 35, p. 44, and note 30.
232 Torii, 1913-1915, Pl. XI and Fig. 10; Egami, Komai and Seichi, 1934, Fig. 3.
233 Ohyama, 1926, p. 214, Figs. 2, 7, 9; Flolmes, 1919, Fig. 14; Torii, 1913-1914, p. 44 note 30.
234 Kanda, 1884, Pl. XXIII, 4-6.
235 Specimens in ROMA.
236 Andersson, 1923, Pl. VI, 8-10; Haguenauer, 1931. Fig. 4.
237 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 73 f., 155, Pl. 32, 8, 14, 19.
238 USNM Emmons Collections, Salt Spring Island, B. C ; Teit, 1900, Fig. 62; SWM 615-G-1041.
239 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 39, 17.
240 Torii, 1914-1915, Fig. 10, 20.
241 Howley, 1915, Pl. XIX, 6-9.
242 de Laguna, 1934, p. 183.
243 Mathiassen, 1930 a, Pl. 3, 6, p. 11. Murdoch (1892, p. 222) writes of the Mackenzie and Anderson Rivers: “In this region the metal blade itself [of the harpoon head] is often cut into one or more pairs of bilateral barbs.”
244 Wissler, 1916, Fig. 27 b.
245 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 149, Pl. LVII a, 10.
246 Nielson, 1907, fig. on p. 35.
247 Howley, 1915, Pl. XXI, 50, 51.
248 PMH 80483.
249 Howley, 1915, Sketch VIII.
250 Ohyama, 1926, p. 214, Fig. 1; Torii, 1913-1915, Fig. 10, Pl. XI; Holmes, 1919, Fig. 13.
251 Clark, 1936, Fig. 25, 1-3, from near Bergen, Norway.
252 de Laguna, 1934, p. 183; Mathiassen, 1927, II, pp. 38 f.; Howley, 1915, Pl. XXI, 65.
253 Collins, 1937 a, p. 337.
254 J. A. Mason, 1930, Pls. III, 8; V, 1, 5.
255 Cape Dorset (NMC IX-C-353), Coats and Mansel Islands (LX-C-425), etc.
256 For clear examples see: Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 23,10), Birnirk (J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. V, 6), Punuk (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 28, 13; Pl. 70, 11) Late Punuk (Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 67, 4), old-fashioned modern form (op. cit., Pl. 17 C, especially the fifth).
257 NMC IX-C-2813.
258 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 309 f.
259 Cape Dorset (NMC IX-C-233), Devon Island (IX-C- 2692), Coats and Mansel Islands (IX-C-441, 254, 1147, 1151), King William Land (Mathiassen, 1927,1, Pl. 82, 3).
260 Patterson, 1891, Pl. X, /, 2; Howley, 1915, Pl. XIX, 14; Wintemberg, 1939-1940, Pl. XVI-1, 11).
261 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 32,1, with one hole, p. 183.
262 Mathiassen, 1927, II, pp. 73 f.; de Laguna, 1934, p. 183.
263 Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 38, 2, 3), Birnirk (U of PM 29-90-630), Thule (Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 19, 7,8).
264 Ontario (RMAS AR 7.2.09/20779), Quebec (NMC VIII-E-387), Red Paint culture, Maine (PA 51132; Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 35 b), New Hampshire (Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 35 c).
265 Kanda, 1884, Pls. X, 2, 3, XIII, 7; Munro, 1911, Fig. 17, 3.
266 Laufer, 1912, Fig. 35, p. 102; ROMA.
267 Rainey, 1939, Fig. 10, 1, 2, p. 398.
268 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 46, 11.
269 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 38, 3, 4.
270 Jenness, 1925, Fig. 7 a, b, c; Rowley, 1940, Fig. 1 e.
271 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 78, 1-3, p. 333; Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 18, 2-4, II, p. 70.
272 Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. III, 6 and legend.
273 St. Lawrence (Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 23,5; Pl. 53, 8, pp. 102, 138, 156), Point Barrow (Mathiassen, 1930 a, Pl. 10, 7), Barter Island (Mathiassen, 1930 a, p. 25).
274 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXXVIII, 19-31.
275 Nakayama, 1934, Pl. VIII and Fig. 13, 9.
276 Andersson, 1934, Pl. 24, 1.
277 Collins (1943), discusses Eskimo side-bladed knives as survivals of an Old World Mesolithic-Neolithic tradition.
278 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 408 f.
279 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXXVIII, 21, 23.
280 Kodiak (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 408 note 6); Prince William Sound (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933).
281 Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. III, 8.
282 Iroquois (Wintemberg, 1936, pp. 52 f., Pl. XIV, 6-9; 1931, p. 93); Owasco (Ritchie, 1928, Pl. IV, 18; 1934, pp. 33 f.); Vine Valley (Ritchie, 1937, Fig. 8, 5); New York Hopewellian (Ritchie, 1938 a, p. 33; 1940 a, Pl. 2, 41); New England Woodland (Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 124, a-e), Northern Coastal (Smith and Wintemberg, 1929, Pls. XVI, 8-27, XX, 6, XXX, 5-9; Hadlock, 1941 a, p. 11), New York Coastal (Skinner, 1932, p. 44), Laurentian (Ritchie, 1940 b, Pls. XVI, 22, XXIX, 32, 35-39), Red Paint shell heap (Hadlock, 1939, p. 16), Archaic (Ritchie, 1936 b, Pls. X, 5-7,10,11, XI, 14).
283 Morse, 1879, p. 14, Pl. XVI, 4.
284 Collins, 1937 a, p. 382.
285 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933.
286 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 64, 151.
287 Ritchie, 1932 a, p. 101, Pl. VIII, 20.
288 Mills, 1907, Fig. 38, from the Harness Mound; Mills, 1916, Fig. 8, from the Tremper Mound; Ritchie, 1939, Pl. 1,31.
289 Wintemberg, 1936, p. 59, Pls. XVII, 28, XIV, 24.
290 E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 87 f., Pl. XXXVIII, 9,12-18.
291 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 64. For distribution, cf. Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 467 f. and notes.
292 H. I. Smith, 1903, Fig. 38; 1906 a, Fig. 136.
293 USNM.
294 Collins, 1937 a, p. 235, Pl. 79, 4-6.
295 Geist and Rainey, 1936, p. 106 (described as “snow beaters”), Pl. 23, 19; Pl. 53, 9; Pl. 63,12
296 Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 13, 15, 18; 1930 a, pp. 13 f., Pl. 5, 9; Pl. 8, 9.
297 Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. III, 2 (lance head), 4,5 (swords ?).
298 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 46,14; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933.
299 Osgood, 1937, Pl. 11 G.
300 Newcombe, 1907, pp. 135 ff.
301 Teit, 1900, pp. 263, Fig. 246.
302 Ritchie, 1937, p. 191, Fig. 8,1.
303 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 64.
304 Jochelson, 1928, p. 31. The lance and/or sword blades of Ipiutak suggest a relationship with the northeastern Asiatic Neolithic (cf. Collins, 1943).
305 Andersson, 1923, Pl. VI, 8, 9, 10; Torii, 1913-1915, Pl. XI and Fig. 10; 1913-1914, Fig. 35.
306 Andersson, 1932, p. 236, Pl. VI, 1, 2.
307 Mathiassen, 1927, II, pp. 84 ff.; Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Tables A 75 and B 50; de Laguna, 1934, p. 184; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 408; Rainey, 1941 b, p. 370.
308 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 195. He also suggests that there may be a connection between the ulo and the South American tumi. Specimens in SWM.
309 Rowley, 1940, p. 493.
310 Op. cit., pp. 491, 496.
311 Rasmussen, 1929, p. 192, cf. pp. 180-196.
312 Rainey, 1941 b, p. 370, Pl. VI, 13. Cf. chipped flint specimens from Southampton Island (Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 70, 2, 3, 6).
313 Howley, 1915, Pl. XXII, 32; NMC VIII-E70.
314 Cf. the thickened grip on specimens illustrated in Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 43 with the plain blade in Fig. 44 h.
315 This was compiled from material published in the following sources, and from information communicated by the following persons. The list with complete bibliographical references runs to some 10 pages and is too long to print. The sources are: AAR; Willoughby, 1935; Beauchamp, 1897 b; Parker, 1922; Ritchie, 1940 b; Bailey, 1939; Philhower, 1936; Parker, 1941; NMC, ROMA, MAI, PMH, PA, AMNH, USNM; personal communications from H. I. Smith and Wintemberg (and NMC files); Ritchie (and RMAS files), Roland B. Hill of Oneota, N. Y.; Dorothy Cross.
316 IIIustrated specimens are:
(a) ARR for 1917, Fig. 37253; (b) Willoughby, 1935, Fig. Fig. 44 a J, i; (c) Op. cit., Fig. 43 b, Fig. 44, c, d, j ; (d) Op. Fig. 44 b; (e) Op. cit., Fig. 44 g; (J) Op. cit., Fig. 44, e; (g) Philhower, 1936, Pl. II, 3; (h) Op. cit., Pl. IV.
317 Cf. Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 39, 23, p. 149, from the Old Bering Sea culture.
318 NMC Files, in Peter Redpath Museum, Montreal; mentioned by Willoughby, 1935, p. 72. No further data on provenience.
319 IIIustrated specimens are: Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 43 c,
320 IIIustrated specimens are: Philhower, 1936, Pl. II, 2, 3; Pl. IV.
321 Ritchie, 1940 b, p. 94.
322 Bailey, 1939, pp. 9 f., Pl. IV, 1-5, 8, 9,15.
323 NMC files.
324 USNM 7032, found with 7007 to 7031.
325 Information from Douglas S. Byers, Frederick Johnson, and William A. Ritchie.
326 Information from Dorothy Cross; cf. Cross, 1941, Pl. 59 B, 3; Philhower, 1936, Pls. 1,1, III, 2, IV.
327 USNM 147289, 147290 (plain back), USNM 7341, 147292 (up-turned ends).
328 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 195, Table B 50.
329 Collins, 1937 a, p. 149.
330 Kutchin (Osgood, 1936, p. 75); Tanaina (Osgood, 1937, p. 102; de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 56, 21; Pl. 60, 1) ; Eyak (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 74; but really Na- Déné, not Athabaskan proper); Carrier (Morice, 1894, p. 51, but may be a scraper ?).
331 Rainey, 1939, Fig. 11,2, p. 399.
332 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 51,2-4; Pl. 78, 10, pp. 350f.; U of PM 29-90-440 and 483; Mathiassen, 1927,1, Pl. 23, 4, 6, 8.
333 Niblack, 1890, Pl. XXIV, 96; Swan, 1870, Fig. 10.
334 de Laguna, 1934, p. 184.
335 Shimada, 1930, Fig. 7, 4, 9; Schnell, 1932, p. 42.
336 Hamada, 1920, p. 3 of resumé.
337 Kanda, 1884, Pl. X, 4, 7, 8.
338 Higuchi, 1930, Fig. 17 on p. 86; Kanda, 1884; Pl. XII, 4.
339 Torii, 1913-1914, p. 42, Fig. 29; 1913-1915, pp. 22 f., Fig. 6. For Manchuria, cf. also Egami, Komai and Mizuno, 1934, Fig. 4,1, 4.
340 Andersson, 1923, pp. 3.f., 44, Pl. I.
341 Liang, 1930, appendix 30.
342 Andersson, 1925, p. 36; 1934, Fig. 77f, cf. pp. 202-209, Figs. 90-98 on the evolution of the ulo in China.
343 Specimens in ROMA; information from Mr. James Menzies.
344 Laufer, 1912, Pl. VIII, 2.
345 Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, Fig. 140; Jocbelson, 1905-1908, II, Fig. 137 a, c.
346 Birket-Smith, 1927, II, p. 195, Table A 75; add Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, Fig. 151 a, p. 222. It may have belonged also to the early Old Bering Sea (cf. the decorated ivory handle, Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 18, 9).
347 N. C. Nelson, 1937, Fig. 15 a; Rainey, 1939, Fig. 8,15.
348 Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 42, 4-10), Ipiutak (Rainey, 1941, b Pl. VI, 10), Birnirk (U of PM 29-90-526), Dorset (Jenness, 1925, Fig. 4 h; Wintemberg, 1939-1940, Pl. VI-2,27, etc.). For other references, cf. de Laguna, 1934, p. 182.
349 To the references above add: Morice, 1894, Fig. 17.
350 Rainey, 1939, Fig. 5, 10-14; Fig. 6, 1, 2; Fig. 11, 3.
351 N. C. Nelson, 1937, p. 269.
352 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 76 f., 182. Montandon (1937, Fig. 3 on p. 29) publishes one as an ax or adz.
353 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 152, 232, Fig. 16, Pl. 42, 12-14.
354 Nephrite: Cape Dorset (NMC IX-C-395), Coats or Mansel Island (IX-C-424), Newfoundland (PMH 80604 e, f ) . Slate: Cape Dorset (NMC IX-C-389), Newfoundland, with tang (PMH 66410). Graphite: Cape Dorset (NMC IX-C-405).
355 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 113, Pl. XLIX, 15.
356 Op. cit., p. 112.
357 Bristol Bay and Togiak River (0. T. Mason, 1891, Pls. LXXXV, 1, LXXXVIII, 3), Kuskokwim and Yukon (op. cit., Pls. LXXXV, 2, LXXXVI, 1, LXXXVII, 2; E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XLIX, 12, 17, 19), Norton Sound and Bay (O.T.Mason, 1891, Pls. LXXXII,7,2, LXXXIII, 1; E. W. Nelson, 1899, P!. XLIX, 18), Sledge Island ﹛op. cit., Pl. XLIX, 11, 16), Cape Prince of Wales (op. cit., Pl. XLIX, 13).
358 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 47, 11.
359 Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 25, 9-12.
360 Op. cit., I, p. 62.
361 de Laguna, 1934, p. 58.
362 Olson, 1927, p. 15.
363 Western DSne” (Morice, 1894, Fig. 17); Interior Salish (H. I. Smith, 1899, Fig. 64; Teit, 1898-1900, Pl. XIV, 1; 1928, p. 11; Ray, 1932, p. 95; VMM 494, 1121, etc.); Wishram (Spier and Sapir, 1930, p. 200).
364 Teit, 1928, p. 111.
365 Hrdlička, 1930 a, p. 144, Pl. 11, especially upper left.
366 Hrdlička, 1930 a, p. 145.
367 Rainey, 1939, pp. 360, 366, 374, 378, Fig. 2, 8, 9; Fig. 4,4, 5; Fig. 5,17; Fig. 7, 5, 6.
368 Osgood, 1936, pp. 70 f., 67.
369 Osgood, 1937, p. 76, Pl. 12 A; de Laguna, 1934, p. 61.
370 Op. cit., pp. 61, 184 f.
371 Quimby, 1940, p. 154, Fig. 17 a; Jenness, 1941, Pl. XIX, 3.
372 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 116, Pl. XLIX, 1.
373 Geist and Rainey, 1936, pp. 125, 149, 163, 196, Pl. 34, 1-3; Pl. 49, 5; Pl. 57, 5; Pl. 66, 6, 7.
374 U of PM 29-90-517, 526.
375 Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. VI, 13.
376 Mathiassen, 1937, II, p. 85.
377 NMC IX-A-703, IX-B-193.
378 PMH 80426,66444; Wintemberg, 1939-1940, Pl. VI-1, 12.
379 Tadoussac (AMNH 20.1/7061 A; Wintemberg, 1929); Bradore (NMC VIII-E-432 e, etc.).
380 Ontario (AMNH 20.0/1343; ROMA HD 8781, and 8818 of slate), New York (AMNH 2/2052; RMAS from prehistoric Seneca site at Richmond Mills, Ontario Co.); Mass. (USNM 18629). Beauchamp (1897 a, p. 57, Fig. 151) published a red sandstone specimen as typical of the artifacts usually called “hoes,” but doubted whether there was any proof of this function. It looks more like a scraper. Parker (1922, p. 58) describes “choppers” made of boulder chips as typical of the New York littoral, but less common in the interior.
381 Red Paint (USNM 7017), shell heaps (PA 57715, 57427, 57434).
382 NMC XII-B-640.
383 H. I. Smith, 1900 b, Fig. 355, paddle-shaped with broad tang, like some specimens from Prince William Sound and from late Punuk sites on St. Lawrence Island (cf. Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 73, 12); VMM 494, 1121, 1122 from Lytton.
384 Haeberlin and Gunther, 1930, p. 33.
385 H. I. Smith, 1903, p. 169.
386 Teit, 1928, p. 111.
387 Spier and Sapir, 1930, p. 200.
388 SWM.
389 SBM.
390 SWM.
391 Roosevelt 9:6 (GP 1237, 12454, 05208, and 12449 boulder chip), Gila Pueblo (GP).
392 Strong, 1935, pp. 60, 66, Pl. 1, 2 a, d.
393 Campbell and Campbell, 1935, Pl. 22 “side scrapers”; Roberts, 193S, Pl. 12 b; 1936, Pl. 5 big “side scrapers.”
394 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 35, 1.
395 Op. cit., p. 184.
396 Op. cit., p. 200; add O. T. Mason, 1891, Pl. LXVII, 1.
397 Collins, 1937 a, p. 166, Pl. 30, 12-14 of dog femur and caribou metatarsal; J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. III, 6 of caribou leg bone.
398 Cape Dorset (NMC IX-C-240 to 249), Coats and Mansel Islands (IX-C-451, 256, 459), Navy Board Inlet, northern Baffinland (IX-C-494), near Cape Wolstenholm, northwest Labrador (IX-B-109).
399 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Table B 52, p. 37.
400 The split leg bone scraper is also used by the Chukchee (de Laguna, 1934, p. 200), Yukaghir and Lamut (Bogoras, 1904-1909, p. 218; Jochelson, 1926, Fig. 135), and is known from Neolithic Manchuria (Torii, 1913-1915, Pl. XIII, bottom row, but identification is uncertain).
401 Henry B. Collins, Jr. has kindly brought to my attention evidence suggestive of the antiquity of the twohanded scraper in the Southeast. Thus, Wedel has found it in the Hopewell horizon in Kansas and Missouri, and Webb (1938, Pl. 14 b, cf. pp. 363 ff.) illustrates but does not mention in the text a specimen from a cave in the Norris Basin in eastern Tennessee, the cultural contents of which seem to belong to the “Archaic” horizon. While no twohanded scrapers have yet been reported from sites in Louisiana of this same period, they probably belong here also.
402 Cf. however H. I. Smith, 1903, Fig. 34 a from the lower Fraser; and Haeberlin and Gunther, 1930, p. 33, from the Puget Sound Salish (of deer rib).
403 Two-handed scrapers of bison rib were found by Strong (1935, pp. 60, 67, Pl. 1, 2 b) only at historic Pawnee sites, but scrapers of bison spines are found in the St. Helena focus of the Upper Republican aspect (prehistoric Caddo or Sioux ?) (Bell, 1936, p. 55, Pl. XXV, 9).
404 Split deer leg bone scrapers are found archaeologically in central California (Gifford, 1940, I. on p. 214, p. 172), and notched rib scrapers in the San Francisco Bay area ﹛ibid., Til. on p. 213).
405 Wintemberg (1931, p. 90) reports it is rare even in Canadian Iroquois sites; Ritchie (1934, p. 35, Pl. XI, 20, 21) says that Castle Creek is “the only Algonkin site where such implements are known to have been found.” Late New York Coastal (Skinner, 1932, p. 43), Monongahela (Butler, 1939, Pl. 22, lower right).
406 Maine (USNM 219774), Nova Scotia (Smith and Wintemberg, 1929, p. 123). Douglas S. Byers informs me that a specimen (PA 3/804) was found in the Nevin shell heap near Blue Hill, Maine, a Red Paint shell heap site.
407 de Laguna, 1934, p. 200.
408 Collins, 1937, a; Pl. 51, 10.
409 NMC IX-A-388, McLeland Strait, Laborador.
410 Carrier (Morice, 1894, p. 68: this is, of course, not quite the same implement as the type under discussion); Sekani (Jenness, 1937, p. 35, Pl. VIII).
411 Strong, 1935, p. 192.
412 Upper Republican aspect (Bell, 1936, Pl. XXII, 3, 4, p. 53), related aspect (p. 198, Pl. XV A), Nebraska aspect (p. 325).
413 Archaic (Ritchie, 1936 b, Pls. IX, 31, 32, XI, 11 ), Laurentian (Ritchie, 1940 b, Pi. XXIX, 16, p. 82), Point Peninsula (information from Ritchie), New York Coastal (Skinner, 1932, pp.43 f.).
414 Roberts, 1929, Pl. 24 b.
415 Gifford, 1940, H 1. on p. 213, p. 172.
416 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 199 f.
417 U of PM 29-90-276.
418 Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 25, 4, 9.
419 O. T. Mason, 1891: Ungava, Pl. LXVIII, 1, 2, 3; lower Yukon, Pl. LXXXIV, 1; Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Pl. LXXVI, 2.
420 Rowley, 1940, Fig. 1 f, p. 492.
421 Kutchin (Osgood, 1936, pp. 70 f.), Carrier (Morice, 1894, Fig. 54), Sekani (Jenness, 1937 a, p. 35).
422 Chilcotin (Morice, 1894, Fig. 53), Salish (H. I. Smith, 1899, Fig. 54 “adze or chisel”; 1900, p. 418; 1903, Pl. 34 b with longitudinal and transverse edges), Tlingit (Niblack, 1890, Fig. 79 k).
423 Jenks, 1932, Pl. 18 e,f, p. 265.
424 Manitoba (ROMA HK 808, 886), North Dakota (AMNH), Dakota Sioux, of iron (O. T. Mason, 1891, Pl. XC 4).
425 Strong, 1935, Pl. 1, 2f, pp. 60, 67.
426 Bell, 1936: St. Helena focus, Upper Republican aspect, pp. 54 f., Pl. XXIII, 3-7; Lower Loup focus, related aspect, (with notched end) p. 198; hunting camps in western Nebraska of the Upper Republican aspect, p. 382, nos. 900,939 A, 933.
427 Roberts, 1929, Pls. 22 g, 24 a.
423 O. T. Mason, 1891, Pl. XC, 3.
429 Op. cit., Pl. XC, 2.
430 Huron and Tobacco (AR, 1895, Fig. 192 a, b; Wintemberg, 1935, pp. 235 f.), Monongahela (Butler, 1939, Pl. 15 u), Maine (USNM 219645 “bone gouge”).
431 Ritchie, 1940 b, p. 80, referring to Beauchamp, 1902, p. 290, Pl. 28, 267.
432 Gunther, 1927, p. 219.
433 Mathiassen, 1934 a, Pl. 3, 25, 26; 1936 a, Pl. 1, 20, 21; 1936 b, Fig. 53, 15, 16.
434 Mathiassen, 1934, a p. 108; 1930 b, Pl. 24, 6, p. 313.
435 No crimping, however, seems to be visible on the Thule boot from northern Baffinland (Mathiassen, 1927,1, PI, 56).
436 Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937 a, p. 149, Pl. 39, 19-22, and pp. 153 f., Pl. 42,17-19), Dorset (Jenness, 1941, Pl. XVI, 20 from Belcher Islands; NMC IX-C-361, 389, 396, 412 from Cape Dorset; Rowley, 1940, Fig. 2, P from Iglulik; Wintemberg, 1939-1940, Pl. XVI-1, 1-6 from Newfoundland), Disco Bay (Solberg, 1907, Pl. 5, 1-19, etc., “drill points.”).
437 Mathiassen, 1931, p. 94; Collins, 1937 a, p. 336; Wintemberg, 1939-1940, p. 316.
438 Mathiassen, 1934 o, pp. 125, 154 f., 156 f., 169, Pl. 8 ,4.
439 Disco Bay (Op. cit., pp. 108, 120), Sukkertoppen (Mathiassen, 1931, pp. 93 f., 115, 120, 126, Pl. 3, 18), southernmost Greenland (Mathiassen, 1936 b, p. 97), Angmagssalik (Mathiassen, 1933, pp. 91 f., Fig. 30,11,12, Pl. 9, 7, 8.)
440 Mathiassen, 1934 a, pp. 160 ff., Pl. 10,4.
441 E. W. Nelson, 1899: Nushegak, Fig. 29; Nunivak, Pl. XLIV, 43,44, 47; Kotzebue, Pl. XLIV, 51; Point Hope, Pl. XLIV, 42.
442 Op. cit., p. 106, Pl. XLV, 3, 11.
443 Op. cit., Pl. XLIV, 41, 49, 50.
444 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes 1933.
445 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 45, 5, 6; Jochelson, 1925, Pl. 27, 2, and Fig. 13.
446 Salt Spring Island (USNM 209701), lower Fraser (H. I. Smith, 1903 a, p. 169), Interior Salish (H. I. Smith, 1899, Fig. 55; 1900, Fig. 340, p. 412).
447 Roberts, 1929, Pl. 20 a.
448 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 115, Pl. L, 1-5.
449 Op. cit., pp. 86 f., Pl. XXXVIII, 16.
450 Op. cit., p. 86, Pl. XXXVIII, 9, 12, 13, 14, etc.
451 Cape Dorset (NMC IX-C-235), Coats and Mansel Islands (NMC IX-C-253), Button Point, Baffinland (Mathiassen, 1927,1, p. 209, Pl. 62, 2).
452 Geist and Rainey, 1936, p. 147, Pl. 48, 6.
453 Jochelson, 1925, Pl. 26, 17.
454 Mathiassen, 1934 a, p. 158; 1936 b, Fig. 47, 23 (a bone mounting for the wooden shaft with a socket for an iron blade).
455 Murdoch, 1892, p. 135.
456 Osgood, 1936, pp. 68, 73.
457 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 38, 9, 11.
458 Jenness, 1925, Fig. 8 a, b, and unpublished specimens, NMC.
459 Collins, 1937 a, Fig. 24, OBS Types Ix, Iy, I(a)y.
460 Collins, 1937 a, Fig. 24, Punuk Type II(b)x and the variant published by Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 58, 9.
461 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 308 f., 316 ff.; de Laguna, 1939 a, p. 291.
462 Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 67,6, p. 201; cf. de Laguna, 1939 a, pp. 289 f. for translation of Rainey's harpoon types into Collin's system.
463 de Laguna, 1934, p. 189; add: Solberg, 1909, Fig. 40.
464 Jochelson, 1905-1908, Fig. 32 b, c.
465 Mathiassen, 1927, I, p. 37, Pl. 10, 10.
466 Type 1 C (Jenness, 1925, Fig. 8 c, broken), Type 2 (Fig. 3, Fig. 8, d, e), Type 3 (Fig. 5f h, Fig. 8 k, I, m), Type 4 (Fig. 8f, g), Type 5 (Fig. 5 g, Fig. 8 n, o), Type 6 (Fig. 2, Fig. 8 h, i,j). Cf. illustrations in de Laguna, 1946.
467 Mathiassen, 1933, p. 115, Fig. 40.
468 O. T. Mason, 1902, Pl. 4; Thalbitzer, 1914, Fig. 133 d. Cf. also Figs. 131, 133,135.
469 Mathiassen, 1930 a, Pl. 18, 6, pp. 72 f.
470 Collins, 1937 a, p. 317.
471 Hitchcock, 1891, Fig. 84.
472 Baba, 1936, Pl. VI, 27, 28, 29; Torii, 1919-1921, Pls. XXX, 8, XXXI A and B; Montandon, 1937, Fig. 35 (poisoned arrow, Hokkaido Ainu).
473 Hasebe, 1926, Fig. 6.
474 Torii, 1919-1921, Pl. XXX, 11.
475 Baba, 1936, Pl. IV, 10.
476 Baba, 1934, Fig. 13, 6; Torii, 1919-1921, Pl. XXX, 9.
477 Baba, 1934, Fig. 13, 7.
478 Hitchcock, 1891, Fig. 85.
479 Baba, 1936, Pl. VI, 25. Montandon (1937, Fig. 18) illustrates the same type with plain closed socket, used on a double-foreshaft fish spear.
480 Hasebe, 1926, Fig. 5.
481 Torii, 1919-1921, Pl. XXX, 10.
482 Yonemura, 1932, p. 116, Fig. 5.
483 Solberg, 1919, Fig. 43. Birket-Smith (1929, II, pp. 155 f.) has also called attention to the Dorset- and Thulelike character of the heads from this site.
484 Baba, 1936, Pl. VI, 23,29; Torii, 1919-1921, Pl. XXX, 15.
485 Jenness, 1925, Fig. 3 b; de Laguna, 1946.
486 Hitchcock, 1891, Fig. 85; McRitchie, 1892, Pl. IX, 7; Hewes, 1942, Fig. 1; Montandon, 1937, Fie. 18.
487 This type, of head is often described as being made in three parts: blade or point, and two barbs or spurs. Northwest Coast: Tlingit (Niblack, 1890, Figs. 137 e, 150 a).
Puget Sound to Cape St. Elias (Op. cit., p. 289).
Nimpkish (Op. cit., Pl. XXX, 150).
Kwakiutl (Swan, 1870, Fig. 4; O. T. Mason, Figs. 20, 21;Barnett, 1939, p. 229).
Prehistoric Coast Salish (H. I. Smith, 1906 a, Fig. 160; 1903, Fig. 15).
Quinault (O. T. Mason, 1902, Fig. 19).
Oregon Coast (Barnett, 1937, p. 164).
Northwest Plateau: Thompson (O. T. Mason, 1902, Fig. 22; Teit, 1900, Fig. 231).
Northwest California: From every group in California whose territory contained sufficient water, except for the Colorado River tribes (Kroeber, 1925, p. 815; Driver, 1939, p. 313).
Yurok (Gifford, 1940, Figs. 1, 14 on p. 236, Fig. 16 on p. 237).
Hupa (Op. cit., Fig. 15 on p. 237; O. T. Mason, 1902, Fig. 17).
Wailaki (Gifford, 1940, Fig. 13 on p. 236).
Yuki and Coast Yuki (Op. cit., Fig. 8 on p. 236).
Archaeological groups in Humboldt area (Op. cit., Type MM 1 b, on p. 232).
488 Schnell, 1932, Fig. 10.
489 Hewes, 1942, pp. 95 f.
490 Thalbitzer, 1914, pp. 438 f., Figs. 138 a, b, 139 a.
491 Hewes, 1942, p. 97.
492 Op. cit., p. 98; add: Mathiassen, 1933, Fig. 40.
493 Hewes, 1942, p . 101.
494 Howley, 1915, Sketch VIII.
495 Smith and Wintemberg, 1929, Pl. XX, 1, 2, p. 34.
496 Ford and Willey, 1941, p. 333; cf. Willoughby, 1901.
497 Hopewell (Ritchie, 1940 a, Pl. 2, 37), Fort Ancient (Mills, 1904, Fig. 34; 1906, Fig. 33; Willoughby and Hooton, 1920, Pl. 7 f, i,j), Iroquois (Parker, 1922, Pl. 40, 4, 6; Wintemberg, 1928, Pl. XXI, 18; 1931, Pl. XVI, 3; 1936, Pl. I, 14); Late New York Coastal (Skinner, 1932, Figs. 3 and 9 on p. 18), Maine (Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 122 a, c, e), Monongahela Woodland (Butler, 1939, Pl. 14 a).
498 Cf. Mathiassen, 1927, II, p. 20 with: Wintemberg, 1906, Figs. 46,48, 50, 51; ROMA HD 29662; Harrington in Parker, 1922, pp. 229 f.; USNM 31520; AMNH 20.1/732 and 733.
499 Cf. Mathiassea 1927, II, p. 20, with: Mills, 1904, Fig. 34; 1917 b, Fig. 78; 1906, Fig. 35, p. 52; Beauchamp, 1902, Fig. 108; Parker, 1922, Pl. 40, 5 (hole not complete). A specimen with a transverse line hole and with two small holes in the side at the base was found in a shell heap on outer Cape Cod (information from Douglas S. Byers).
500 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 189 ff.
501 It is not certain whether any. of the specimens from Okvik were detachable, a few may have been (Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 13, 5), and I suspect that they are intrusive in the Old Bering Sea collection.
502 Symmetrically barbed, medial line hole (Jenness, 1925, Fig. 6 b,j; Holtved, 1938, Fig. 9, 16 and ? 17), symmetrically barbed, lateral line hole (Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 62, 1; and ? Rowley, 1940, Fig. 1j); asymmetrically barbed, medial line hole (Jenness, 1925, Fig. 9 g), barbed on one edge, shouldered tang to hold line, no hole (Howley, 1915, Pl. XXIII, 24).
503 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 195.
504 Laurentian (Ritchie, 1940 b, Pl. XXIX, 8, 24), Laurentian-Archaic (Ritchie, 1939 c, Pl. 1, 32, 33), Red Paint shell heaps (Hadlock; 1939, Pl. 7 b, p. 15; information from Douglas S. Byers and W. S. Hadlock).
505 Northern Coastal (H. I. Smith and Wintemberg, 1929, Pl. VI, 10,11,12; W. B. Smith, 1929, Fig. 22; Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 120 n-r; Hadlock, 1941 a, Fig. 4, 4, and others ?), Late New York Coastal (Ritchie, 1938 b, p. 105 “harpoon,” not clear whether detachable).
506 Point Peninsula (Nichols, 1928, Pl. 2, 2, 6, 7), Intrusive Mound culture (Ritchie, 1937 a, Fig. 7, 1), Fort Ancient (Willoughby, 1920, Pl. 11j, h, l, n).
507 Wintemberg, 1906, Figs. 2-20, 22, 23, 26-30; 1931, Pl. XVI, 1; 1935, pp. 232 ff.
508 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 189 f. This form predominates in Hrdlička's material from Kodiak Island.
509 Kamchatka (Schnell, 1932, Pl. XVII, 7), Kuriles (Baba, 1934, Pl. 13, 4; 1936, Pl. IV, ;1, 2, 4, 7, 9), Japan (Kishinouye, 1911, Fig. 45), Koryak (Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, Fig. 32f, h; Jochelson, 1905-1908, Fig. 87 a).
510 Teit, 1900, Fig. 222 g.
511 Gifford, 1940, NN2b on p. 233.
512 Nevin shell heap (information from Douglas S. Byers and Frederick Johnson, PA), Nova Scotia (Dalhousie University, 212, cf. NMC Files), New York: Jefferson Co. (Parker, 1922, Pl. 128, 5), Iroquois (Beauchamp, 1902, Pl. 28, 269, p. 299, knows of only one “bilateral harpoon” with line hole; MAI exhibit), Onondaga (Skinner, 1921, Pl. XXIV b, possibly not detachable).
513 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 190 f. Add: Tanaina (Osgood, 1937, p. 83; de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 56, 2), Carrier (Morice, 1894, Fig. 48, pp. 67 f.), Eyak (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, Pl. 13, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7), Haida (specimen in NMC), Koryak (Jochelson, 1905-1908, Fig. 32 d, g), northwest California (Gifford, 1940, Figs. 21 and 23 on p. 237, NNla on p. 233; Driver, 1939, p. 334).
514 E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 147 f., Pl. LVII b, 16-18, 20.
515 Jenks, 1932, Pl. 18 o and b, c and d, pp. 456 ff.
516 de Laguna, 1934, p. 194. Osgood, however, does not mention it from the Ingalik. Hrdlička's collections, USNM, from Kodiak Island.
517 Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937a, pp. 128 f., Pl. 32,1-5); Punuk (ibid., Pl. 73, 4), Thule (Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 4, 2-4).
518 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 46, 7 and especially 9.
519 Unpublished specimens, NMC.
520 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 109 and Table A 79.
521 Op. cit., Table B 53.
522 de I-aguna, 1934, Pl. 41, 14.
523 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 34, 13.
524 Geist and Rainey, 1936, pp. 136 f.
525 Op. cit., p. 1SS.
526 Op. cit., p. 98, Pl. 21, 8.
527 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LXI a, 1.
528 Op. cit., Pl. LXI b, 14, 15.
529 U of PM 29-90-153, 99, etc.
530 Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 8, 2-6.
531 Op. cit., Pl. 82, 8.
532 Op. cit., Pl. 84, 5, p. 318.
533 Op. cit., Pl. 65, 17-19.
534 Mathiassen, 1930 a, Pl. 1, 15; Pl. 14, 3.
535 Jochelson, 1925, Pl. 24, 34.
536 Osgood, 1936, p. 83.
537 Allen, 1887, Pl. 17.
538 H. I. Smith, 1903, Fig. 13, especially b, c.
539 Gifford, 1940, L3 on p. 215.
540 Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, Fig. 74, especially d.
541 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, Fig. 96 e, p. 559.
542 Jochelson, 1926, p. 385.
543 Hitchcock, 1891, Fig. 84.
544 Baba, 1936, Pl. V, 2, 3,18, 19, 37, 38.
545 Torii, 1913-1915, Pl. XIII and Fig. 20, 35.
546 Creel, 1937 a, Pl. VII; specimens in ROMA; information from James Mellon Menzies.
547 Cf. Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 28, 14, 26; Pl. 70, 18; Pl. 71, 14. This same type was made in bone and stone (slate) in the Yang Shao Neolithic (Andersson, 1934, Fig. 103).
548 Schmidt, 1930, Pl. III, 1, 2, 3.
549 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 149.
550 Clark, 1936, Fig. 41.
551 de Laguna, 1934, p. 197.
552 Tyzzer, 1936.
553 Fish spear barbs, Coats and Mansel Islands (NMCIXC- 455), Cape Dorset (IX-C-235). Arrowhead, Cape Dorset (IX-C-236).
554 Osgood, 1936, pp. 68, 83.
555 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LXI, b, 11,12,10.
556 Mathiassen, 1930 a, Pl. 1,17,18.
557 Wissler, 1916, Fig. 26 c (except for barb at tip), Fig. 27. a-d (except for stone blades).
558 Op. cit., Fig. 32 o, and Fig. 35, eighth from left on top row.
559 Mathiassen, 1927, II, p. 125.
560 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 34,2, 3, 5,11. Rainey, 1941 a„Fig. 14, 7, 5.
561 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 322.
562 Op.cit., p. 325.
563 Op. cit., Figs. 109-112.
564 Op. cit., p. 324.
565 Op. cit., p. 325.
566 Dog bone carried as amulet and sign representing it used in place of previous “totem” mark, because man killed game with dog bone when starving (op. cit., pp. 325 f.). Red bear adopted as “totem” mark because man had killed one (p. 326).
567 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 448 f. and note 1 on p. 449.
568 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 323 f.
569 Op. cit, p. 324.
570 Ibid.
571 Op.cit., Pl. 34, 6.
572 NMC IX-B-304.
573 Baba, 1936, Pl. V.
574 Cf. Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 8, 2: a lanceolate head without barbs or inserted blade, with ridged tang.
575 Collins, 1937 o, Pl. 34,12.
576 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LIX, 1-6. Osgood (1940, p. 201) also makes this comparison, and reports that the Ingalik used them with the spear thrower.
577 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Fig. 44,3-10.
578 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Table A 27 and Table B 19.
579 Op. cit., II, p. 65.
580 Jenness, 1925, Fig. 6 b-j, and specimens in NMC. Slate leister prongs were found on the Belcher Islands (Jenness, 1941, Pl. XV, 6,12).
581 Old Bearing Sea (Collins, 1937 a, pp. 131 ff., Pl. 33), Birnirk (UofPM 29-90-314, 313, 317; J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. III, 9), Punuk (Collins, 1937 a, pp. 221, 225, Pl. 71, 1, 2;P1.75,4,5),Thule(Mathiassen, 1927, II, pp. 53 f., 56 f.), Ipiutak (Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. II, 6 bird dart, Pl. III, 11 leister [?] but published as an arrowhead).
582 de Laguna, 1934, p. 196; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933.
583 Northern Coastal (Smith and Wintemberg, 1929, Pl. VI, 6, 7, 9; Pl. VII, j, 2 ?; Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 120 g-j; Taft's Point, Maine (Hadlock, 1939, Pl. 7 b, p. 15); Iroquois (Wintemberg, 1906, pp. 38, 48; 1935, pp. 232 ff.); Owasco (Ritchie, 1928, Pl. IV, 6, 9; 1936 a, Pl. IX, 21-24); Point Peninsula (Nichols, 1928, Pl. 1,3,4,17); Intrusive Mound culture (Mills, 1922, Fig. 87, 3, 4); Laurentian-Archaic (Ritchie, 1939 c, Pl. 1,34).
584 Clark, 1936, Fig. 41,14, Pl. VI, 1,2, pp. 119 ff.
585 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 90 f., Pl. 42.
586 Cf. de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 42, 16, 19. The detached conical tang is common on Hrdlička's Kodiak specimens.
587 de Laguna, 1934, p. 193. The slender barbed point has since been found in the Ipiutak culture (Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. III, 11).
588 Kachemak Bay (de Laguna, 1934, p. 91, Pl. 42, 16), Salish (USNM 209705 from Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, with four barbs, two notches and plain conical tang like our Pl. XXVI, 23, but more slender), Aleut (de Laguna, 1934, p. 192).
589 Leister prongs (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 33, 18, 19), side prongs for bird darts ﹛op. tit., Pl. 35, 5, 6; Pl. 74, 1; UofPM 29-90-314), harpoon heads (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 27, 2; J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. V, 6, 7, 11,12).
590 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LXI a, 1, 2, 9, p. 158.
591 Quinault (Olson, 1936, Fig. 19 e, pp. 75 f.), Ainu (Baba, 1936, Pl. V).
593 Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937 o, Pl. 34, especially 4), Birnirk (J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. III, 7), Ipiutak (Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. III, 9 with end blade).
594 Birnirk (Wissler, 1916, Fig. 25), Okvik (Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 14, 1, 2, 3).
595 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 41, 16, 17.
596 Op. cit., pp. 193 f.; add: Torii, 1919-1921, Fig. 74.
597 Creel, 1937 a, pp. 97 f., Pl. VII; Andersson, 1923, p. 97.
598 Bogoras, 1904-1909, Fig. 74 m.
599 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 34,1.
600 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LXI, b, 8.
601 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 3 4,2,3,4, Types 2 and 2a; Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. III, P. 9.
602 Kachemak Bay I and III and Aleut (de Laguna, 1934, p. 193), Tlingit (Niblack, 1890, Pl. XXVII, 119,120), Wishram (Spier and Sapir, 1930, p. 199. The barbed war arrow was supposed to snap off in the wound, like the Aleut weapon points used for war and whaling), Yurok (Gifford, 1940, Fig. 20 on p. 237).
603 Baba, 1936, Pl. V, 31-35, but with scarfed tangs.
604 M E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 159 ff., Pl. LXI c.
605 Collins, 1937 o, p. 382; add: Yukaghir (Jochelson, 1926, p. 381).
606 Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 14,10-16.
607 Mathiassen, 1927,1, Pl. 84, 8, with scarfed tang.
608 Op.cit., II, p.50.
609 Kutchin (Osgood, 1936, p. 68), Tanaina (Osgood, 1937, p. 90, Pl. 8 G), Carrier (Morice, 1894, Fig. 29. Another form is made with three bone plates, cf. Fig. 28), Quinault (Olson, 1936, Fig. 19 a, p. 76).
610 Gifford, 1940, Zl on p. 224, Z2 and 3 on p. 225. Cf. with the Tlingit type (Niblack, 1890, Fig. 126 c).
611 Cap (Collins, 1937 o, p. 324; Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 14, 10-13), peg (Collins, 1937 a, p. 222, Pl. 74,11; cf. with Okvik specimens in Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 14,14-16).
612 Niblack, 1890, p. 286.
613 Osgood, 1937, pp. 86 f., 89.
614 Jacobsen, 1884, fig. on p. 193.
615 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 157, Pl. LXI b, 26).
616 Collins, 1937 a, p. 223, Pl. 74,16-18.
617 Geist and Rainey, 1936, p. 143, Pl. 44, 11.
618 Collins, 1937 a, p. 331, see also pp. 323-333. Rainey (1941 a, p. 546) would assign the sinew-backed bow to the early Old Bering Sea on the basis of a specimen (Fig. 20, 3) found at Okvik which he identifies as a sinew-twister. Identification is not certain, and it may be intrusive.
619 Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, p. 153, Fig. 70 b.
620 Jochelson,1926,p.384.
621 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 429.
622 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 57, 7.
623 Geist and Rainey, 1936, p. 120, Pl. 29,10; Pl. 47, 7.
624 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field-notes, 1933. Our Eskimo informant made a model of a deadfall for bears with a similar hook.
625 Morice, 1894, Fig. 83, 4.
626 Osgood, 1937, Fig. 22 b.
627 Olson, 1936, p. 51, Fig. 10.
628 Montandon, 1937, Fig. 13, 2.
629 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 43, 14, 15.
630 Op. dt., p. 195.
631 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 35, 9, 10.
632 Op. cit., Pl. 75, 19.
633 Op. cit., Pl. 35, 1, 3, 5; Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 15. 1-4; 1941 b, Pl. II, 14.
634 With holes (Jenness, 1925, Fig. 6 g), without holes (NMC IX-C-442).
635 Kutchin (Osgood, 1936, pp. 68, 73, 84), Carrier (Morice, 1894, p. 71, Fig. 56), Salish (Teit, 1900, p. 252, Fig. 232) Middle Columbia Salish?, but not clearly described (Teit, 1928, p. 118).
636 H. I. Smith, 1903. p. 148.
637 Central California (Heizer and Fenenga, 1939, Fig. 1, JS, transitional period; also early ?, p. 390, description not clear), southern California (specimens in AMNH, SBM, SWM; cf. larger examples of Gifford, 1940, types Tib, Tlh, T2bl, T2c, Ul, 2, 3 on pp. 176 ff.).
638 de Laguna, 1934, p. 196, Pl. 40,8.
639 Torii, 1913-1915, Pl. XIII, described as an awl.
640 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 75, J, 2, 3.
641 Heizer and Fenenga, 1939, Fig. 1, 15, 16: Gifford, 1940, larger examples of types Wl, 2, 3 on p. 224 and types 001 and 2 on p. 233.
642 Mathiassen, 1927, II, p. 55 (cf. also references to Central and Greenland Eskimo); de Laguna, 1934, p. 94, Pl. 43, 16-19; Collins, 1937 a, p. 172, Pl. 56, 3.
643 Punuk: plain (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 75, 8, 9), Punuk: barbed (Op. cit., Pl. 75, 6, 7). The specimens of this type found at Okvik—cf. Rainey, 1941 o, Fig. 15, 6-11—are probably also of Punuk age, intrusive in the Old Bering Sea collection), V-hook: St. Lawrence Island (Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 21, 16), St. Michael (E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 181, Pl. LXIX, 11).
644 de Laguna, 1934, p. 196. Add: St. Lawrence Island (E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LXIX, 25, 29; Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 21,15), Prince William Sound (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field.notes, 1933), California (Gifford, 1940, Fig. 24 on p. 237, smaller examples-of types Wl and W2 on p. 224).
645 NMC IX-C-963, IX-B-273, 274.
646 Quimby, 1940, Fig. 17, b, c,f, g; Jenness, 1941, Pl. XV, 3,4, 7, and bone shank, ibid., Pl. XV, 1, 2.
647 Northern Coastal (Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 120 a-d, k, I, m; W. B. Smith, 1929, Fig. 19), Red Paint (Hadlock, 1939, Pl. 7 b), Pt. Peninsula (Nichols, 1929, Pl. 1,16).
648 Simple V-hook: Makah (Swan, 1870, Fig. 21; Niblack, 1890, Pl. XX, 147), Clayoquot Nootka (Koppert, 1930, Fig. 44), Quinault (Olson, 1936, p. 38), Klallam (Gunther, 1927, p. 200). See also Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 439 f. and Barnett, 1937, p. 164; 1939, p. 230. California (Gifford, 1940, p. 176, smaller examples of types Tib, Tlh, T2bl, T2c, Ul, U2, U3, on pp. 176 ff.; Driver, 1939, p. 313),
649 Kutchin (Osgood, 1936 pp. 74 f.) Carrier (Morice 1894 p. 72, Fig. 59; Jenness, 1937, p. 39), Eyak (Birket- Smith, and de Laguna, 1938, Fig. 14), Tanaina (Osgood, 1937, p. 10, Fig. 27), Thompson (Teit, 1900, Fig. 234 6, p. 253), Koryak (Jochelson, 1904-1908, II, Fig. 78).
650 Jochelson, 1928, p. 29.
651 Willoughby, 1935, Figs. 121, g-i, r, 125; W. B. Smith, 1929, Figs. 12 and 14. For shanks cf. Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 121 s; H. I. Smith and Wintemberg, 1929, Pl. VII, 5-8.
652 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 140 ff., 172.
653 Birket-Smith, 1929, II , pp. 209 f.
654 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 58,11.
655 Murdoch, 1892, p. 286.
656 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LXXIII.
657 Cf. Mathiassen's discussion (1930 a, p. 95).
658 Carrier (Morice, 1894, Fig. 97), Klallam (Gunther, 1930, p. 200, one long stick), Klamath (Spier, 1930, p. 152).
659 Chukchee (Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, Fig. 43 b), St. Michael Eskimo (E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 187 f., Fig. 52), Haida (Niblack, 1890, Pl. XXXII, 162).
660 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Fig. 53 (cf. Fig. 55 from St. Lawrence Island, somewhat similar); Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, Figs. 70 and 85 a).
661 Point Hope (E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LXX, 7), Southampton Island (Mathiassen, 1927, I, p. 280), Carrier (Morice, 1894, p. 36), Haida (Niblack, 1890, Pl. XXXII, 162), Yukaghir (Jochelson, 1926, Fig. 40).
662 Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, p. 148.
663 Wishram (Spier and Sapir, 1930, p. 176), Quinault (Olson, 1936, p. 29 with five grooves), California (Spier, 1930, p. 152; Driver, 1939, p. 312).
664 Jochelson, 1928, p. 29.
665 de Laguna, 1934, p. 170.
666 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 189.
667 Op. cit., Figs. 52 and 53, Pl. LXX, 3,11.
668 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 226 f.; Pl. 75,16.
669 Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 64,6.
670 Borgoras, 1904-1909, I, Fig. 62 b.
671 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, Fig. 70.
672 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 190.
673 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 349; and field notes, 1933
674 Osgood, 1936, pp. 71, 76.
675 Morice, 1894, p. 115, Fig. 104.
676 McRitchie, 1892, Pl. XVII, 10.
677 Bishop, 1926, Pl. 6, 1.
678 Op. cit., explanation of plates on pp. 552 if.
679 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 93.
680 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 112, 199, Tables A 87, and B 56; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 427.
681 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 440.
682 J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. I, 7, wooden shovel with holes for pegging on the edging; U of PM 29-90-350, antler edging for shovel.
683 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXXV, 4, p. 78.
684 Old Bering Sea and Punuk: shovels of walrus scapula (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 50, 6; Pl. 60,12); Kachemak Bay III: shovels of whale bone (de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 48, 11) .
685 Mathiassen, 1927, II, p. 67.
686 Jochelson, 1925, Pl. 26, 36; 1928, Figs. 42 and 44.
687 Mathiassen, 1927,1, p. 79, Pl. 34, J3.
688 Mathiassen, 1930 b, Pl. 18,31, pp. 262 f.; 1933, Fig. 61.
689 Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. VII.
690 Creel, 1937 a, pp. 67, 106 ff., Pl. V.
691 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 172.
692 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LXXXVT, 5, 6, pp. 273 f.; Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 27,5, p. 116.
693 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 416.
694 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933.
695 Specimens presented to the author by Alan G. May of Wenatchee, Washington; Dall, 1878, Pl. 4, Pl. 7, especially 17468 which is rather coarse.
696 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LXXIV, 15, p. 203.
697 Gene Weltfish in Collins, 1937 a, pp. 245 f.
698 Osgood, 1937, p. 77.
699 Teit, 1898-1900, Fig. 131.
700 Olson, 1936, p. 85, Fig. 29 6.
701 Spier and Sapir, 1930, pp. 191 f.
702 Information from Alan G. May.
703 Information from Dr. Verne Ray, University of Washington.
704 Strong, 1935, p. 61.
705 Mills, 1917 a, Fig. 4; 1916, Fig. 124, 2, Fig. 125.
706 Wintemberg, 1936, Pl. XVIII, 6-8.
707 Weltfish, 1930, pp. 482 f.
708 Op.cit., p. 490.
709 Kroeber, 1923, p. 2.
710 Bogoras, 1904-1909, p. 171, Fig. 94.
711 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II , p. 636, Fig. 161.
712 Op. cit., II, p. 639; 1928, Fig. 19 A, pp. 76f.
713 Ohyama, 1930, Fig. 13, on p. 275.
714 McRitchie, 1892, Pls. V, 1, VI, 4.
715 Torii, 1919-1921, Fig. 50; Montandon, 1937, Pls. 26 a, 6,27.
716 Torii, 1919-1921, p. 217; Montandon, 1937, p. 100, Pl. 17 and Figs. 42,43,44. Cf. Hitchcock, 1891, Pl. CIV, for the frame on which such twined mats are made.
717 Creel, 1937 a, p. 176; 1937 b, pp. 142 f. (These mats seem to have been of grass.)
718 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. LXXIV, 9, 11,14.
719 Op. cit.,p. 205, Pl. LXXIV, 2,3,12.
720 Mathiassen, 1936 b, Fig. 55, p. 108.
721 Torii, 1919-1921, pp. 184 f., 186, Fig. 52. Montandon (1937, p. 105) says that the Kurilian Ainu copied coiled basketry from their northern neighbors, and that it is rarely made by the more southern Ainu.
722 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II , 634, Fig. 158.
723 Op. cit., II, Fig. 164.
724 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 417 f.; Wissler, 1917, pp. SO f.
725 GeistandRainey, 1936, pp. 107i., Pl. 23, J.
726 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 128, Pl. LII, 14.
727 Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 47, 2-4: Pl. 19, 1, 2, 3); Birnirk (J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. IV, 1; UofPM 29-90-639); Dorset (Mathiassen, 1927, II, Fig. 166, ; from Cape York, Greenland); Thule ﹛Op. cit., I, Pl. 22, 6, 7; Pl. 58, 7, 8).
728 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 51,13-16; Pl. 47,16, p. 166.
729 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 142 f. Cf. also de Laguna, 1934, p. 201, and Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 421.
730 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXX, 3.
731 Op. cit., Pl. XXX, 17,4 .
732 Op. cit., Pl. XXIX, 4, p. 68.
733 Op. cit., Pls. XXIX, 2,3,5, XXX, 19-25.
734 Op. cit., p. 70.
735 Op. cit., Pl. XXXII, 8.
736 Dall, 1878, p. 23.
737 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 51,12; Pl. 54, 5, pp. 166,170.
738 de Laguna, 1934, p. 208.
739 Collins, 1937 a, p. 298.
740 Creel, 1937 a, pp. 100 f., 119, 67.
741 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 51,1.
742 Niblack, 1890, p. 316, Pls. XXXVIII, 191, 194, 195; XXXIX, 200, 202; XL, 206.
743 Collins, 1937 a, p. 306.
744 Jenness, 1925, Fig. 7 i; NMC IX-B-276 (Labrador); IX-C-106, 107, 193, 264 (Cape Dorset), 118 (Mansel Island); Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 62, 13. Cf. Rowley, 1940, Fig. 2 a, b, c, e.
745 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 58,140 f., Tables A10 and B 8; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 419 ft.
746 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 198 f.; add: Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 66,7; 1929, Pl. 17, b, c, d; Jenness, 1933, p. 393.
747 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 61,143 ff., Tables A18 and B 12; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 419; Osgood, 1940, p. 408.
748 J. A. Mason, 1930, pp. 312 f.
749 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XC.
750 Osgood, 1940, p. 135.
751 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 18, 4; specimens in WSM from Prince William Sound.
752 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes 1933.
753 Osgood, 1937, p. 117.
754 Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 35, 6.
755 Niblack, 1890, p. 281.
756 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 412.
757 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 412; add: Ainu (Baba, 1936, Pl. II, 19, 22, 30), Japan (Munro, 1911, pp. 133 ff.; Higuchi, 1930, fig. on p. 90 from Ehime Province), Mongolia (Torii, 1913-1915, p. 47).
758 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 205 f.; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 480.
759 Coffins, 1937 o, Pl. 59,12; Pl. 83,16; de Laguna, 1934, pp. 104,207.
760 Osgood, 1936, pp. 95, 100; 1937, p. 124; 1940, p. 391; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 238.
761 Morice, 1894,p. III, Fig. 102.
762 E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. III f., Fig. 31.
763 Collins, 1937 a, p. 176, Pl. 46, 9, 10.
764 Osgood, 1940, p. 290; Jacobsen, 1884, Fig. 10, on p. 197.
765 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 95, Table A 65.
766 Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 58, 10; and National Museum of Norway, 29155), Thule (Mathiassen, 1927, II, pp. 113 f.).
767 NMC IX-C-451 from Coats or Mansel Island.
768 Howley, 1915, Pl. XXVII, 35-39.
769 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 95.
770 Mathiassen, 1927,1, pi. 52,13.
771 Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 123, h, i; W. B. Smith, 1929, Fig. 15; Hadlcok, 1941 a, Fig. 3, 10,11.
772 Mentioned in Ritchie, 1937, p. 192.
773 Laurentian-Archaic (Ritchie, 1939, Pl. 1, 19), Intrusive Mound (Mills, 1922, Fig. 98; Ritchie, 1937, Fig. 7, 11), Iroquois (Skinner, 1921, Fig. 8 and Pl. IX a; Parker, 1922, Pl. 34,2, and Fig. 27; AMNH 20.1/6103 and 6106).
774 Fort Ancient (Willoughby, 1920, Pl. 17 k, n, o), Hopewell (Ritchie 1938 a, Pl. 5 q).
775 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 348, Table B 44.
776 Jochelson, 1925, Fig. 63.
777 Osgood, 1937, p. 53.
778 Birket-Smith, 1929, p. 187.
779 Osgood, 1936, pp. 42, 45 f.
780 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Table B 44; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 401 f.
781 Morice.l894, p. 117.
782 It must have been rare here since it is reported only by Nakayama (1934, Pl. VIII).
783 Torii, 1919-1921, Pl. XXXII, J, 2, 3, pp. 157 f.; Baba, 1936, Pl. III, 6, 7, 10 and especially 15.
784 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Table B 44.
785 Specimens in ROMA; Clark 1936, Fig. 55,3.
786 Birket-Smith, 1937, pp. 33 ff.
787 Morice, 1894, Fig. 106.
788 Ohyama, 1930, p. 38.
789 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933.
790 Collins, 1937 a, p. 305, Pl. 82.
791 deLaguna,1934,p.203.
792 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXVII, 19.
793 Birket-Smilh and de Laguna, field notes, 1933. Probably related to the Kachemak Bay III type with one hole (de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 50, 32-38).
794 Collins, 1937 a, p. 305.
795 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 59.
796 Jacobsen, 1884, fig. on p. 217.
797 Spier, 1930, pp. 214 ff.; Osgood, 1936, p. 47, Fig. 6,7; de Laguna, 1934, p. 113 and note 21.
798 Whymper, 1869, p. 204.
799 Jacobsen, 1884, p. 200.
800 Osgood, 1936, pp. 47 f.
801 Cook, 1906, p. 355.
802 Op. cit., pp. 358 f.
803 Jochelson, 1933 b, pp. 22 ff.
804 Torii„1913-1914, p. 83.
805 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 58.
806 Kachemak Bay (de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 49, 10), Chugach (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933), Eyak (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 62; for distribution of work in native copper cf. pp. 404 f.), Northwest Coast (Niblack, 1890, Pl. VI).
807 Niblack, 1890, Pl. VIII.
808 de Laguna, 1934, p. 149 ff.; additional information from Harlan I. Smith, National Museum of Canada. Jenness, 1928, pp. 78 f.
809 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 149 ff.; Osgood, 1937, p. 118.
810 Morice, 1894, pp. 206 ff.
811 Cf. also deLaguna, 1936c.
812 Iiirket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 410 f.
813 Collins, 1937 a, p. 176.
814 Rowley, 1940, p. 495.
815 Cf. Creel, 1937 b, p. 234 and note 1: Paintings in black, white and red on the walls of grave houses.
816 de Laguna, 1934, p. 117. Of course, we cannot be sure that all such paint was naturally baked; some may have been artificially cooked.
817 Qinault (Olson, 1936, p. 59), Klallam (Gunther, 1927, p. 224), Nisqually (Haeberlin and Gunther, 1930, p. 40), Wishram (Spier and Sapir, 1930, p. 208), Makah (Swan, 1870, p. 17).
818 G. I. Harrington, 1918, p. 65.
819 Niblack, 1890, p. 259; Boas, 1921, p. 58.
820 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, p. 629.
821 deLaguna, 1934, pp. 230 f.
822 Brew and Hack, 1939, pp. 8 ff.; cf. bibliography on p. 14.
823 de Laguna, 1940.
824 Jacobsen, 1884, Fig. 1 on p. 214.
825 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 201.
826 Gordon, 1906, p. 83 f.
827 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 202.
828 Op. cit., Pl. XXVIII, 2, p. 65. Cf. also the lamp on a stand from the kashim at Chichinagamut, Kuskokwim Delta, Fig. 79, p. 252.
829 Collins, 1928, p. 254, Figs. 1-4.
830 WSM ace. 100-313. Mended with iron staples. Dark brown ware, gravel temper. Diam. at mouth 23 cm., at bottom 14 cm, height 30.5 cm; de Laguna, 1940, Pl. II, 3.
831 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 349 f. Rainey (1941 a, p. 536) also found six check-stamp sherds at the Old Bering Sea I site at Okvik.
832 Stefansson, 1914, pp. 312 f.
833 Op. cit., p. 342.
834 PMH 62701; de Laguna, 1940, Pl. II, 4.
835 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Fig. 60.
836 Mathiassen, 1930 a, Fig. 17, pp. 63 f. Mathiassen interprets the horizontal grooves as evidence of coiling, but an examination of the pot, now on exhibit in the Danish National Museum, convinces me that they are due to hitting with a stick or ridged paddle. Republished, de Laguna, 1940, Pl. II, 7.
837 WSM 540; de Laguna, 1940, Pl. II, 6.
838 Murdoch, 1892, pp. 91 f., Fig. 22.
839 Mathiassen, 1930 a, p. 16, Pl. 2, 9.
840 Stefánsson, 1914, p. 313.
841 Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pls. 38 and 39, pp. 129 f.; Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 84, 4, 5. Republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 6, 3, 7.
842 Collins, 1937 o, p. 167.
843 Geist and Rainey, 1936, p. 129.
844 Op. cit., pp. 130, 151, 164.
846 Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, pp. 185 f., Fig. 104 b.
846 Collins, 1937 a, p. 347.
847 Geist and Rainey, 1936, Pl. 37; Pl. 38, 8; Pl. SI, 3, p. 131.
848 Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, p. 185, Fig. 104 a. The Reindeer Chukchee use a wooden bowl for a stand (pp. 184 f., Fig. 102 a).
849 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 166 ff., Pl. 52.
850 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 47, 17. Republished, de Laguna, 1940, Pl. I, 2. One of Collins’ sherds grooved by such a paddle is republished in Pl. I, 6. Rainey (1941 a, p. 536) is in error when he describes such pottery as “cord impressed.” Pt. Barrow paddle (AMNH 0/489).
851 Collins, 1937 a, Pl. 58, 14.
852 Op. cit., p. 238.
853 Op. cit., p. 168, cf. Pl. 53, e (republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 4,1), p. 342.
854 Op. cit., pp. 168, 238, 342, 346.
855 Op. cit., Pl. 52,1-3; republished, de Laguna, 1940, Pl. 1,7.
856 J. A. Mason, 1930, p. 386.
867 U of PM 29-90-288 and 565.
858 U of PM 29-90-612.
859 U of PM 29-80-1 and 29-98-1; de Laguna, 1940, Pl. 1,1.
860 PMH 62769, provenience unknown; de Laguna, 1940, Pl. I, 3.
861 AMNH 60/8481.
862 Cape Prince of Wales (Personal communication from Henry B. Collins, Jr.), Kobuk River (Impressions of sherds sent by Dr. Erna Gunther from WSM A 771/378 and 379; personal communication from Dr. James L. Giddings, Jr.).
863 WSM 9999, Grave 15, and 10084, Grave 33; de Laguna, 1940, Pl. II, /, Z. The collection also contains pots of the same shape, but undecorated (1008S, Grave 33). The ware varies from thick clumsy pottery with coarse gravel or broken rock temper to finer pottery with sand temper, and includes some thick pottery with sparse rock and feather temper. The color varies from buff, gray, reddish brown to black, and has a tendency to exfoliate (cf. 10079, Grave 31).
864 WSM 10049, Grave 27; de Laguna, 1940, Pl. I, 8. Undecorated lamps of the same shape are also found.
865 WSM 10060, Grave 29.
866 Mathiassen, 1927, I, pp. 66 f., Pl. 27, 1-3.
867 Op. cit., I, Pl. 84, 12, p. 318.
868 Hough, 1898, p. 1032, from Lyons.
869 Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, pp. 184 ft, Figs. 103,104. Cf. Puoten Bay: large pottery lamp with bridges (10006, Grave 17), pot with lugs (10018, Grave 19), drip pot (10212, house ruin), all in WSM.
870 Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, p. 186.
871 WSM 10086, Grave 34 (de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 6, 6).
872 WSM 10018, Grave 19 (de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 6, 5), 10090, Grave 37, and 10026, toy pot, Grave 20.
873 WSM 10050, Grave 27 (de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 6, 4).
874 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, pp. 637 ff.
875 Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, pp. 186 f.
876 Jochelson, 1928, p. 76.
877 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, p. 639.
878 Op. cit., II, p. 639, Fig. 165 a.
879 Collins, 1937 a, p. 346.
880 Jochelson, 1928, pp. 28, 30.
881 Schnell, 1932, pp. 60, 62. He also (p. 62) mentions differences in the shape of stone lamps, but these seem to me to be insignificant.
882 Schnell, 1932, Pl. XV, 1; Jochelson, Pl. 17, 1, 3; Pl. 18, (republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 8, 6).
883 Torii, 1919-1921, Pl. XXXIII, p. 195; Jochelson, 1928, p. 75; Munro, 1911, pp. 195 f.; Schnell, 1932, p. 64.
884 Jochelson, 1928, pp. 72 f.
885 Schnell, 1932, explanation of Pl. XV, 1.
886 Jochelson, 1928, p. 76.
887 Schnell, 1932, pp. 62 f.
888 With'lugs and ridges inside (Schnell, 1932, Pl. XV, 2; Jochelson, 1928, Pl. 17, 3); without lugs and with ridges and grooves outside made by a comb-like implement (Jochelson, 1928, Pl. 17, 2; republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 8, 7); with lugs inside, some with parallel lines inside, some with ridges outside made of applied strips of clay that tend to break off (Jochelson, 1928, Pl. 18).
889 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, Fig. 165 b, grooves inside or outside?
890 Schnell, 1932, Pl. XV, 1, 2 (republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 8, 5).
891 Schnell, 1932, Pl. XV, 3, with dot decoration, from southeastern Kamchatka.
892 Nakayama, 1934, Pl. 5, 1, 2, 3; (with grooved rims) Fig. 19,2, Pl. 5,4.
893 Jochelson, 1928, Pl. 19 A; republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 8,8.
894 Jochelson, 1928, Pl. 19 B; republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 8, P.
895 Schnell, 1932, Pl. XV, 3.
896 Jochelson, 1928, p. 70.
897 Torii, 1919-1921, pp. 191 ff.
898 Schnell, 1932, p. 58.
898 Op. cit., pp. 54, 56 f.
900 Op. cit., pp. 57 f:
901 Torii, 1919-1921, p. 188 (my translation), and Fig. 57.
902 Hirako, 1929, frontispiece Fig. K, P, and 11 (?); Schnell, 1932, Pls. VI, 2, 3; VII, 1, 2; VIII, 1; X, 1, 2; XI, 1, 2 (some of these are republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 8, 10-13); Baba, 1934, Fig. 10; 1936, Pl. III, 4, 6.
903 Schnell, 1932, Pl. VII, 4.
904 Hirako, 1929, frontispiece Fig. K, 7, with Type A decoration around the upper part of the vessel made of applied ribbons of clay.
905 Schnell, 1932, Pl. VII, J and description of plate.
906 Cf. Baba, 1934, Fig. 9; 1936, Pl. III, 1.
907 To the references given above, add: Baba, 1934, Fig. 12; 1936, Pl. III, 3, 7; Schnell, 1932, Pl. XI, 3.
908 Schnell, 1932, Pls. VIII, 2; IX, 1, 2; X, 3,4; p. 54.
909 Op. cit., Pl. VIII, 2.
910 Op. cit., Pls. VIII, 3, XI, 6, 7, pp. 54 f. (One of these is republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 8, 14); Torii, 1919-1921, Fig. 51.
911 Hitchcock, 1891, Pl. LXXIII, especially the pot on the top row near the middle. Cf. also Yonemura, 1935, frontispiece; and Kono, 1932, frontispiece and Fig. a on p. 173.
912 ROMA PA 83, 84, 85.
913 Torii, 1919-1921, p. 191 (my translation).
914 Schnell, 1932, p. 57; cf. p. 42 for dates.
915 Op. cit., p. 30, Pls. II, III, 1-3, and Fig. 7 (republished, de Laguna, Fig. 8,15-17).
916 Hasebe, 1927, Pl. IV, 2, 3, 4, 7.
917 Hamada, Komaki, and Shimada, 1926, (2), figs, on pp. 80, 81, 82.
918 Yahata, 1936, Fig. 2, 4.
919 Morse, 1879, p. 78, cf. Pl. III, 15 for a high stand.
920 Op. cit., cf. esp. Pl. XI, 6, 7, 23.
921 Op. cit., explanation of Pl. VII.
922 Op. cit., Pls. V, 7; VI, 2, 3, 8, 9; VIII, 14, 15; X, 1.
923 Op. cit., Pls. IV; V, 5.
924 Nakane, 1930, frontispiece.
925 Hamada, 1918; 1920; Liang, 1930, p. 64; Schnell, 1932, pp. 31, 40.
926 Kiyono, Shimada, and Hamada, 1920; Liang, 1930, pp. 63 f.
927 Schnell, 1932, p. 41; Liang, 1930, pp. 63 f.
928 Liang, 1930, pp. 62 f.
929 Op. cit., pp. 61 f.
930 Op. cit., Table 10, pp. 73 f.
931 Op. cit., p. 65.
932 AST-J, vol. XLI, Pl. III; Komaki, 1927, Pl. X a.
933 Liang, 1930, pp. 75 f.
934 Bishop, 1933, p. 398; Torii, 1913-1914, p. 50; Liang, 1930, p. 60 note 23.
935 Torii, 1913-1915, Fig. 21,18; Fig. 26.
936 Op. cit., Fig. 22.
937 Op. cit., p. 41; Liang, 1930, p. 58.
938 Torii, 1913-1915, Fig. 41.
939 Op. cit., Pl. XIV.
940 Torii, 1913-1914, pp. 49 f., Fig. 48.
941 Op. cit., pp. 58 ff.
942 Op. cit., pp. 61, 89 f., Pl. VIII, 62, 63, 68.
943 Op. cit., pp. 61 f., 64 f., 68.
944 Cf. Op. cit., Pl. XI, for such stamped patterns.
945 Op. cit., Pls. IIIB a; V, 4; VI, 37, 38; VIII, 75; IX, 88, 90, 93,100.
946 Op. cit., pp. SI f., Fig. 46.
947 Liang, 1930, pp. 10 f.
948 Op. cit., Pls. 16 and 17, p. 30.
949 Op. cit., pp. 55 f.
950 Op. cit., pp. 52 f., 55.
951 Andersson, 1923, Pl. XV, 7, p. 28.
952 Bishop, 1933, p. 398, Pl. IV, ;, 2.
953 Liang, 1930, p. 75.
954 Bishop, 1930, p. 389; Liang, 1930, p. 38.
955 Weyer, 1930, p. 263.
956 de Laguna, 1934, p. 68, Pl. 29,1.
957 Op. cit., pp. 21 f.
958 Jacobsen, 1884, p. 372 (my translation).
959 Osgood, 1937, p. 77.
960 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 348 f.; Steller in Golder, vol. 2, p. S3 and note 101.
961 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 76 f., Fig. 6.
962 de Laguna, 1939 b. I have only recently been able to examine the potsherds collected by Hrdlifka from southern Kodiak sites. The ware is very similar to that of the southern Eskimo and Tena. The neck of one pot, a modified situla, is grooved and ridged outside.
963 Jochelson, 1925, p. 28.
964 Dall, 1877 b, p. 80, and Fig. 15021.
965 Jochelson, 1925, p. 122.
966 Dall, 1870, p. 478.
967 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 104.
968 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 218 f.
969 Jochelson, 1905-1908, p. 642. The concrete-like pottery from early levels on Amaknak Island (Quimby, 1945 b) is quite different from anything we have discussed, and seems only to complicate the problem,
970 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 216 ff.
971 Wissler, 1916, p. 71. In the third edition (1938, pp. 66 ff.) he merely suggests this as a possibility.
972 Strong, 1935, pp. 58 f., 64 ff., 79 ff., 82 ff., 129 ff.
973 Op. cit., p. 247.
974 Op. cit., p. 251.
975 WSM 884.
976 Sapir, 1923, pp. 252 f.
977 de Laguna, 1934, p. 66, Pl. 28.
978 Petroff, 1884, p. 5.
979 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 177 f., note 189; Hrdlička, 1932, Fig. 97.
980 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XVIII, 6.
981 Three small lamps without external decoration: Khotol River; Yukon Fox Farm III, Kachemak Bay (de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 28); and of unknown provenience in the museum at Sitka (Pl. 70, 1); three large lamps with external decoration: two from Fish Creek, Cook Inlet, one now at Juneau, the second (Pl. 70,2) at the Museum of the American Indian, and the third from Kenai Lake, Kenai Peninsula, now in the U of PM (Pl. 69); a small lamp with human figure, on its back, not sitting up as on the other lamps, and an animal's head at the lip end, from Uyak Bay, Kodiak Island, now at the USNM. (Cf. pp. 177 f.)
982 Bogoras, 1904-1909, II, p. 397.
983 Op. cit., II, p. 398. For a complete description of the ceremony, cf. pp. 392-399.
984 de Laguna, 1934, p. 66, Pl. 25, 2.
985 Petroff, 1884, pp. 130,131. 988 Hough, 1898, p. 1038: The Yukon-Kuskokwim clay lamps seem to be intruded into a stone lamp area, or represent the substitution of clay for stone. “The shape of the Yukon type, the absence of a definite wick edge or lip, and the method of burning by a wick brought up at the side relate them to the lamps of eastern Asia, or the simple dish lamps of diverse ages and peoples.”
Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 100 ff.: Distribution of the stone lamp on both sides of the pottery lamp proves it to be the older type. The naturally hollow stone is the oldest form of Eskimo lamp, then came the oval-shaped lamp, and finally the crescentic lamp with long wick edge (pp. 189 ff.). The bowl-shaped lamp for illumination belongs to the Icehunting stage and can be traced back to the Upper Paleolithic of Europe.
Mathiassen, 1930 c, p. 598: “The lamp is an Asiatic element introduced into America by the Eskimo, probably at first as a round or oval clay vessel, later on made of soapstone.”
Collins, 1937 a, pp. 341 ff.
987 Hough, 1898, pp. 1033, 1038, 1040.
988 Mathiassen, 1930 a, pp. 89 ff.
989 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 104.
990 Op. cit., II, pp. 99 ff.
991 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 190; de Laguna, 1934; pp. 63 ff., 145 ff., 176; Osgood, 1937, Pl. 11 A, B.
992 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXVIII, 6; Geist and Rainey, 1936 Pl. 39 2.
993 WSM 10130 and 10131.
994 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, pp. 565 f., especially Fig. 99 a.
995 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 29, 5.
996 de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 4, 4; Rowley, 1940, Fig. 1 a; NMC IX-C-206, 247, 415, 417, 432, IX-B-313.
997 PMH 66424, 80456; Howley, 1915, Pl. XXXII, 2, and 1 (?); Jenness, 1933, p. 393; Wintemberg, 1939-1940, Pl. XV-2, 1.
998 Patterson, 1891, p. 162.
999 Specimens in NMD.
1000 Hough, 1929, p. S3.
1001 de Saint-Perrier, 1926, Figs. 10, 12-16; Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris, E-1920-2.
1002 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 343, 348.
1003 Mathiassen, 1935; Clark, 1936, Fig. 53, 5.
1004 Hough, 1929, Pl. 2 a, 7-10; Pl. 41 b, 10-13 (India), Pl. 54, 9-11 (Ceylon). Some of these are republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 4, 3, 5-7.
1005 Bergman, 1935, Pl. IX, 13, p. 97.
1006 Hough, 1929, p. 55.
1007 Woolley, 1934, p. 283, Pl. 101 a (shell), Pls. 173 a, 240 (metal), p. 183, Pl. 182 a (stone). The pointed oval stone vessels (Pl. 250, types 98 and 102) are also shaped like lamps.
1008 Hough, 1898, Fig. 3, oval stone lamp from mediaeval Scotland.
1009 Tsunoda, 1935, frontispiece and Fig. 2 on p. 294; Higuchi, 1930, fig. on p. 91. Identification of these as lamps is, I admit, somewhat uncertain.
1010 Baba, 1936, Pl. II, 2, of pottery (republished, de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 4, ?); Torii, 1919-1921, p. 102 (my translation).
1011 de Laguna, 1934, p. 180; 1940, Fig. 8, 10 (Kamchadal) Fig. 8, 0, 11 (Aleut).
1012 Teit, 1906, p. 281, Fig. 97; cf. also H. I. Smith, 1913, Pl. IV, “mortar or anvil,” but shaped like an oval lamp.
1013 Jochelson, 1905-1908, Pl. 37.
1014 Collins, 1937 a, p. 348.
1015 NMC IX-C-415, 920 (Cape Dorset), IX-C-1121 (Home Bay; de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 5, 1), IX-C-432 (Coats or Mansel Island), IX-A-581 (McLeland Strait), Wintemberg, 1939-1940, Pl. XVI-1, 20, p. 319, “the bottom plates of compound pots” (Newfoundland).
1016 Cf. NMC IX-B-137 from Nuvuk Island near Labrador.
1017 de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 5,9; PMH 66423,67544,66419 with lug; Howley, 1915, Pl. XXXII, 3, 4; Wintemberg, 1939-1940, pp. 317 ff., Pl. XVI-1,18, 21.
1018 Birket-Smith, 1929,1, p. 142, Fig. 42.
1019 Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 82, 3.
1020 Op. cit., II, p. 99.
1021 Op. cit., II, pp. 103 ff.
1022 Op. cit., II, p. 132.
1023 de Laguna, 1940, p. 62. For typical shapes cf. Willoughby, 1935, Fig. 84.
1024 Information from Dr. Wm. A. Ritchie.
1025 Birket-Smith, 1929, II , p. 104.
1026 Arctic Alaska (WSM 886), Kotzebue Sound (Hough, 1898, Pl. 12, ; ) , Cape Darby (Op. cit., Pl. 12, 2; E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 65), Norton Bay (Hough, 1898, Pl. 13, 1, 2; E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXVIII, 12), St. Michael (Op. cit., Pl. XXVIII, 11).
1027 Compare the modern Copper Eskimo lamp (Jenness, 1922, Fig. 8), modern Mackenzie Eskimo lamp (Hough, 1898, Pl. 10), modern imported lamp obtained at Point Barrow (Op. cit., Pl. 11), modern copy in wood with tin to protect the wick edge, from Puoten Bay, Siberia (WSM 10088).
1028 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 29, 7.
1029 Hough, 1898, Pl. 17, p. 1052; E. W. Nelson, 1899, Pl. XXVIII, 3; WSM 879, 880 (de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 5, 5,6).
1030 Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, p. 185, Fig. 103.
1031 Collins, 1937 a, p. 346.
1032 Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, pp. 184 f., Fig. 102 b.
1033 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 24, 2 (Kachemak Bay III with two knobs), pp. 177, 179; Jochelson, 1925, Pl. 18, 2, 7 (Aleut with a single knob).
1034 WSM, Gudmundson Collection, exact provenience unknown; de Laguna, 1940, Fig. 5, 4.
1035 Mathiassen, 1927, II, p. 100.
1036 Hough, 1898, p. 1034.
1037 Op. cit., p. 1051, Pl. 15, 4; Mathiassen, 1927, II, p. 100.
1038 Information from James Mellon Menzies; Hough, 1929, Pl. 48, 1.
1039 China (Op. cit., Pl. 12, 4), Japan (Pl. 13, 1, 2), Europe (Pl. 12, 1, 2; Pl. 13, 3).
1040 Mathiassen, 1927, II, p. 121; Collins, 1937 a, p. 266, note 18.
1041 Rowley, 1940, Fig. 3 d, pp. 495 f.
1042 Osgood, 1936, pp. 26, 92.
1043 Hallowell, 1926, p. 158; Cooper (1936, p. 31) however, reports that it is lacking among the Athabaskans of the Pacific drainage area; Osgood (1940, p. 451) reports it absent from the Ingalik.
1044 Jenks, 1932, p. 456.
1045 Collins, 1937 a, p. 288.
1046 de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 52, 8.
1047 de Laguna, 1936 c; and Chapter IV of this book.
1048 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 77.
1049 Mathiassen, 1927,1, Pl. 30, 23, p. 73; cf. Boas, 1907, Fig. 217.
1050 Salish (H. I. Smith, 1900, Fig. 377), Aleut (Jochelson, 1925, Fig. 70), California (Gifford, 1940, figs, on pp. 214 ff. and 219 ff., cf. pp. 233 f.).
1051 Baba, 1934, frontispiece, 5.
1052 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 78.
1053 Collins, 1937 a, p. 288.
1054 de Laguna, 1934, p. 210; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933. Quimby (1945 a, pp. 76 f.) cites archaeological evidence that the round bored dot is relatively late on the Aleutians.
1055 Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937 a, Fig. 6,4; Fig. 15, and especially Pl. 19, 2; Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. II, 3, 14; Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 4, 8; Fig. 18, 8; Fig. 23,1, etc.), Birnirk (U of PM NA 10469), Dorset (specimens in NMC; Rowley, 1940, Fig. 2 e; note survival of this element on the Belcher Islands; Quimby, 1940, Fig. 18 d), Aleut (Hoffman, 1897, Pl. 57, 2).
1056 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 79. Note a similar use of dots by the Ingalik (Osgood, 1940, frontispiece).
1057 de Laguna, 1934, p. 209. Quimby (1945 a, p. 76) finds that transverse lines in groups of three are a characteristic of early Aleut art which has lasted on into a relatively late period.
1058 Collins, 1937 a, p. 287; de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 87.
1059 Jenness, 1925, Fig. 8 e, f; Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 62, 8-11, 15; Rowley, 1940, Fig. 3 b, e.
1060 Collins, 1937 a, Fig. 6,1, cf. 2 and 3; Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 4, 4; Fig. 5, 6; Fig. 6, 8.
1061 Collins, 1937 a, p. 287.
1062 de Laguna, 1934, p. 209.
1063 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 85; Collins, 1937 a, p. 289. Quimby (1945 a, Pl. XIII, 18) illustrates an early Aleut specimen with long slanting spurs on one side of the line.
1064 Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937 a, Fig. 6, 6, 9: Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 21, 1, 3, 8, 10); Ipiutak (Rainey, 1941 b, Pls. II, 6, V, 1), Dorset (NMC specimens), Kachemak Bay (de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 50, 24), Prince William Sound (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933).
1065 Old Bering Sea (Collins, 1937 a, Fig. 6, 7, 8; Fig. 15, 13: Rainey, 1941 o, Fig. 26,3; Fig. 35, 6), Ipiutak (Rainey, 1941 b, Pls. II, 2, III, 1) , Punuk (Collins, 1929, Pl. 13 c, d), Dorset (Rowley, 1940, Fig. 3 e), Kachemak Bay (de Laguna, 1934, Pl. 50, 31), Prince William Sound (Birket- Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933), modern Point Barrow (de Laguna, 1932-1933, II , Pls. XVIII B, 9, XX B, 2).
1066 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 88; Collins, 1937 a, p. 288.
1067 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933.
1068 Collins, 1937 a, Fig. 6, 9; Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. III, 4.
1069 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II , Pl. XIX A, 4.
1070 Dorset (Mathiassen, 1927, II, Pl. 62, 7, 11; Rowley, 1940, Fig. 3 a, e, p. 495: “ … the peculiarly complicated designs (some of them tree-like) on the sides and ends of the box fragments … are without parallel and surely had a special significance.”), Thule? (Mathiassen, 1927, I, Pl. 31, 2), Birnirk (J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. IV, 1), Norton Sound-Bristol Bay (de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 90).
1071 Rainey, 1941, a Fig. 18,10; Fig. 36, 6.
1072 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 88; Collins, 1937 a, p. 288, Fig. 8; Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. III, 1.
1073 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, pp. 95 f.; 1934, p. 210; Collins, 1937 a, pp. 287 f.; Rainey, 1941 b, Pl. III, 1.
1074 Osgood, 1937, Fig. 32 c.
1075 Mathiassen, 1927, I, .Pl. 62, 19.
1076 Collins, 1937 a, p. 287, Fig. 5; Fig. 6,16, 20; Rainey, 1941 a, Fig. 26,4.
1077 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 94; Quimby, 1940, Fig. 18 h.
1078 de Laguna, 1934, p. 210.
1079 Gifford, 1940, Type B 4 on p. 205.
1080 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, pp. 91 f.; 1934, Pl. 26, 3; cf. Collins, 1937 a, pp. 287 f.
1081 Quimby, 1940, Fig. Fig. 18 b, d.
1082 Mathiassen, 1927, II, pp. 123 f.; Collins, 1937 a, p. 288.
1083 Rainey, 1941 a, Figs. 28, 5, 12,10.
1084 jenness) 1925, Fig. 7 j . (The illustration omits a few lines, clearly visible on the specimen). Rowley, 1904, Fig. 3 a, e.
1085 de Laguna, 1932-1933, n , p. 98; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933.
1086 Collins, 1937 a, Fig. 15, 9.
1087 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 287 f.
1088 Op. cit., pp. 288 f.; cf. de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 87.
1089 Collins, 1937 a, p. 289.
1090 Ibid.
1091 Op. cit., p. 290.
1092 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 210 f. See the discussion of this position in Quimby 1945 a.
1093 Collins, 1937 a, p. 290.
1094 Op. cit., p. 292, quoting from Boas.
1095 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II , pp. 80 fi.; 1934, p. 218.
1096 de Laguna, 1934, p. 210, discussed in connection with the carved stone lamps with human figure in the bowl.
1097 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, p. 99; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933.
1098 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 293 ff., 296; cf. de Laguna, 1932- 1933, II, passim.
1099 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, esp. pp. 99 f., 103.
1100 Op. cit., II, p. 85.
1101 Collins, 1937 a, pp. 295 f.
1102 Op. cit., p. 300.
1103 Op. cit., p. 292.
1104 Adams, 1936.
1105 Creel, 1937 b, pp. 248 f.
1106 Creel, 1937 a, p. 122.
1107 For example, Montandon (1937, pp. 164 f., Pl. 19) points out similarities in design composition in Ainu clothing and Chilkat blankets, and believes that Northwest Coast art is related to that of the Ainu.
1108 de Laguna, 1932-1933, II, pp. 79, 82 f.; Collins, 1937 a, pp. 301 ff.