Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T05:16:44.969Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Validation and Cross-Cultural Pilot Testing of Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale: Self-Administered Instrument for Clinical Nurses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 May 2016

Simon C. Lam
Simon C. Lam*
Affiliation:
Division of Nursing and Health Studies, School of Science and Technology, Open University of Hong Kong, Homantin, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
*
Division of Nursing and Health Studies, School of Science and Technology, Open University of Hong Kong, 30 Good Shepherd Street, Homantin, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (chlam@ouhk.edu.hk)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective.

To perform detailed psychometric testing of the compliance with standard precautions scale (CSPS) in measuring compliance with standard precautions of clinical nurses and to conduct cross-cultural pilot testing and assess the relevance of the CSPS on an international platform.

Design.

A cross-sectional and correlational design with repeated measures.

Setting.

Nursing students from a local registered nurse training university, nurses from different hospitals in Hong Kong, and experts in an international conference.

Methods.

The psychometric properties of the CSPS were evaluated via internal consistency, 2-week and 3-month test-retest reliability, concurrent validation, and construct validation. The cross-cultural pilot testing and relevance check was examined by experts on infection control from various developed and developing regions.

Results.

Among 453 participants, 193 were nursing students, 165 were enrolled nurses, and 95 were registered nurses. The results showed that the CSPS had satisfactory reliability (Cronbach α = 0.73; intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.79 for 2-week test-retest and 0.74 for 3-month test-retest) and validity (optimum correlation with criterion measure; r = 0.76, P < .001; satisfactory results on known-group method and hypothesis testing). A total of 19 experts from 16 countries assured that most of the CSPS findings were relevant and globally applicable.

Conclusions.

The CSPS demonstrated satisfactory results on the basis of the standard international criteria on psychometric testing, which ascertained the reliability and validity of this instrument in measuring the compliance of clinical nurses with standard precautions. The cross-cultural pilot testing further reinforced the instrument's relevance and applicability in most developed and developing regions.

Type
Original Article
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 35 , Issue 5 , May 2014 , pp. 547 - 555
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Practical Guide. Geneva: WHO, 2002.Google Scholar
2. Chief Medical Officer Annual Report. Strengthening the Patients' Hand. London: Department of Health, 2006.Google Scholar
3. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Worker Health Chartbook 2004. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH, 2004. Publication 2004-146.Google Scholar
4. Dimick, JB, Swoboda, SM, Pronovost, PJ, Lipsett, PA. Effect of nurse-to-patient ratio in the intensive care unit on pulmonary complications and resource use after hepatectomy. Am J Crit Care 2001;10(6)376–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5. Needleman, J, Buerhaus, P, Mattke, S, Stewart, M, Zelevinsky, K. Nurse-staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals. N Engl J Med 2002;346(22)1715–1722.Google Scholar
6. Siegel, JD, Rhinehart, E, Jackson, M, Chiarello, L; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf. Accessed April 2, 2013.Google Scholar
7. O'Boyle, C, Jackson, M, Henly, SJ. Staffing requirements for infection control programs in US health care facilities: Delphi project. Am J Infect Control 2002;30(6)321–333.Google Scholar
8. Lam, SC. Universal to standard precautions in disease prevention: preliminary development of compliance scale for clinical nursing. Int J Nurs Stud 2011;48:1533–1539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Lam, SC, Ho, YC, Chan, JTW, et al. Psychometric testing of compliance with universal precautions scale in clinical nursing. J Clin Nurs 2012;21(9/10)1486–1489.Google Scholar
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Supplement I: Infection Control in Healthcare, Home, and Community Settings. Appendix II: Recommendations for Application of Standard Precautions for the Care of All Patients in Health Care Settings. Atlanta: CDC, 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/sars/guidance/I-infection/appl.pdf. Accessed December 18, 2013.Google Scholar
11. World Health Organization (WHO). Practical Guidelines for Infection Control in Health Care Facilities. Manila: WHO Western Pacific Region, 2007.Google Scholar
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36(suppl 2S)1–18.Google Scholar
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988;37(24)377–388.Google Scholar
14. Lam, SC, Fung, ESS, Hon, LKY, Ip, MPY, Chan, JHT. Nursing students' compliance with universal precautions in Hong Kong. J Clin Nurs 2010;19:3247–3250.Google Scholar
15. Mishel, MH. Methodological studies: instrument development. In: Brink, PJ, Wood, MJ. Advanced Design in Nursing Research. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 1998 235–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Portney, LG, Watkins, MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. 3rd ed. London: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.Google Scholar
17. Streiner, DL, Norman, GR. Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
18. Chan, R, Molassiotis, A, Chan, E, et al. Nurses' knowledge of and compliance with universal precautions in an acute care hospital. Int J Nurs Stud 2002;39:157–163.Google Scholar
19. Pereira, FMV. Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS) to Brazilian Nursing Professionals. Säo Paulo: Säo Paulo Research Foundation, 2012. http://www.bv.fapesp.br/en/bolsas/137436/cultural-adaptation-and-validation-of-compliance-with-standard-precautions-scale-csps-to-brazilian-n/. Accessed May 6, 2013.Google Scholar
20. Feng, ZX, Hui, SL. The quantity and qualitative research of standard precautions in emergency department of Qingdao [MS dissertation]. Qingdao: Qingdao University, 2013.Google Scholar
21. Lam, SC, Tsang, CMS, Cheung, RLS, et al. Investigation on the compliance with standard precautions among nurses in Hong Kong hospitals. Int J Infect Dis 2012;16:e386.Google Scholar
22. Hayes, RB. Introduction in Compliance in Healthcare. Baltimore: John Hopkins University, 1979.Google Scholar
23. Lam, SC, Lee, LYK, Tiu, MMH, Wong, YY, Lam, PK. Validation of compliance with universal precautions scale in clinical setting. In: Program and abstracts of the International Council of Nurses Conference; May 12-16, 2011; Malta. Abstract P-T-123.Google Scholar
24. Skevington, SM, Mahmoud, L, Kathryn, AO. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Qual Life Res 2004;13(2):299–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Giraudeau, B, Mary, JY. Planning a reproducibility study: how many subjects and how many replicates per subject for an expected width of the 95 per cent confidence interval of the in-traclass correlation coefficient. Stat Med 2001;20:3205–3214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26. Askarian, M, McLaws, ML, Meylan, M. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to standard precautions of surgeons and physicians in university-affiliated hospitals of Shiraz, Iran. Int J Infect Dis 2007;11:213–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27. Chan, MF, Ho, A, Day, MC. Investigating the knowledge, attitudes and practice patterns of operating room staff towards standard and transmission-based precautions: results of a cluster analysis. J Clin Nurs 2008;17:1051–1062.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28. Efstathiou, G, Papastavrou, E, Raftopoulos, V, Merkouris, A. Compliance of Cypriot nurses with standard precautions to avoid exposure to pathogens. Nurs Health Sci 2011;13:53–59.Google Scholar
29. Nursing Council of Hong Kong (NCHK). A Reference Guide to the Syllabus of Subjects and Requirements for the Preparation of Registered Nurse (General) in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Hong Kong: NCHK, 2012. http://www.nchk.org.hk/filemanager/en/pdf/sf04.pdf. Accessed May 6, 2013.Google Scholar
30. Gammon, J, Morgan-Samuel, H, Gould, D. A review of the evidence for suboptimal compliance of healthcare practitioners to standard/universal infection control precautions. J Clin Nurs 2008;17:157–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. Kermode, M, Jolley, D, Langkham, B, Thomas, MS, Holmes, W, Gifford, SM. Compliance with universal/standard precautions among health care workers in rural north India. Am J Infect Control 2005;33(1)27–33.Google Scholar