Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-2pp2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-31T02:11:21.280Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Formation of Vermicular Kaolinite from Halloysite Aggregates in the Weathering of Plagioclase

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Gi Young Jeong
Gi Young Jeong*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Korea
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Halloysite and kaolinite coexist in anorthosite weathering profiles in the Sancheong district, Korea. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on a transect of partially weathered anorthosites reveals an increasing amount of kaolinite development with weathering age. Microtextures were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of thin sections and raw samples in an attempt to resolve the genetic relation between halloysite and kaolinite. In the earliest stage of weathering, halloysite ellipsoids and short tubes form on the plagioclase surfaces. The successive formation of new grains from the early grains results in globular aggregates where halloysite grains are partially interconnected. With the further progress of weathering, the halloysite grains coalesce from the inner part of the aggregate outward, and convert into stacked kaolinite plates. Continuous addition of halloysite grains on existing plates and their subsequent conversion into plates form long vermicular kaolinite. Solid-state transformation is suggested as a major conversion mechanism. Concurrently with its successive transformation into kaolinite, halloysite also continuously precipitates, giving rise to overgrowths on vermicular kaolinite. Halloysite forms as a kinetically favored metastable precursor and is subsequently transformed into thermodynamically stable kaolinite. Halloysite and kaolinite coexist temporarily in the weathering profile far from equilibrium.

Keywords

HalloysiteKaoliniteScanning Electron MicroscopyWeathering

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 46 , Issue 3 , June 1998 , pp. 270 - 279
Copyright
Copyright © 1998, The Clay Minerals Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Anovitz, L.M. Perkins, D. and Essene, E.J., 1991 Metastability in near-surface rocks of minerals in the system Al2O3-SiO2-H2O Clays Clay Miner 39 225–233 10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W., 1990 Halloysite—A critical review Proc Int Clay Conf; Strasbourg, France. Sci Geol Mem 86 89–98.Google Scholar
Banfield, J.F., 1985 The mineralogy and chemistry of granite weathering [M.Sc. thesis] Canberra, Australia Australian National Univ.Google Scholar
Banfield, J.F. and Eggleton, R.A., 1988 Transmission electron microscope study of biotite weathering Clays Clay Mine 36 47–60 10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banfield, J.F. and Eggleton, R.A., 1990 Analytical transmission electron microscope studies of plagioclase, muscovite, and K-feldspar weathering Clays Clay Miner 38 77–89 10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G.W., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., 1980 Order-disorder in clay mineral structures Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification London Mineral Soc 125–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chukhrov, F.V. and Zvyagin, B.B., 1966 Halloysite, a crystallo-chemically and mineralogically distinct species Proc Int Clay Conf 1 11–25.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J., 1970 Interlayer water in halloysite [Ph.D. thesis] Dunedin, New Zealand Univ of Otago.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J. and Gilkes, R., 1989 Recognition of intermediates in the possible transformation of halloysite to kaolinite in the weathering profiles Clay Miner 24 579–590 10.1180/claymin.1989.024.4.02.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G.J. Whitton, J.S. Claridge, G.G.C. and Theng, B.K.G., 1984 Intercalation method using formamide for differentiating halloysite from kaolinite Clays Clay Miner 32 241–248 10.1346/CCMN.1984.0320401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, E.A., 1984 Micromorphology of soils New York Chapman and Hall 10.1007/978-94-009-5544-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilkes, R.J. Suddhiprakarn, A. and Armitage, T.M., 1980 Scanning electron microscope morphology of deeply weathered granite Clays Clay Miner 28 29–34 10.1346/CCMN.1980.0280104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinckley, D.N., 1993 Variability in “Crystallinity” values among the kaolin deposits of the coastal plain of Georgia and South Carolina Clays Clay Miner 11 229–235 10.1346/CCMN.1962.0110122.Google Scholar
Huang, W.H., 1974 Stabilities of kaolinite and halloysite in relation to weathering of feldspars and nepheline in aqueous solution Am Mineral 59 365–371.Google Scholar
Hughes, J.C. and Brown, G., 1979 A crystallinity index for soil kaolins and its relation to parent rock, climate and soil maturity J Soil Sci 30 557–563 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1979.tb01009.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeong, G.Y., 1992 Mineralogy and genesis of kaolin in the Sancheong district, Korea [Ph.D. thesis] Seoul, Korea Seoul National Univ.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.Y. and Kim, S.J., 1989 7 Å phase in the Sancheong kaolin: 7 A-halloysite or kaolinite? J Mineral Soc Korea 2 18–25.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.Y. and Kim, S.J., 1992 Mineralogy of size fractions in Sancheong kaolin and its origin J Mineral Soc Korea 5 22–31.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.Y. and Kim, S.J., 1993 Boxwork fabric of halloysite-rich kaolin formed by weathering of anorthosite in Sancheong area, Korea Clay Clay Miner 41 56–65 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeong, G.Y. and Kim, S.J., 1994 Genesis of kaolin in the Sancheong district, Korea: Mineralogical and textural study J Geol Soc Korea 30 262–283.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.Y. Kim, S.J. Kim, Y.H. and Cho, H.G., 1995 Kaolinite formation by weathering of biotite in Sancheong kaolin J Mineral Soc Korea 8 37–45.Google Scholar
Jeong, J.G. Lee, S.M. and Kim, H.S., 1987 Regional metamorphism of anor-thositic rocks in Hadong-Sancheong area Memoirs in celebration of the sixtieth birthday of Professor Sang Man Lee Seoul, Korea Seoul National Univ 87–106.Google Scholar
Keller, W.D., 1977 Scan electron micrographs of kaolins collected from diverse environments of origin—IV. Georgia kaolin and kaolinizing source rocks Clays Clay Mine 25 311–345 10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, W.D. Cheng, H. Johns, W.D. and Meng, C.-S., 1980 Kaolin from original Kauling (Gaoling) mine locality, Kiangsi province, China Clays Clay Miner 28 97–104 10.1346/CCMN.1980.0280204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korea Mining Promotion Corporation., 1995 Mining summary of Korea Seoul, Korea Korea Mining Promotion Corp.Google Scholar
Krauskopf, K.B. and Bird, D.K., 1995 Introduction to geochemistry New York McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Kunze, G.W. and Bradley, W.F., 1964 Occurrence of a tabular halloysite in a Texas soil Clays Clay Miner 12 523–527 10.1346/CCMN.1963.0120145.Google Scholar
Kwon, S.T. and Jeong, J.G., 1990 Preliminary Sr-Nd isotope study of the Hadong-Sanchung anorthositic rocks in Korea: Implication for their origin and for the Precambrian tectonics J Geol Soc Korea 26 341–349.Google Scholar
Morse, J.W. and Casey, W.H., 1988 Ostwald process and mineral paragenesis in sediments Am J Sci 288 537–560 10.2475/ajs.288.6.537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagasawa, K., Sudo, T. and Shimoda, S., 1978 Kaolin minerals Clays and clay minerals of Japan Tokyo, Japan Kodansha 189–219 10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70686-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, A.C.D. Brown, G. and Newman, A.C.D., 1987 The chemical constitution of clays Chemistry of clays and clay minerals London Mineral Soc 1–128.Google Scholar
Noro, H., 1986 Hexagonal platy halloysite in an altered tuff bed, Komaki city, Aichi Prefecture, Central Japan Clay Miner 21 401–415 10.1180/claymin.1986.021.3.11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parham, W.E., 1969 Formation of halloysite from feldspar: Low temperature artificial weathering versus natural weathering Clays Clay Miner 17 13–22 10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, I.D.M. and Eggleton, R.A., 1991 Weathering of granitic muscovite to kaolinite and halloysite and of plagioclase-derived kaolinite to halloysite Clays Clay Miner 39 113–126 10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robie, R.A. and Waldbaum, D.R., 1968 Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298,15 °K (25°C) and one atmosphere (1.013 bars) pressure and at higher temperatures .Google Scholar
Robie, R.A. Hemingway, B.S. and Fisher, J.R., 1978 Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 °K (25°C) and 1 bar (10° pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures US Geol Surv Bull 1452 .Google Scholar
Singh, B. and Gilkes, R.J., 1992 An electron optical investigation of the alteration of kaolinite to halloysite Clays Clay Miner 40 212–229 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Steefel, C.I. and Cappellen, P., 1990 A new kinetic approach to modeling water-rock interaction: The role of nucleation, precursors, and Ostwald ripening Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54 2657–2677 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90003-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stumm, W., 1992 Chemistry of the solid-water interface New York J. Wiley.Google Scholar
Tsuzuki, Y. and Kawabe, I., 1983 Polymorphic transformations of kaolin minerals in aqueous solutions Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47 59–66 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90090-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C.E. and Pollard, L.D., 1973 The chemistry of clay minerals Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier .Google Scholar