Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T18:05:26.438Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Presupposing Weber's Law: Theory without independent confirmation is circular

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Mark Wagner
Mark Wagner
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa.17604
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , June 1988 , pp. 312 - 313
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alfano, R. R. & Ockman, N. (1968) Methods for detecting weak light signals. Journal of the Optical Society of America 58:90–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, H. B. (1958) Temporal and spatial summation in human vision at different background intensities. Journal of Physiology 141:337–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, H. B. (1965) Optic nerve impulses and Weber's Law. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 30:539–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, H. B., Fitzhugh, R. & Kuffler, S. W. (1957) Change of organization in the receptive fields of the cat's retina during dark adaptation. Journal of Physiology 137:338–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, H. B. & Levick, W. R. (1969) Coding of light intensity by the cat retina. In: Processing of optical data by organisms and by machines, ed. Reichardt, W.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bartlett, N. R. (1942) The discrimination of two simultaneously presented brightnesses. Journal of Experimental Psychology 31:380–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baylor, D. A. & Fuortes, M. G. F. (1970) Electrical responses of single cones in the retina of the turtle. Journal of Physiology 207:77–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baylor, D. A., Hodgkin, A. L. & Lamb, T. D. (1974) The electrical response of turtle cones to flashes and steps of light. Journal of Physiology 242:685–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bittini, M., Ercoles, A. M., Fiorentini, A., Ronchi, L. & Toraldo di Francia, G. (1960) Enhanced contrast of an indefinitely contoured object by movement or intermittent illumination. Attidella Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi 15:62–84.Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. (1956) The concept of capacity and the theory of behaviour. In: Information theory, ed. Cherry, C.. Butterworth.Google Scholar
Campbell, F. W. & Green, D. G. (1965) Monocular versus binocular visual acuity. Nature 208:191–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, F. W. & Green, D. G. (1965a) Optical and retinal factors affecting visual resolution. Journal of Physiology 181:576–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, F. W., Johnstone, J. R. & Ross, J. (1981) An explanation for the visibility of low frequency gratings. Vision Research 21:723–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, F. W. & Kulikowski, J. J. (1966) Orientational selectivity of the human visual system. Journal of Physiology 187:437–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, F. W. & Robson, J. G. (1968) Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. Journal of Physiology 197:551–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlyon, R. P. & Moore, B. C. J. (1984) Intensity discrimination: A severe departure from Weber's Law. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 76:1369–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlyon, R. P. & Moore, B. C. J. (1986a) Continuous versus grated pedestals and the “severe departure” from Weber's Law. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79:453–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlyon, R. P. & Moore, B. C. J. (1986b) Detection of tones in noise and the “severe departure” from Weber's Law. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79:461–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavonius, C. R. (1979) Binocular interactions in flicker. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 31:273–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, E. & O'Malley, C. D. (1968) The human brain and spinal cord: A historical study illustrated by writings from antiquity to the twentieth century. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cleland, B. G., Dubin, M. W. & Levick, W. R. (1971) Sustained and transient neurones in the cat's retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Physiology 217:473–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornsweet, T. N. & Pinsker, H. M. (1965) Luminance discrimination of brief flashes under various conditions of adaptation. Journal of Physiology 176:294–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, D. R. (1962) Renewal theory. Methuen.Google Scholar
Craik, K. J. W. (1966) The nature of psychology. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, B. H. (1937) The change of visual sensitivity with time. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 123B:69–89.Google Scholar
Crawford, B. H. (1937) (1947) Visual adaptation in relation to brief conditioning stimuli. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 134B:283–302.Google Scholar
Creelman, C. D. & Macmillan, N. A. (1979) Auditory phase and frequency discrimination: A comparison of nine procedures. (Human perception and performance.) Journal of Experimental Psychology 5:146–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crovitz, H. F. (1976) Perceived length and the Craik-O'Brien illusion. Vision Research 16:435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Lange, H. (1958) Research into the dynamic nature of the human foveacortex systems with intermittent and modulated light. Attenuation characteristics with white and colored light. Journal of the Optical Society of America 48:777–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutsch, J. A. & Deutsch, D. (1963) Attention: Some theoretical considerations. Psychological Review 70:80–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Vries, H. (1943) The quantum character of light and its bearing upon threshold of vision, the differential sensitivity and visual acuity of the eye. Physica 10:553–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ditchburn, R. W. (1973) Eye-movements and visual perception. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Duifhuis, H. (1974) An alternative approach to the second filter. In: Facts and models in hearing, ed. Zwicker, E. & Terhardt, E.. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Durlach, N. I. & Braida, L. D. (1969) Intensity perception. I. Preliminary theory of intensity resolution. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 46:372–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, J. P. (1975) Signal detection theory and ROC analysis. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Enroth-Cugell, C. & Robson, J. G. (1966) The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat. Journal of Physiology 187:517–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, E. F. (1982) Functional anatomy of the auditory system. Functions of the auditory system. In: The senses, ed. Barlow, H. B. & Mollon, J. D.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Falmagne, J. C. (1986) Psyehophysical measurement and theory. In: Handbook of perception and human performance, vol. 1, ed. Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L. & Thomas, J. P.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Fechner, G. T. (1860) Elemente der Psychophysik (2 Vols). Breitkopf and Härtel. Vol. 1 trans, by Adler, H. E. (1966). Elements of psychophysics. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Fiorentini, A. (1956) Influence dun gradient d'dclairement rétinien et de ses variations sur la sensation subjective de brilliance. In: Proceedings of the Florence meeting on problems in contemporary optics. Instituto Nazionale di Ottica.Google Scholar
Fiorentini, A. & Ercoles, A. M. (1957) Vision of oscillating nonuniform fields. Optica Acta 4:150–57.Google Scholar
Florentine, M., Buus, S. & Mason, C. R. (1987) Level discrimination as a function of level for tones from 0.25 to 16 kHz. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 81:1528–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foley, J. M. & Legge, G. E. (1981) Contrast detection and near-threshold discrimination in human vision. Vision Research 21:1041–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fullerton, G. S. & Cattell, J. McK. (1892) On the perception of small differences. Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, Philosophical Series. No. 2.Google Scholar
Gässier, G. (1954) Ober die H6rschwelle fur Schallereignisse mil verschieden breitem Frequenzspektrum. Acustica 4:408–14.Google Scholar
Gescheider, C. A., Wright, J. H. & Polak, J. W. (1971) Detection of vibrotaetile signals differing in probability of occurrence. Journal of Psychology 78:253–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilkey, R. H. (1987) Spectral and temporal comparisons in auditory masking. In: Auditory processing of complex sounds, ed. Yost, W. A. & Watson, C. S.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. M. & Fernandez, C. (1980) Efferent vestibular system in the squirrel monkey: Anatomical location and influence on afferent activity. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:986–1025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, J. L. & Kiang, N. K. S. (1968) Neural correlates of the aural combination tone 2fl–2f2. Proceedings IEEE 56:981–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorea, A. & Tyler, C. W. (1986) New look at Bloch's law for contrast. Journal of the Optical Society of America A3:52–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, C. H. & Kemp, E. H. (1938) Brightness discrimination as a function of the duration of the increment in intensity. Journal of General Physiology 21:635–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, N. (1980) Spatial-frequency channels in human vision: Detecting edges without edge detectors. In: Visual coding and adaptability, ed. Harris, C. S.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Graham, N., Robson, J. G. & Nachmias, J. (1978) Grating summation in fovea and periphery. Vision Research 18:815–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, D. M. (1960a) Auditory detection of a noise signal. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 32:121–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D. M. (1960b) Psychoacoustics and detection theory. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 32:1189–1203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D. M. (1967) Additivity of masking. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 41:1517–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, D. M. (1983) Profile analysis – a different view of auditory intensity discrimination. American Psychologist 38:133–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, D. M. & Sewall, S. T. (1962) Effects of background noise on auditory detection of noise bursts. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 34:1207–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D. M. & Swets, J. A. (1966) Signal detection theory and psychophysics. Wiley. (Reprinted 1974 by Krieger.)Google Scholar
Gregory, R. L. (1956) An experimental treatment of vision as an information source and noisy channel. In: Information theory, ed. Cherry, C.. Butterworths.Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1983) The quantized geometry of visual space: The coherent computation of depth, form and lightness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:625–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Mingolla, E. (1985a) Neural dynamics of form perception: Boundary completion, illusory figures, and neon color spreading. Psychological Review 92:173–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. & Mingolla, E. (1985b) Neural dynamics of perceptual grouping: Textures, boundaries, and emergent segmentations. Perception & Psychophysics 38:141–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. & Mingolla, E. (1987) The role of illusory contours in visual segmentation. In: The perception of illusory contours, ed. Petry, S. & Meyer, G. E.. Springer–Verlag.Google Scholar
Hall, J. W. III (1987) Experiments on comodulation masking release. In: Auditory processing of complex sounds, ed. Yost, W. A. & Watson, C. S.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hamer, R. D., Verrillo, R. T. & Zwislocki, J. J. (1983) Vibrotaetile masking of Pacinian and non-Pacinian channels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 73:1293–1303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanna, T. E., von Gierke, S. M. & Green, D. M. (1986) Detection and intensity discrimination of a sinusoid. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80:1335–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, J. C. & Hillyard, S. A. (1983) Selective attention to multidimensional auditory stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:1–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Harris, J. D. (1950) The effect of sensation-levels on intensive discrimination of noise. American Journal of Psychology 63:409–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, J. D. (1963) Loudness discrimination. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders (Monograph Supplement No. 11).Google Scholar
Hartmann, W. M. (1987) Temporal fluctuations and the discrimination of spectrally dense signals by human listeners. In: Auditory processing of complex sounds, ed. Yost, W. A. & Watson, C. S.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hecht, S. (1924) The visual discrimination of intensity and the Weber-Fechner Law. Journal of General Physiology 7:235–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herb, F. H. (1940) Latent learning – non-reward followed by food in blinds. Journal of Comparative Psychology 29:247–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hick, W. E. (1952) On the rate of gain of information. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 4:11–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgens, K. E., Jaffe, M. J., Coletta, N. J., Caruso, R. C. & de Monasterio, F. M. (1984) Spatial contrast sensitivity: Importance of controlling th e patient's visibility criterion. Archives of Ophthalmology 102:1035–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollingworth, H. L. (1909) The inaccuracy of movement. Archives of Psychology (No. 13).Google Scholar
Hood, D. C. (1978) Psychophysical and physiological tests of proposed physiological mechanisms of light adaptation. In: Visual psychophysics and physiology, ed. Armington, J. C., Krauskopf, J. & Wooten, B. R.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Howard, I. P. (1982) Human visual orientation. Wiley.Google Scholar
Howarth, C. I. & Bulmer, M. G. (1956) Non-random sequences in visual threshold experiments. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 8:163–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, E. R. & Hess, R. F. (1978) The functional area for summation to threshold for sinusoidal gratings. Vision Research 18:369–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. (1962) Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. Journal of Physiology 160:106–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. (1977) Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 198B:l–59.Google Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1933) Differential habituation to internal stimuli in the albino rat. Journal of Comparative Psychology 16:255–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1943) Principles of behavior. AppletonCentury Crofts.Google Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1951) Essentials of behavior. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1952) A behavior system: An introduction to behavior theory concerning the individual organism. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hull, C. L., Hovland, C. I., Ross, R. T., Hall, M., Perkins, D. T. & Fitch, F. B. (1940) Mathematico-deductive theory of rote learning. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jeffress, L. A. (1975) Masking of tone by tone as a function of duration. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 58:399–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, N. L. (1949) Systems of frequency curves generated by methods of translation. Biometrika 36:149–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanizsa, G. (1979) Organization in vision: Essays on gestalt perception. Praeger.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. H. & Burbeck, C. A. (1984) Critical problem s in spatial vision. CRC Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 10:125–77.Google Scholar
Khintchine, A. Y. (1960) Mathematical methods in the theory of queueing. (translation from the Russian by Andrews, D. M. & Quenouille, M. H.). Griffin.Google Scholar
Kiang, N. Y.-S., Watanabe, T., Thomas, E. C. & Clarke, L. F. (1965) Discharge patterns of single fibers in the cat's auditory nerve. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Krauskopf, J. (1967) Heterochromatic stabilized images: A classroom demonstration. American Journal of Psychology 80:634–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krauskopf, J., Cornsweet, T. N. & Riggs, L. A. (1960) Analysis of eye movements during monocular and binocular fixation. Journal of the Optical Society of America 50:572–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuftler, S. W. (1953) Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. Journal of Neurophysiology 16:37–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kulikowski, J. J. (1966) On the spatial Fourier analysis applied to pattern recognition. Prace Instituta Automatyki Polskieg Akademic Nauk (Transactions of the Institute of Automatic Control, Polish Academy of Sciences) 43:3–31.Google Scholar
Kulikowski, J. J. (1969) Limiting conditions of visual perception. (Polish title: Warunki graniczne percepeji wzrokowej.) Prace Instituta Automatyki Polskieg Akademic Nauk (Transactions of the Institute of Automatic Control, Polish Academy of Sciences) 77:1–133.Google Scholar
Kulikowski, J. J. (1976) Effective contrast constancy and linearity of contrast sensation. Vision Research 16:1419–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulikowski, J. J. & King-Smith, P. E. (1973) Spatial arrangement of line edge and grating detectors revealed by subthreshold summation. Vision Research 13:1455–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulikowski, J. J. & Kranda, K. (1977) Detection of coarse patterns with minimum contribution from rods. Vision Research 17:653–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulikowski, J. J. & Vidyasagar, T. R. (1986) Space and spatial frequency. Experimental Brain Research 64:5–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kullback, S. (1959) Information theory and statistics. Wiley.Google Scholar
Lachman, R., Lachman, J. T. & Butterfield, E. C. (1979) Cognitive psychology and information processing: An introduction. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lamb, T. D. (1981) The involvement of rod photoreceptors in dark adaptation. Vision Research 21:1773–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laming, D. R. J. (1968) Information theory of choice-reaction times. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Laming, D. R. J. (1974) The sequential structure of the quantal experiment. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 11:453–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laming, D. R. J. (1984) The relativity of ‘absolute’ judgements. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 37:152–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laming, D. R. J. (1985) Some principles of sensory analysis. Psychological Review 92:462–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laming, D. R. J. (1986) Sensory analysis. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Laming, D. R. J. (1987) The discrimination of smell and taste compared with other senses. Chemistry and Industry 5 01: 12–18.Google Scholar
Laming, D. & Marsh, D. (in press) Performance tests of QUEST using measurements of vibrotactile thresholds. Perception & Psychophysics.Google Scholar
Laming, D. R. J. & Scheiwiller, P. (1985) Retention in perceptual memory: A review of models and data. Perception & Psychophysics 37:189–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laughlin, S. (1983) Matching coding to scenes to enhance efficiency. In: Physical and biological processing of images, ed. Braddick, O. J. & Sleigh, A. C.. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Leeper, R. (1935) The role of motivation in learning: A study of the phenomenon of differential motivational control of the utilization of habits. Journal of Genetic Psychology 46:3–40.Google Scholar
Legge, G. E. (1979) Spatial frequency masking in human vision: Binocular interactions. Journal of the Optical Society of America 69:838–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Legge, G. E. (1984) Binocular contrast summation. II. Quadratic summation. Vision Research 24:385–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Legge, G. E. & Foley, J. M. (1980) Contrast masking in human vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America 70:1458–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Legge, G. E., Kersten, D. & Burgess, A. E. (1987) Contrast discrimination in noise. Journal of the Optical Society of America A4:391–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leshowitz, B., Taub, H. B. & Raab, D. H. (1968) Visual detection of signals in the presence of continuous and pulsed backgrounds. Perception & Psychophysics 4:207–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lighthill, J. (1981) Energy flow in the cochlea. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 106:149–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsay, P. H. & Norman, D. A. (1977) Human information processing (2nd ed.). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Linker, E., Moore, M. E. & Galanter, E. (1964) Taste thresholds, detection models, and disparate results. Journal of Experimental Psychology 67:59–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luce, R. D., Bush, R. R. & Galanter, E. (1963–1965). Handbook of mathematical psychology. John Wiley.Google Scholar
Luce, R. D., Bush, R. R. & Galanter, E. (1963–1965) Readings in mathematical psychology. John Wiley.Google Scholar
Lukacs, E. (1970) Characteristic functions (2nd. ed.). Griffin.Google Scholar
Macmillan, N. A. (1971) Detection and recognition of increments and decrements in auditory intensity. Perception & Psychophysics 10: 233–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macmillan, N. A. (1973) Detection and recognition of intensity changes in tone and noise: The detection-recognition disparity. Perception & Psychophysics 13:65–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macmillan, N. A. (1987) Beyond the categorical/continuous distinction: A psychophysical approach to processing modes. In: Categorical perception, ed. Harnard, S.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Madler, C. & Poppel, E. (1987) Auditory evoked potentials indicate the loss of neurona) oscillations during general anaesthesia. Naturwissenschaften 74:42–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maiwald, D. (1967) Die Berechnung von Modulationsschwellen mil Hilfe eines Functionsschemas. Acustica 18:193–207.Google Scholar
Mandelbrot, B. B. (1982) The fractal geometry of nature. Freeman.Google Scholar
Markowitz, J. & Swets, J. A. (1967) Factors affecting the slope of empirical ROC curves: Comparison of binary and rating responses. Perception & Psychophysics 2:91–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marr, D. C. (1976) Early processing of visual information. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London 275 B.:483–524.Google Scholar
Marr, D. C. (1982) Vision. W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
McBurney, D. H., Kasschau, R. A. & Bogart, L. M. (1967) The effect of adaptation on taste jnds. Perception & Psychophysics 2:175–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBurney, D. H. & Pfaffmann, C. (1963) Gustatory adaptation to saliva and sodium chloride. Journal of Experimental Psychology 65:523–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGill, W. J. (1967) Neural counting mechanisms and energy detection in audition. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 4:351–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, G. E. & Phillips, D. (1980) Faces, vases, subjective contours and the McCollough effect. Perception 9:603–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. A. (1947) Sensitivity to changes in the intensity of white noise and its relation to masking and loudness. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 19:609–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moller, A. R. (1972) Coding of amplitude and frequency modulated sounds in the cochlear nucleus of the rat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 86:223–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moller, A. R. (1974) Dynamic properties of cochlear nucleus units in response to excitatory and inhibitory tones. In: Facts and models in hearing, ed. Zwicker, E. & Terhardt, E.. Springer–Verlag.Google Scholar
Moore, B. C. J. & Raab, D. H. (1974) Pure tone intensity discrimination: Some experiments relating to the “near-miss” to Weber's Law. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 55:1049–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, J. (1835) Handbuch der Physiologic des Menschen fur Vorlesungen, vol. 1, bk. 3, sec. 4. Coblenz. (Excerpted in E. Clarke & C. D. O'Malley 1968.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nachmias, J. & Steinman, R. M. (1965) Brightness and discriminability of light flashes. Vision Research 5:545–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neisser, U. (1957) Response-sequences and the hypothesis of the neural quantum. American Journal of Psychology 70:512–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pao, Y-H., Zitter, R. N. & Griffiths, J. E. (1966) New method of detecting weak light signals. Journal of the Optical Society of America 56:1133–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, R. D. & Nimmo-Smith, I. (1980) Off-frequency listening and auditory-filter asymmetry. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 67:229–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelli, D. G. (1985) Uncertainty explains many aspects of visual contrast detection and discrimination. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A2:1508–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petry, S. & Meyer, G. E., eds. (1987) The perception of illusory contours. Springer–Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfafflin, S. M. & Mathews, M. V. (1962) Energy–detection model for monaural auditory detection. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 34:1842–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickles, J. O. (1982) An introduction to the physiology of hearing. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Pomerantz, J. R. & Kuhovy, M. (1986) Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles. In: Handbook of perception and human performance, vol. 2, ed. Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L. & Thomas, J. P.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Pöppel, E. (1970) Excitability cycles in central intermittency. Psychologische Forschung 34:1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pöppel, E. (1978) Time perception. In: Handbook of sensory physiology. Vol. 8: Perception, ed. Held, R., Leibowitz, H. W. & Teuber, H. -L.. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Pöppel, E. (1985) Crenzen des Bewutseins. Über Wirklichkeit und Welterfahrung. Deutsche Verlags–Anstalt. (English edition 1988: Mindswork. Time and conscious experience.) Academic Press.Google Scholar
Pöppel, E., Held, R. & Frost, D. (1973) Residual visual function after brain wounds involving the central visual pathways in man. Nature 243:295–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pöppel, E. & Logothetis, N. (1986) Neurona1 oscillations in the human brain. Saturwissenschaften 73:267–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quick, R. F. Jr (1974) A vector-magnitude model of contrast detection. Kybernetik 16:65–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raab, D. H., Osman, E. & Rich, E. (1963) Effects of waveform correlation and signal duration on detection of noise bursts in continuous noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 35:1942–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramachandran, V. S. (1986) Capture of stereopsis and apparent motion by illusory contours. Perception & Psychophysics 39:361–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, M. & Kulikowski, J. J. (1980) Disinhibition between orientation specific channels. Neuroscience Letters Supplement 5:548.Google Scholar
Regan, D. & Beverley, K. I. (1985) Postadaptation orientation discrimination. Journal of the Optical Society of America A2:147–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhode, W. S. (1971) Observation of the vibration of the basilar membrane in squirrel monkeys using the Mdssbauer technique. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49:1218–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhode, W. S., Geisler, C. D. & Kennedy, D. T. (1978) Auditory nerve fiber responses to wide-band noise and tone combinations. Journal of Neurophysiology 41:692–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richter, J. & Ullman, S. (1982) A model for the temporal organization of X-and Y-type receptive fields in the primate retina. Biological Cybernetics 43:127–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riesz, R. R. (1928) Differential intensity sensitivity of the ear for pure tones. Physical Review 31:867–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggs, L. A. & Ratliff, F. (1951) Visual acuity and the normal tremor of the eyes. Science 114:17–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riggs, L. A., Ratliff, F. & Keesey, U. T. (1961) Appearance of Mach bands with a motionless retinal image. Journal of the Optical Society of America 51:702–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robles, L., Rhode, W. S. & Geisler, C. D. (1976) Transient response of the basilar membrane measured in squirrel monkeys using the Mossbauer effect. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 59:926–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, A. (1948) The sensitivity performance of the human eye on an absolute scale. Journal of the Optical Society of America 38:196–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, J. E., Brugge, J. F., Anderson, D. J. & Hind, J. E. (1967) Phase-locked response to low-frequency tones in single auditory nerve fibers of the squirrel monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 30:769–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rushton, W. (1969) Color perception in man. In: Processing of optical data by organisms and by machines, ed. Reichardt, W.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Savoy, R. L. (1986) Making quantized images appear smooth: Tricks of the trade in vision research. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers 18:507–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacknow, P. N. & Raab, D. H. (1976) Noise-intensity discrimination: Effects of bandwidth conditions and mode of masker presentation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 60:893–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scharf, B. (1983) Loudness adaptation. In: Hearing research and theory, vol. 2, ed. Tobias, J. V. & Schubert, E. D.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schutz, H. C. & Pilgrim, F. J. (1957) Differential sensitivity in gustation. Journal of Experimental Psychology 54:41–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Semb, G. (1968) The detectability of the odor of butanol. Perception & Psychophysics 4:335–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. (1964) The detection of change and the perceptual moment hypothesis. British Journal of Statistical Psychology 17:113–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. (1967) Temporal summation and absolute brightness thresholds. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 20:129–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapley, R. & Enroth-Cugell, C. (1984) Visual adaptation and retinal gain controls. In: Retinal research, Vol. 3, ed. Osbome, N. N. & Chader, G. J.. Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1964) Circularity in judgments of relative pitch. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 36:2346–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siebert, W. M. (1965) Some implications of the stochastic behavior of primary auditory neurons. Kybernetik 2:206–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review 57:193–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spekreijse, H., van Norren, D. & van den Berg, T.J.T.P. (1971) Flicker responses in monkey lateral geniculate nucleus and human perception of flicker. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 68:2802–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sperling, G. (1970) Model of visual adaptation and contrast detection. Perception & Psychophysics 8:143–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stemheim, C. E. & Cavonius, C. R. (1972) Sensitivity of the human ERG and VECP to sinusoidally modulated light. Vision Research 12:1685–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1951) Mathematics, measurement, and psychophysics. In: Handbook of experimental psychology, ed. Stevens, S. S.. Wiley.Google Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1966) Matching functions between loudness and ten other continua. Perception & Psychophysics 1:5–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1972) A neural quantum in sensory discrimination. Science 177:749–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, S. S. & Volkmann, J. (1940) The quantum of sensory discrimination. Science 92:583–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, H. (1963) Determination of odor difference limens for three compounds. Journal of Experimental Psychology 66:466–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, H. & Bosley, J. J. (1965) Olfactory discrimination and Weber's Law. Perceptual and Motor Skills 20:657–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stott, A. & Axon, P. E. (1955) The subjective discrimination of pitch and amplitude fluctuations in recording systems. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 102B:643–56.Google Scholar
Stroud, J. M. (1949) The psychological moment in perception. In: Transactions of the sixth conference on cybernetics, ed. Foerster, van. Macy, Josiah JrGoogle Scholar
Stroud, J. M. (1955) The fine structure of psychological time. In: Information theory in psychology, ed. Quastler, H.. Free Press.Google Scholar
Swets, J. A. (1961) Is there a sensory threshold? Science 134:168–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swets, J. A. ed. (1964) Signal detection and recognition by human observers. Wiley.Google Scholar
Swets, J. A. (1986a) Indices of discrimination or diagnostic accuracy: Their ROC's and implied models. Psychological Bulletin 99:100–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swets, J. A. (1986b) Form of empirical ROC's in discrimination and diagnostic tasks: Implications for theory and measurement of performance. Psychological Bulletin 99:181–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swets, J. A., Tanner, W. P. Jr & Birdsall, T. G. (1961) Decision processes in perception. Psychological Review 68:301–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanner, T. A., Rauk, J. A. & Atkinson, R. C. (1970) Signal recognition as influenced by information feedback. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 7:259–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, W. P. Jr & Swets, J. A. (1954) A decision-making theory of visual detection. Psychological Review 61:401–09.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, M. M. & Creelman, C. D. (1967) PEST: Efficient estimates on probability functions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 41:782–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M. M., Forbes, S. M. & Creelman, C. D. (1983) PEST reduces bias in forced choice psychophysics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 74:1367–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolhurst, D. J. (1972) Adaptation to square-wave gratings. Journal of Physiology 226:231–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolhurst, D. J. & Barfield, L. P. (1978) Interactions between spatial frequency channels. Vision Research 18:951–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolman, E. C. (1959) Principles of purposive behavior. In: Psychology: A study of a science, vol. 2, ed. Koch, S.. McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. & Honzik, C. H. (1930) Introduction and removal of reward, and maze performance in rats. University of California Publications in Psychology 4:257–75.Google Scholar
Treisman, A. M. (1969) Strategies and models of selective attention. Psychological Review 76:282–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treisman, A. M. & Gelade, G. (1980) A feature–integration theory of attention. Cognitiue Psychology 12:97–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treisman, M. & Leshowitz, B. (1969) The effects of duration, area, and background intensity on the visual intensity difference threshold given by the forced-choice procedure: Derivations from a statistical decision model for sensory discrimination. Perception & Psychophysics 6:281–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, M. & Williams, T. C. (1984) A theory of criterion setting with an application to sequential dependencies. Psychological Review 91:68–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uttal, W. R. (1973) The psychobiology of sensory coding. Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Van Essen, D. C. (1979) Visual areas of the mammalian cerebral cortex. Annual Review of Neurosdence 2:227–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Nes, F. L. (1968) Experimental studies in spatiotemporal contrast transfer by the human eye. Doctoral Thesis, University of Utrecht,Google Scholar
van Nes, F. L. & Bouman, M. A. (1967) Spatial modulation transfer in the human eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America 57:401–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viemeister, N. F. (1970) Intensity discrimination: Performance in three paradigms. Perception & Psychophysics 8:417–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viemeister, N. F. (1972) Intensity discrimination of pulsed sinusoids: The effects of filtered noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 51:1265–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viemeister, N. F. (1979) Temporal modulation transfer functions based upon modulation thresholds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 66:1364–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viemeister, N. F. & Bacon, S. P. (1983) On the form of the masking function for intensity discrimination of pure-tones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 74(S1):S34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voldrich, L. (1978) Mechanical properties of basilar membrane. Acta otolaryngologica 86:331–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Békésy, G. (1941) Über die Elastizität der Schneckentrennwand des Ohres. Akustische Zeitschrifi 6:265–78.Google Scholar
Wald, A. (1947) Sequential analysis. Wiley.Google Scholar
Wallace, W. T. & Lockhead, G. R. (1987) Brightness of luminance distributions with gradual changes. Vision Research 27:1589–1601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, A. B. (1979) Probability summation over time. Vision Research 19:515–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, A. B. (1982) Summation of grating patches indicates many types of detector at one retinal location. Vision Research 22:17–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, C. S., Rilling, M. E. & Bourbon, W. T. (1964) Receiver-operating characteristics determined by a mechanical analog to the rating scale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 36:283–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, R. J. (1987) An outline of the primal sketch in human vision. Pattern Recognition Letter 5:139–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, R. J. & Morgan, M. J. (1983) The recognition and representation of edge blur: Evidence for spatial primitives in human vision. Vision Research 23:1465–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watt, R. J. & Morgan, M. J. (1985) A theory of the primitive spatial code in human vision. Vision Research 25:1661–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weckström, M., Kouvalainen, E. & Jarvilehto, M. (in press) Nonlinearities in response properties of insect visual cells: An analysis in time and frequency domain. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica.Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L., Warrington, E. K., Sanders, M. D. & Marshall, J. (1974) Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation. Brain 97:709–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wever, E. G. & Bray, C. W. (1938) Distortion in the ear as shown by the electrical responses of the cochlea. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 9:227–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whalen, D. H. & Liberman, A. M. (1987) Speech perception takes precedence over nonspeech perception. Science 237:169–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, V. J. & Melvill Jones, G. (1979) Mammalian vestibular physiology. Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1977) Bemerrungen uber die Farben. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Yarbus, A. L. (1967) Eye movements and vision, (translated from the 1965 Russian edition by Haigh, B.). Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, G. K. (1986) Frequency selectivity in the auditory periphery. In: Frequency selectivity in hearing, ed. Moore, B. C. J.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Zwicker, E. (1956) Die Elementaren Grundlagen zur Bestimung der Informationskapazitat des Gehors. Acustica 6:365–81.Google Scholar
Zwicker, E. (1970) Masking and psychological excitation as consequences of the ear's frequency analysis. In: Frequency analysis and periodicity detection in hearing, ed. Plomp, R. & Smoorenburg, G. F.. A. W. Sijthoff.Google Scholar