Key terms and symbols

Anghoff’s approach

borderline-group approach

coefficient of reproducibility (CR)

coefficient of scalability (CS)

content validity

consequential basis (for justifying test validity)

construct validity

content validity

contrasting-groups approach

cut-point

differential groups studies (of construct validity)

decision errors

decision validity

Ebel’s approach

economic perspectives

experts

explanatory perspectives

evidential basis (for justifying test validity)

expert judgments approach (to content validity)

false negatives

false positives

functional perspectives

grading on a curve

hierarchical-structure approach (to construct validity)

implicational scaling

intervention studies (of construct validity)

Jaeger’s approach

masters

method effect

minimal marginal reproducibility (MMR)

Nedelsky’s approach

non-masters

original overlapping-groups strategy

percentage of acceptable performances strategy

percentage of improvement (PI)

performance testing

political perspectives

protecting-the-institution strategy

protecting-the-students strategy

social consequences of test use

standard

standards setting

state-mastery approaches

strong explanatory approaches

student-centered continuum approaches

test-centered continuum approaches

test interpretation (function of testing)

test use (function of testing)

theoretical arguments approach (to content validity)

truly differential groups (of construct validity)

validity

weak explanatory approaches