A Shape Decomposition for a Divisor–Goldbach Recursion and Closed Forms for Shape Coefficients

24 February 2026, Version 1
This content is an early or alternative research output and has not been peer-reviewed by Cambridge University Press at the time of posting.

Abstract

We define an integer recursion that uses divisor-pair products on composites and a Goldbach-type additive convolution on primes. We prove that the values admit a shape decomposition into a prime-dependent part and a universal coefficient depending only on the exponent pattern of the integer. These coefficients satisfy a prime-free recursion and have a combinatorial interpretation as an orbit count of labelled unordered full binary trees under symmetric-group actions, using the fact that tree automorphism groups are 2-groups. We obtain bounds, supermultiplicativity under block union, and exact closed forms for several infinite families, together with arithmetic corollaries.

Keywords

Number theory
Enumerative combinatorics
Integer recursion
Orbit counting
Burnside’s lemma
Unordered binary trees
2-groups

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