No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Revisiting jīng 椋 on the ancient Korean Peninsula
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 November 2023
Abstract
This article presents relevant data on the usage of the sinograph jīng 椋 and revisits its origin and lexical form on the basis of textual examination, using primary sources from China, Korea and Japan. The authors conclude that jīng 椋, and its variants jīng 
, jīng 稤 and the miscopied form lǜe 掠, originated from its radical character jīng 京, meaning “warehouse, granary”, and that jīng 椋 was widely used in Koguryŏ, Paekche, Silla and Japan. Historical documents during the Koryŏ period also attest to the use of jīng 椋. The authors have reconstructed the lexical form of jīng 椋 as the disyllabic pre-Old Korean **kuL.raH in Paekche and **koL.raH in Silla, and the monosyllabic Old Korean *kolR as a Sillaic substratum that underwent the syllabic contraction and liquid change **-r- > *-l, that is **koL.raH > *kolR. The Western Old Japanese kun'yomi of jīng 椋, kura, is a loan from pre-Old Korean **kuL/koL.raH that took place before the eighth century.
Keywords
- Type
- Article
- Information
- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 86 , Issue 3 , October 2023 , pp. 545 - 560
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of SOAS University of London
References
References
Chen, Shou 陳壽. (c. 280–290) 1962. Sanguozhi 三國志 [Records of the Three Kingdoms]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Ch'oe, Se-jin 崔世珍. (1527) 1971. Hunmongjahoe 訓蒙字會 [Collection of sinographs to enlighten the ignorant]. Seoul: Academy of Asian Studies in Dankook University.Google Scholar
Fujiwara no Otsugu, 藤原緒嗣, Fujiwara no Sonohito, 藤原園人 et al. (815) 1981. Shinsen shōjiroku 新撰姓氏錄 [New selection and record of hereditary titles and family names], in Saeki, Arikiyo 佐伯有清, Shinsen shōjiroku no kenkyū 新撰姓氏錄の硏究 [Studies on Shinsen shōjiroku]. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.Google Scholar
Han'gŭl hak-hoe, 한글학회 (ed.). 1992. Urimal k’ŭn sajŏn (1, 2, 3, 4) 우리말 큰 사전 [Grand dictionary of the Korean language (1, 2, 3, 4)]. Seoul: O˘mun'gak.Google Scholar
Hŏ, Hŭng-sik 許興植. 1984. Han'guk kŭmsŏk chŏnmun 韓國金石全文 [Collection of Korean epigraphs]. Seoul: Asia Munhwasa.Google Scholar
Kim, Pu-sik 金富軾. (1145) 1928. Samguk sagi 三國史記 [History of the Three Kingdoms]. Keijō: Chōsenshigakukai.Google Scholar
Kwon, In-han 권인한, Kim, Kyŏng-ho김경호, and Yun, Sŏn-t'ae 윤선태 (eds). 2015. Han'guk kodae munja charyo yŏn'gu: Paekche (Sang, ha) 한국 고대 문자자료 연구: 백제 (상, 하) [Studies on Korean historical documents and records: Paekche (1, 2)]. Seoul: Julyuesung Publishing.Google Scholar
Lee, Ki-paek 李基白 (ed.). 1987. Han'guk sangdae komunsŏ charyo chibsŏng 韓國上代古文書資料集成 [Collections of Korean historical documents]. Seoul: Iljisa.Google Scholar
Li, Yanshou 李延壽. (659) 1974. Beishi 北史 [History of the Northern Dynasties]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Li, Yanshou 李延壽. (659) 1975. Nanshi 南史 [History of the Southern Dynasties]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Linghu, Defen 令狐德棻. (636) 1971. Zhoushu 周書 [History of the Zhou]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Nam, Kwang-u 南廣祐 (ed.). 1997. Ko’ŏ sajŏn 古語辭典 [Middle Korean dictionary]. Seoul: Gyohaksa.Google Scholar
Ouyang, Xiu 歐陽修. (1060) 1975. Xin Tangshu 新唐書 [New history of the Tang]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Son, Hwan-il 孫煥一 (ed.). 2011. Han'guk mokkan chajŏn 韓國木簡字典 [Dictionary of Korean sinographs on mokkan]. GAYA National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage.Google Scholar
The editorial board of Great Dictionary of Sinographs (eds). 2010. Hanyu dazidian 漢語大字典 [Great dictionary of sinographs]. Chengdu: Sichuan Lexicographic Publishing House and Chongwen Book Company.Google Scholar
Toneri, Shinnō 舍人親王 and Yasumaro, Ō no 太安萬侶 (720) 1994. Nihon shoki 日本書紀 [The chronicles of Japan]. Collated by Sakamoto Tarō 坂本太郞, Ienaga Saburō 家永三郎, Inoue Mitsusada 井上光貞, and Ōno Susumu 大野晉. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Wang, Niansun 王念孫. 1795 (collated by Zhang Qiyun 张其昀. 2019). Guangya shuzheng 廣雅疏證 [Annotation and proofs of the expanded Erya]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Wei, Zheng 魏徵. (656) 2019. Suishu 隋書 [History of the Sui]. Rev. ed. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Yao, Silian 姚思廉. (636) 2020. Liangshu 梁書 [History of the Liang]. Rev. ed. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Yu, Naiyong 余迺永. Collated. 2008. Xinjiao huzhu songben Guangyun 新校互註宋本廣韻 [Newly revised on Guangyun (Song dynasty version)], final revised edition. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House.Google Scholar
Zong, Fubang 宗福邦, Chen, Shinao 陳世鐃, and Xiao, Haibo 蕭海波 (eds). 2003. Guxun huizuan 故訓匯纂 [Collections of glosses of sinographs]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Beckwith, Christopher I. 2004. Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages, with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese. Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ch'angwŏn Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (eds). 2006. Han'guk ŭi kodae mokkan 한국의 고대 목간 [Ancient Korean mokkan] Rev. ed. Ch'angwŏn: Ch'angwŏn (nowadays Gaya) National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage.Google Scholar
Chu, Yŏng-hŏn 朱榮憲. 1972. (Nagashima, Kimichika. 永島暉臣慎. trans. 1990.) Kōkuri no hekiga kofon 高句麗の壁畫古墳 [The mural tomb in Koguryŏ]. Tokyo: Gakuseisha.Google Scholar
Dai, Weihong 戴衛紅. 2016. Hanguo mujian yanjiu 韓國木簡研究 [Studies on Korean wooden documents]. Nanning: Guangxi Normal University Press.Google Scholar
Frellesvig, Bjarke. 2010. A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, David. 2013. Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inaba, Iwakichi 稻葉岩吉. 1936. Shakuryō 釋椋 [On the explanation of kanji ryō]. Ōsaka: Ōsakayagō-Shoten.Google Scholar
Inukai, Takashi 犬飼隆. 2011. Mokkan ni yoru nihongo shokishi 木簡による日本語書記史 [The history of Japanese written system of wooden tablets], revised edition. Tokyo: Kasamashoin.Google Scholar
Kōno, Rokurō 河野六郎. 1987. “The bilingualism of the Paekche language”, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 45, 75–86. Tokyo: Oriental Library.Google Scholar
Kwon, In-han 權仁瀚. 2018. “Han'guk kodae hanja ŭi saengsŏng'gwa chŏngae” 한국 고유한자의 생성과 전개 [On the creating and developing of Korean vulgar hanja]. Proceedings of the 9th conference of lexicography, Academy of Asian Studies, Dankook University.Google Scholar
Kwon, In-han 權仁瀚. 2021a. “Yuk segi Silla kŭmsŏkmundŭl ŭi koyumyŏngsa p'yogija punsŏk” 6 세기 신라 금석문들의 고유명사 표기자 분석 [A phonological analysis on the sinographs for proper nouns of 6th-century Silla epigraphs], 大東文化研究 Daedong munhua yŏn'gu 113, 349–98.Google Scholar
Kwon, In-han 權仁瀚. 2021b. “Kodae han'guk ŭi kukcharon i che” 고대 한국의 국자론 2 제 [Two examples of Old Korean sinographs], 문헌과 해석 Munhŏn'gwa haesŏk 87, 211–30.Google Scholar
Kim, Yŏng-uk 金永旭. 2008. “Nishigawaramori no uchi iseki ŭi ‘kyŏngjik’ mokkan e taehan ŏhakjŏk koch'al” 西河原森ノ內 遺跡址의 ‘椋直’ 木簡에 對한 語學的 考察 [A linguistic study on mokkan ‘kyŏngjik’ from Nishigawaramori no uchi iseki], Mokkan'gwa munja 1, 213–32.Google Scholar
Kyŏngju National Museum (eds). 2002. Munja ro pon Silla 문자로 본 신라 [Silla from a perspective of sinographs]. Kyŏngju: Kyŏngju National Museum.Google Scholar
Lee, Ki-moon 李基文. 1998. Kugŏsa kaesŏl 國語史概說 [An introduction to the history of Korean Language]. P'aju: T'aehaksa.Google Scholar
Lee, Ki-moon and Ramsey, Samuel Robert. 2011. A History of the Korean Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Kŏn-sik 李建植. 2019. “Ilbon kukja wa Hanguk koyu hanja ŭi koyusŏng p'andan kijun sŏljŏng ŭi p'ilyosŏng” 日本 國字와 韓國 固有漢字의 고유성 판단 기준 설정의 필요성 [The necessity of setting the standards for judging the inherence of Japanese national characters and Korean native characters], Tongyanghak 75, 97–127.Google Scholar
Lee, Sŭng-chae 李丞宰. 2013. (Hanjaŭm ŭro pon) Paekche’ŏ chaŭm ch'egye (漢字音으로 본) 백제어 자음체계 [The consonants system of Paekche language from a perspective of sinographic readings]. Paju: T'aehaksa.Google Scholar
Lim, Yŏng-chin 林永珍. 1989. Mujin kosŏng 1 武珍古城 1 [Mujin old fortress 1]. Kwangju: Chŏnnam National University Museum.Google Scholar
Lyu, Min-hwa 柳玟和. 2000. Ilbon sŏgi Chosŏn koyumyŏng p'yogija ŭi yŏn'gu 『日本書紀』 朝鮮固有名表記字의 연구 [Studies on Korean sinographs in Nihon shoki]. Seoul: Hye'an Publishing.Google Scholar
Miyake, Marc Hideo. 2003. “Philological evidence for *e and *o in Pre-Old Japanese”, Diachronica 20/1, 81–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyake, Marc Hideo. 2018. “Fishy rhymes: Sino-Korean evidence for earlier Korean *e”, in Vovin, Alexander and McClure, William (eds), Studies in Japanese and Korean Historical and Theoretical Linguistics and Beyond, 37–44. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Mori, Hiromochi 森博達. 1991. Kodai no on'in to Nihon shoki no seiritsu 古代の音韻と日本書紀の成立 [Old phonology and the composition of Nihon shoki]. Tokyo: Taishukan Shoten.Google Scholar
Pak, T'ae-u 朴泰祐, Chŏng, Hae-chun 鄭海濬, and Yun, Chi-hŭi 尹智熙. 2008. “Puyŏ Ssangbuk-ri 280-5 pŏnji ch'ult’o mokkan pogo” 부여 쌍북리 280-5 번지 출토 목간 보고 [Report of mokkan excavated in Puyŏ Ssangbuk-ri site No. 280-5]. Mokkan'gwa munja 2/2, 179–87.Google Scholar
Schuessler, Axel. 2009. Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Tsukishima, Hiroshi 築島裕 (ed.). 2007. Kunten goi shūsē 訓點語彙集成 [Collections of kunten glossed lexicons]. Tokyo: Kyuko-Shoin.Google Scholar
Vovin, Alexander. 2005. “Koguryǒ and Paekche: Different languages or dialects of Old Korean?”, Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 2/2, 108–40.Google Scholar
Vovin, Alexander. 2010. Koreo–Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Weihui 汪維輝. 2018. Hanyu hexinci de lishi yu xianzhuang yanjiu 漢語核心詞的歷史與現狀研究 [The history and current state of core vocabulary in Chinese]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Yi, Sŏng-si 李成市. 1997. “Kankoku shutsudo no mokkan ni tsuite” 韓国出土の木簡について [Proceedings of the Japanese Society for the Study of Wooden Documents]. Mokkan kenkyū 19, 221–49.Google Scholar
Yi, Sŏng-si 李成市. 2005. “Chōsen bunsho no gyōsei – roku seiki no shiragi” 朝鮮文書の行政 – 六世紀の新羅 [Korean documents and administration – Silla in the sixth century]. Monji to kodai nihon – monji ni yoru kōryū 文字と古代日本—文字による交流 [Characters and Old Japan – communications via characters] 2. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan.Google Scholar
Chen, Shou 陳壽. (c. 280–290) 1962. Sanguozhi 三國志 [Records of the Three Kingdoms]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Ch'oe, Se-jin 崔世珍. (1527) 1971. Hunmongjahoe 訓蒙字會 [Collection of sinographs to enlighten the ignorant]. Seoul: Academy of Asian Studies in Dankook University.Google Scholar
Fujiwara no Otsugu, 藤原緒嗣, Fujiwara no Sonohito, 藤原園人 et al. (815) 1981. Shinsen shōjiroku 新撰姓氏錄 [New selection and record of hereditary titles and family names], in Saeki, Arikiyo 佐伯有清, Shinsen shōjiroku no kenkyū 新撰姓氏錄の硏究 [Studies on Shinsen shōjiroku]. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.Google Scholar
Han'gŭl hak-hoe, 한글학회 (ed.). 1992. Urimal k’ŭn sajŏn (1, 2, 3, 4) 우리말 큰 사전 [Grand dictionary of the Korean language (1, 2, 3, 4)]. Seoul: O˘mun'gak.Google Scholar
Hŏ, Hŭng-sik 許興植. 1984. Han'guk kŭmsŏk chŏnmun 韓國金石全文 [Collection of Korean epigraphs]. Seoul: Asia Munhwasa.Google Scholar
Kim, Pu-sik 金富軾. (1145) 1928. Samguk sagi 三國史記 [History of the Three Kingdoms]. Keijō: Chōsenshigakukai.Google Scholar
Kwon, In-han 권인한, Kim, Kyŏng-ho김경호, and Yun, Sŏn-t'ae 윤선태 (eds). 2015. Han'guk kodae munja charyo yŏn'gu: Paekche (Sang, ha) 한국 고대 문자자료 연구: 백제 (상, 하) [Studies on Korean historical documents and records: Paekche (1, 2)]. Seoul: Julyuesung Publishing.Google Scholar
Lee, Ki-paek 李基白 (ed.). 1987. Han'guk sangdae komunsŏ charyo chibsŏng 韓國上代古文書資料集成 [Collections of Korean historical documents]. Seoul: Iljisa.Google Scholar
Li, Yanshou 李延壽. (659) 1974. Beishi 北史 [History of the Northern Dynasties]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Li, Yanshou 李延壽. (659) 1975. Nanshi 南史 [History of the Southern Dynasties]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Linghu, Defen 令狐德棻. (636) 1971. Zhoushu 周書 [History of the Zhou]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Nam, Kwang-u 南廣祐 (ed.). 1997. Ko’ŏ sajŏn 古語辭典 [Middle Korean dictionary]. Seoul: Gyohaksa.Google Scholar
Ouyang, Xiu 歐陽修. (1060) 1975. Xin Tangshu 新唐書 [New history of the Tang]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Son, Hwan-il 孫煥一 (ed.). 2011. Han'guk mokkan chajŏn 韓國木簡字典 [Dictionary of Korean sinographs on mokkan]. GAYA National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage.Google Scholar
The editorial board of Great Dictionary of Sinographs (eds). 2010. Hanyu dazidian 漢語大字典 [Great dictionary of sinographs]. Chengdu: Sichuan Lexicographic Publishing House and Chongwen Book Company.Google Scholar
Toneri, Shinnō 舍人親王 and Yasumaro, Ō no 太安萬侶 (720) 1994. Nihon shoki 日本書紀 [The chronicles of Japan]. Collated by Sakamoto Tarō 坂本太郞, Ienaga Saburō 家永三郎, Inoue Mitsusada 井上光貞, and Ōno Susumu 大野晉. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Wang, Niansun 王念孫. 1795 (collated by Zhang Qiyun 张其昀. 2019). Guangya shuzheng 廣雅疏證 [Annotation and proofs of the expanded Erya]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Wei, Zheng 魏徵. (656) 2019. Suishu 隋書 [History of the Sui]. Rev. ed. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Yao, Silian 姚思廉. (636) 2020. Liangshu 梁書 [History of the Liang]. Rev. ed. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Yu, Naiyong 余迺永. Collated. 2008. Xinjiao huzhu songben Guangyun 新校互註宋本廣韻 [Newly revised on Guangyun (Song dynasty version)], final revised edition. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House.Google Scholar
Zong, Fubang 宗福邦, Chen, Shinao 陳世鐃, and Xiao, Haibo 蕭海波 (eds). 2003. Guxun huizuan 故訓匯纂 [Collections of glosses of sinographs]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Beckwith, Christopher I. 2004. Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages, with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese. Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ch'angwŏn Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (eds). 2006. Han'guk ŭi kodae mokkan 한국의 고대 목간 [Ancient Korean mokkan] Rev. ed. Ch'angwŏn: Ch'angwŏn (nowadays Gaya) National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage.Google Scholar
Chu, Yŏng-hŏn 朱榮憲. 1972. (Nagashima, Kimichika. 永島暉臣慎. trans. 1990.) Kōkuri no hekiga kofon 高句麗の壁畫古墳 [The mural tomb in Koguryŏ]. Tokyo: Gakuseisha.Google Scholar
Dai, Weihong 戴衛紅. 2016. Hanguo mujian yanjiu 韓國木簡研究 [Studies on Korean wooden documents]. Nanning: Guangxi Normal University Press.Google Scholar
Frellesvig, Bjarke. 2010. A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, David. 2013. Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inaba, Iwakichi 稻葉岩吉. 1936. Shakuryō 釋椋 [On the explanation of kanji ryō]. Ōsaka: Ōsakayagō-Shoten.Google Scholar
Inukai, Takashi 犬飼隆. 2011. Mokkan ni yoru nihongo shokishi 木簡による日本語書記史 [The history of Japanese written system of wooden tablets], revised edition. Tokyo: Kasamashoin.Google Scholar
Kōno, Rokurō 河野六郎. 1987. “The bilingualism of the Paekche language”, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 45, 75–86. Tokyo: Oriental Library.Google Scholar
Kwon, In-han 權仁瀚. 2018. “Han'guk kodae hanja ŭi saengsŏng'gwa chŏngae” 한국 고유한자의 생성과 전개 [On the creating and developing of Korean vulgar hanja]. Proceedings of the 9th conference of lexicography, Academy of Asian Studies, Dankook University.Google Scholar
Kwon, In-han 權仁瀚. 2021a. “Yuk segi Silla kŭmsŏkmundŭl ŭi koyumyŏngsa p'yogija punsŏk” 6 세기 신라 금석문들의 고유명사 표기자 분석 [A phonological analysis on the sinographs for proper nouns of 6th-century Silla epigraphs], 大東文化研究 Daedong munhua yŏn'gu 113, 349–98.Google Scholar
Kwon, In-han 權仁瀚. 2021b. “Kodae han'guk ŭi kukcharon i che” 고대 한국의 국자론 2 제 [Two examples of Old Korean sinographs], 문헌과 해석 Munhŏn'gwa haesŏk 87, 211–30.Google Scholar
Kim, Yŏng-uk 金永旭. 2008. “Nishigawaramori no uchi iseki ŭi ‘kyŏngjik’ mokkan e taehan ŏhakjŏk koch'al” 西河原森ノ內 遺跡址의 ‘椋直’ 木簡에 對한 語學的 考察 [A linguistic study on mokkan ‘kyŏngjik’ from Nishigawaramori no uchi iseki], Mokkan'gwa munja 1, 213–32.Google Scholar
Kyŏngju National Museum (eds). 2002. Munja ro pon Silla 문자로 본 신라 [Silla from a perspective of sinographs]. Kyŏngju: Kyŏngju National Museum.Google Scholar
Lee, Ki-moon 李基文. 1998. Kugŏsa kaesŏl 國語史概說 [An introduction to the history of Korean Language]. P'aju: T'aehaksa.Google Scholar
Lee, Ki-moon and Ramsey, Samuel Robert. 2011. A History of the Korean Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Kŏn-sik 李建植. 2019. “Ilbon kukja wa Hanguk koyu hanja ŭi koyusŏng p'andan kijun sŏljŏng ŭi p'ilyosŏng” 日本 國字와 韓國 固有漢字의 고유성 판단 기준 설정의 필요성 [The necessity of setting the standards for judging the inherence of Japanese national characters and Korean native characters], Tongyanghak 75, 97–127.Google Scholar
Lee, Sŭng-chae 李丞宰. 2013. (Hanjaŭm ŭro pon) Paekche’ŏ chaŭm ch'egye (漢字音으로 본) 백제어 자음체계 [The consonants system of Paekche language from a perspective of sinographic readings]. Paju: T'aehaksa.Google Scholar
Lim, Yŏng-chin 林永珍. 1989. Mujin kosŏng 1 武珍古城 1 [Mujin old fortress 1]. Kwangju: Chŏnnam National University Museum.Google Scholar
Lyu, Min-hwa 柳玟和. 2000. Ilbon sŏgi Chosŏn koyumyŏng p'yogija ŭi yŏn'gu 『日本書紀』 朝鮮固有名表記字의 연구 [Studies on Korean sinographs in Nihon shoki]. Seoul: Hye'an Publishing.Google Scholar
Miyake, Marc Hideo. 2003. “Philological evidence for *e and *o in Pre-Old Japanese”, Diachronica 20/1, 81–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyake, Marc Hideo. 2018. “Fishy rhymes: Sino-Korean evidence for earlier Korean *e”, in Vovin, Alexander and McClure, William (eds), Studies in Japanese and Korean Historical and Theoretical Linguistics and Beyond, 37–44. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Mori, Hiromochi 森博達. 1991. Kodai no on'in to Nihon shoki no seiritsu 古代の音韻と日本書紀の成立 [Old phonology and the composition of Nihon shoki]. Tokyo: Taishukan Shoten.Google Scholar
Pak, T'ae-u 朴泰祐, Chŏng, Hae-chun 鄭海濬, and Yun, Chi-hŭi 尹智熙. 2008. “Puyŏ Ssangbuk-ri 280-5 pŏnji ch'ult’o mokkan pogo” 부여 쌍북리 280-5 번지 출토 목간 보고 [Report of mokkan excavated in Puyŏ Ssangbuk-ri site No. 280-5]. Mokkan'gwa munja 2/2, 179–87.Google Scholar
Schuessler, Axel. 2009. Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Tsukishima, Hiroshi 築島裕 (ed.). 2007. Kunten goi shūsē 訓點語彙集成 [Collections of kunten glossed lexicons]. Tokyo: Kyuko-Shoin.Google Scholar
Vovin, Alexander. 2005. “Koguryǒ and Paekche: Different languages or dialects of Old Korean?”, Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 2/2, 108–40.Google Scholar
Vovin, Alexander. 2010. Koreo–Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Weihui 汪維輝. 2018. Hanyu hexinci de lishi yu xianzhuang yanjiu 漢語核心詞的歷史與現狀研究 [The history and current state of core vocabulary in Chinese]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Yi, Sŏng-si 李成市. 1997. “Kankoku shutsudo no mokkan ni tsuite” 韓国出土の木簡について [Proceedings of the Japanese Society for the Study of Wooden Documents]. Mokkan kenkyū 19, 221–49.Google Scholar
Yi, Sŏng-si 李成市. 2005. “Chōsen bunsho no gyōsei – roku seiki no shiragi” 朝鮮文書の行政 – 六世紀の新羅 [Korean documents and administration – Silla in the sixth century]. Monji to kodai nihon – monji ni yoru kōryū 文字と古代日本—文字による交流 [Characters and Old Japan – communications via characters] 2. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan.Google Scholar