Photovermellogens: Minimalistic Pyridinium-Based Metastable Acylhydrazone Photobases for Operation in Aqueous Media

22 November 2025, Version 1
This content is an early or alternative research output and has not been peer-reviewed by Cambridge University Press at the time of posting.

Abstract

Examples of a new class of synthetically straightforward accessible and hydrolytically-inert pho-toswitchable hydrazones, named photovermellogens, have been successfully developed and comprehensively studied using state-of-the-art spectroscopic and computational techniques. These compounds function as metastable-state photobases, with irradiation promoting E→Z photoisomerizations which result in the generation of a less acidic species. The observed ΔpKa values > 1.5 within the biologically relevant window, underscore the potential of photovermellogens as versatile platforms for light-triggered pH con-trol.

Supplementary materials

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Supplementary Material S1
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Experimental details, synthetic procedures, and characterization data for new compounds, hydrolytic stabilities, titration data for the determination of pKa values, isomerization photochemical data, crystallographic data for E-PaH·PF6, E-PbH·I, and E-PcH·PF6 (CCDC: 2486929, 2487028, and 2486961, respectively), and additional figures (S1.pdf)
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Supplementary Material S2
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Computation of free energies, absorption spectra, thermal and complementary data for thermal and photoisomerization (S2.pdf)
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Supplementary Material S3
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Coordinates for all computed structures, outputs of quantum chemical calculations (S3.zip)
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