A systematic literature review of studies using the IAEA Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED)

Simulating energy demand is essential for assessing energy transitions aligned with the Paris Agreement and Net Zero commitments. In this context, robust demand assessments tools are critical where energy planning must support social and economic growth while reducing emissions. One such tool is the Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED), developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984. Despite its long-standing use, there has been no systematic review of MAED’s methodological advancements, application, or relevance to evolving policy priorities. This paper addresses that gap by critically reviewing the academic literature on MAED, guided by three core questions: What are the primary applications of MAED in energy demand analysis? What are its methodological strengths and limitations? And what are the opportunities for improving its use in future energy planning? Using a systematic review methodology, 48 peer-reviewed studies published between 1990 and 2025 were analysed. The review examines trends in publication, geographical and sectoral coverage, data availability, and integration with other modelling tools. The findings of this paper show that MAED is widely used in low and lower-middle-income countries, demonstrating its accessibility. Its strengths include structured scenario development, sectoral disaggregation, and suitability for long-term estimates under diverse socio-economic conditions. Integration with Energy System Optimisation Models (ESOMs) has enhanced MAED’s capacity to address broader themes, including affordability, emissions, and energy security. However, challenges remain, including its dependence on extensive input data, limited flexibility in representing detailed technological change, and a lack of open-access studies.