Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-31T23:42:45.847Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Minimal emotional dysfunctions (MED) in personality disorders

Prepared for publication in: European Psychiatry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

M. Linden*
Affiliation:
Research Group Psychosomatic Rehabilitation at the Charité, University Medicine Berlin and the Department of Behavioral Medicine at the Rehabilitation Center Seehof, Lichterfelder Allee 55, Teltow 14513, Berlin, Germany
Get access

Abstract

The concept of minimal emotional dysfunctions (MED) refers to traditional psychopathology in order to describe, classify, and understand personality disorders. Emotional dysfunctions encompass disorders of affect predominance, production, expression, experience, modulation, and regulation. MED can explain the dimensional nature of personality disorders, their multidimensionality and problems with categorical classifications. It can stimulate research on the etiology of personality disorders in reference to modern developmental brain research and trauma psychology. It can guide new developments in pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. It is suggested to focus on MED in future developments of the description and classification of personality disorders.

Type
Original articles
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier SAS 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alden, L.Short-term structured treatment for avoidant personality disorder. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol 1989;57:764765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alnaes, R., Torgensen, S.Personality disorders among patients with major depression in combination with dysthymic or cyclothymic disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand 1989;79:363369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersen, S.L., Teicher, M.H.Delayed effects of early stress in hippocampal development. Neuropsychopharmacol 2004;29:19881993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, G., Neilson, M., Hurt, C., Stewart, G., Kiloh, L.G.Diagnosis, personality and the long-term outcome of depression. Brit. J. Psychiat 1990;157:1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
APA. DSM-III-R. Weinheim: Beltz Verlag; 1989.Google Scholar
Barley, W.D., Buie, S.E., Peterson, E.W., Hollingsworth, A.S., Griva, M., Hickerson, S.C.et al.Development of an inpatient cognitive-behavioral treatment program for borderline personality disorder. J. Person. Dis 1993;7:232240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barratt, E.S., Stanford, M.S., Kent, T.A., Felthous, A.Neuropsychological substrates of impulsive aggression. Biol. Psychiat 1997;41:10451061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayon, C., Hill, K., Svrakic, D.M., Przybeck, T.R., Cloninger, C.R.Dimensional assessment of personality in an out-patient sample: relations of the systems of Millon and Cloninger. J. Psychiatr. Res 1996;30:341352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A.T., Freeman, A.Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Guilford; 1990.Google Scholar
Benning, S.D., Patrick, C.J., Hicks, B.M., Blonigen, D.M., Krueger, R.F.Factor structure of the psychopathic personality inventory: validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychol. Assess 2003;15:340350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergvall, A.H., Nilsson, T., Hansen, S.Exploring the link between character, personality disorder, and neuropsychological function. Eur. Psychiatry 2003;18:334344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bobon, D., Baumann, U., Angst, J., Helmchen, H., Hippius, H., editors. AMDP-system in pharmacopsychiatry. Basel: Karger; 1983.Google Scholar
Boyce, P., Parker, G., Barnett, B., Looney, M., Smith, F.Personality as a vulnerability factor to depression. Brit. J. Psychiat 1991;159:106114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgess, J.W.Neurocognitive impairment in dramatic personalities: histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial disorders. Psychiatry Res 1992;42:283290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cattell, R.B., Scheier, I.H.Extension of meaning of objective test personality factors: especially into anxiety, neuroticism, questionnaire and physical factors. J. Gen. Psychol 1959;61:287315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloninger, C.R.A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1987;44:573588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cloninger, C.R.A practical way to diagnosis personality disorder: a proposal. J. Personal. Disord 2000;14:99108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conors, C.K.Forty years of methylphenidate treatment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Attention Disord 2002;6:1730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coons, P.M.The use of carbamazepine for episodic violence in multiple personality disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified: two additional cases. Biol. Psychiat 1992;32:717720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornelius, J.R., Soloff, P.H., Perel, J.M.et al.A preliminary trial of fluoxetine in refractory borderline patients. J. Clin. Psychopharm 1991;11:116120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowdry, R.W., Gardner, D.L.Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder: alprazolam, carbamazepine, trifluoperazine, and tranylcypromine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1988;45:111119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeKloet, E.R., Siburg, R.M., Helmerhorst, F.M., Schmmidt, M.Stress, genes and the mechanism of programming the brain for later life. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev 2004;29:271281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deltito, J., Martin, L., Riefkohl, J., Austria, B., Kissilenko, A., Corless, C.Morse P. Do patients with borderline personality disorder belong to the bipolar spectrum? J. Affect. Disord 2001;67:221228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolan, M., Park, I.The neuropsychology of antisocial personality disorder. Psychol. Med 2002;32:417427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eslinger, P.J., Tranel, D.Integrative study of cognitive, social, and emotional processing in clinical neuroscience. Canad. Behav. Neurol 2005;18:14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, S.B., White, O., Eysenck, H.J.Personality and mental illness. Psychol. Rep 1976;39:10111022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, B.G.Personality disorder. Curr. Opin. Psychiat 1992;5:219223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Focken, A.Hirnorganische Faktoren in der Entwicklung von Neurosen. In: Mesterr, H., Tölle, R., editors. Neurosen. Berlin: Springer; 1981 (Hrsg.).Google Scholar
Gabbard, G.O.Mind, brain, and personality disorders. Amer. J. Psychiat 2005;162:1981. p. 648655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, A.R., Cowdry, R.Positive effects of carbamazepine on behavioral dyscontrol in borderline personality disorder. Amer. J. Psychiat 1986;143:519522.Google ScholarPubMed
Gilger, J.W., Kaplan, B.J.Atypical brain development: a conceptual framework for understanding developmental learning disabilities. Dev. Neuropsychol 2001;20:465481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gitlin, M.J.Pharmacotherapy of personality disorders: conceptual framework and clinical strategies. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol 1993;13:343353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunn, J.Personality disorder: a clinical suggestion. In: Tyrer, P., editors. Personality disorders: diagnosis, management and course. London: Wright; 1988.Google Scholar
Guy, W., Ban, T.The AMDP-system. Manual for the assessment and documentation of psychopathology. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmchen, H., Linden, M.Subthreshold disorders in psychiatry. Compr. Psychiatry 2000;41:1137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herpertz, S.C., Sass, H.Persönlichkeitsstörungen Thieme. Stuttgart; 2003.Google Scholar
Higgitt, A., Fonagy, P.Psychotherapy in borderline and narcissistic personality disorder. Brit. J. Psychiat 1992;161:2343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joyce, P.R., Mulder, R.T., Luty, S.E., McKenzie, J.M., Sullivan, P.F.Cloninger RCBorderline personality disorder in major depression: symptomatology, temperament, character, differential drug response, and 6-month outcome. Compr. Psychiatry 2003;44:3543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapfhammer, H.P., Hippius, H.Special feature: pharmacotherapy in personality disorders. J. Personal. Disord 1998;12:277288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kernberg, O.F.Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Jason Aronson; 1975.Google Scholar
Klein, S.B., Kihlstrom, J.F.On bridging the gap between social-personality and neuropsychology. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev 1998;2:228242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klosterkotter, J., Hellmich, M., Steinmeyer, E.M., Schultze-Lutter, F.Diagnosing schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2001;58:158164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koch, J.L.Die psychopathischen Minderwertigkeiten. Ravensburg: Dorn; 1891.Google Scholar
Kocsis, J.H., Frances, A.J.A critical discussion of DSM-III dysthymic disorder. Amer. J. Psychiat 1987;144:15341542.Google ScholarPubMed
Kraepelin, E.Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte. 5. Leipzig: Aufl. Barth; 1896.Google Scholar
Lindberg, N., Tani, P., Stenberg, J.H., Appelberg, B., Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Virkkunen, M.Neurological soft signs in homicidal men with antisocial personality disorder. Eur. Psychiatry 2004;19:433437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linden, M.Störungen der Emotionalität und Affektregulation aus psychopathologischer Sicht. In: Sulz, S.K.-D., Lenz, G., editors. Von der Kognition zur Emotion. München: CIP-Verlag; 2000 (Hrsg.).Google Scholar
Linden, M., Helmchen, H., Müller-Oerlinghausen, B.Early phase-II semi double-blind study of the alkaline propanolamine derivative enciprazine. Drug Research 1988;38:2000. p. 814816.Google ScholarPubMed
Linden, M., Wilms, H.U.Pathopsychologie neurotischer Erkrankungen bei minimaler cerebraler. In: Dysfunktion, , Wahl, R., Hautzinger, M. editors. Verhaltensmedizin. Köln: Deutscher Ärzteverlag; 1989 (Hrsg.).Google Scholar
Linden, M., Hautzinger, M.(Hrsg.): Verhaltenstherapie-Manual. Berlin: Springer; 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linehan, M.M.Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New Guilford; 1993.Google Scholar
Linehan, M.M.Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford; 1993.Google Scholar
Linehan, M.M., Kehrer, C.A.Borderline personality disorder. In: Barlow, D.H., editors. Clinical handbook of psychological disorders. New York: Guilford; 1993.Google Scholar
Linehan, M.M., Armstrong, H.E., Suarez, A., Allmond, D., Heard, L.Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1991;48:1989. p. 1993. p. 10601064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Links, P.S., Steiner, M., Boiago, I., Irwin, D.Lithium therapy for borderline patients: preliminary findings. J. Pers. Dis 1990;4:173181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Links, P.S., Boggild, A., Sarin, N.Psychopharmacology of personality disorders: review and emerging issues. Curr. Psychiatry Rep 2001;3:7076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linnoila, M., Virkkunen, M., George, T., Higley, D.Impulse control disorders. Intern Clin. Psychopharm 1993;8(Suppl. 1):5356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livesley, W.J.The classification of personality disorder: I. The choice of category concept. Can. J. Psychiat 1985;30:353358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livesley, W.J.The classification of personality disorder: II. The problem of diagnostic criteria. Can. J. Psychiat 1985;30:359362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livesley, W.J., Schroeder, M.L.Dimensions of personality disorder. The DSM-III-R cluster A diagnoses. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis 1990;178:627635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livesley, W.J., Jang, K.L.Toward an empirically based classification of personality disorder. J. Personal. Disord 2000;14:137151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez, P.N., Salovey, P., Cote, S., Beers, M.Emotion regulation abilities and the quality of social interaction. Emotion 2005;5:113118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maggini, C., Ampollini, P., Marchesi, C., Gariboldi, S., Cloninger, C.R.Relationships between tridimensional personality questionnaire dimensions and DSM-III-R personality traits in Italian adolescents. Compr. Psychiatry 2000;41:426431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markowitz, P.J., Calabrese, J.R., Schulz, S.C.et al.Fluoxetine in borderline and schizotypical personality disorder. Amer. J. Psychiat 1991;148:10641067.Google Scholar
Mathias, J.L., Coats, J.L.Emotional and cognitive sequelae to mild traumatic brain injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol 1999;21:200215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medford, N., Phillips, M.L., Brierley, B., Brammer, M., Bullmore, E.T., David, A.S.Emotional memory: separating content and context. Psychiat. Res 2005;138:247258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millon, T., Davis, R.D.Disorders of personality. New York: Wiley; 1996.Google Scholar
Mischel, W.Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley; 1968.Google Scholar
Norden, M.J.Fluoxetine in borderline personality disorder. Propr. Neuro-Psychopharm. Biol. Psychiat 1989;13:885893.Google Scholar
Olivier, B., Hartog, J., Rasmussen, D.Serenics. DN 1990;261–271:3.Google Scholar
Otto, J.H., Euler, H.E., Mandl, H.(Hrsg.): Emotionspsychologie, ein Handbuch. Weinheim: Beltz; 2000.Google Scholar
Parfitt, D.B., Levin, J.K., Saltstein, K.P., Klayman, A.S., Greer, L.M., Helmreich, D.L.Differential early rearing environments can accentuate or attenuate the response to stress in male C57BL/6 mice. Brain Res 2004;30:111118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paris, J.P.The treatment of borderline personality disorder in light of the research on its long term outcome. Can. J. Psychiat 1993;38(Suppl. 1):2834.Google ScholarPubMed
Paris, J.Personality disorders over time: implications for psychotherapy. Amer. J. Psychiat 2004;58:420429.Google ScholarPubMed
Perry, J.C.Problems and consideration in the valid assessment of personality disorders. Amer. J. Psychiat 1992;149:16451653.Google Scholar
Phillips, L.J., McGorry, P.D., Yung, A.R., McGlashan, T.H., Cornblatt, B., Klosterkotter, J.Prepsychotic phase of schizophrenia and related disorders: recent progress and future opportunities. Brit. J. Psychiat 2005;48:3344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinel, P.Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale. (2nd. Ed.). Paris: Brosson; 1809.Google Scholar
Platt, J.J., Pomeranz, D., Eisenman, R.Validation of the Eysenck Personality Inventory by the MMPI and internal–external control scale. J. Clin. Psychol 1971;27:104105.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pukrop, R., Steinmeyer, E.M., Woschnik, M., Czernik, A., Matthies, H., Sass, H.et al.Persönlichkeit, akzenuierte Wesenszüge und Persönlichkeitsstörungen. Nervenarzt 2002;73:247254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
QAP. Quality Assurance Project of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists: treatment outlines for paranoid, schizotypical, and schizoid personality disorders. Austr. New Zeal. J. Psychiat 1990;24:229350.Google Scholar
QAP. Quality Assurance Project of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists: treatment outlines for borderline, narcissistic and histrionic personality disorders. Austr. New Zeal. J. Psychiat 1991;25:392403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
QAP. Quality Assurance Project of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists: treatment outlines for avoidant, dependent and passive–aggressive personality disorders. Austr. New Zeal. J. Psychiat 1991;25:404411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A., Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Lynam, D.Neurocognitive impairments in boys on the life-course persistent antisocial path. J. Abnorm. Psychol 2005;114:3849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reiff, H.B., Hatzes, N.M., Bramel, M.H., Gibbon, T.The relation of LD and gender with emotional intelligence in college students. J. Learn. Disabil 2001;34:6678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reitan, R.M., Wolfson, D.Emotional disturbances and their interaction with neuropsychological deficits. Neuropsychol. Rev 1997;7:319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riley, H., Schutte, N.S.Low emotional intelligence as a predictor of substance-use problems. J. Drug Educ 2003;33:391398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rucklidge, J.J., Tannock, R.Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: effects of reading difficulties and gender. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiat 2002;43:9881003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruhrmann, S., Schultze-Lutter, F., Maier, W., Klosterkotter, J.Pharmacological intervention in the initial prodromal phase of psychosis. Eur. Psychiat 2005;20:16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruocco, A.C.The neuropsychology of borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis and review. Psychiatry Res 2005;137:191202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Safran, J.D., McMain, S.Cognitive-interpersonal approach to the treatment of personality disorders. J. Cognit. Psychother 1992;6:5968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sass, H., Junemann, K.Affective disorders, personality and personality disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand 2003;95:3440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, K.R.Psychologie der Emotion (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, C, IV, 3). Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1990 (Hrsg.).Google Scholar
Schmitz, B., Fydrich, T., Limbacher, K.(Hrsg.) Persönlichkeitsstörungen: Diagnostik und Psychotherapie. Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union; 1996.Google Scholar
Schmitz, B., Schuhler, P., Handke-Raubach, A., Jung, A.Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen und unflexiblen Persönlichkeitsstilen. Lengerich: Pabst; 2001.Google Scholar
Shearin, E.N., Linehan, M.M.Patient–therapist ratings and relationship to progress in dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Behav. Ther 1992;23:730741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siever, C.J., Davis, K.L.A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. Amer. J. Psychiat 1991;148:16471658.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, D.J., Muir, W.J., Blackwood, D.H.Is borderline personality disorder part of the bipolar spectrum? Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 2004;12:133139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soloff, P.What’s new in the personality disorders? An update on pharmacological treatment. J. Pers. Dis 1990;4:233243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soloff, P.H., Cornelius, J., George, A., Nathan, S., Perel, J.M., Ulrich, R.F.Efficacy of phenelzine and haloperidol in borderline personality disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1993;50:377385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squires-Wheeler, E., Skodol, A.E., Friedman, D., Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L.The specificity of DSM-III-R schizotypical personality traits. Psychol. Med 1988;18:757765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, G.Drug treatment of the personality disorders. Brit. J. Psychiat 1992;161:167184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, G.Physical treatments of the personality disorders. Curr. Opin. Psychiat 1994;7:129136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sone, M.H.Long-term outcome in personality disorders. Brit. J. Psychiat 1993;162:299313.Google Scholar
Stravinsky, A., Marks, I., Yule, W.Social skills problems in neurotic patients: social skills training with and without cognitive modification. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1982;39:13781385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stravinsky, A., Lesage, A., Marcouiller, M., Elie, R.A test of the therapeutic mechanisms in social skills training with avoidant personality disorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis 1989;177:739744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svrakic, D.M., Whitehead, C., Przybeck, T.R., Cloninger, C.R.Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1993;50:991999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svrakic, D.M., Draganic, S., Hill, K., Bayon, C., Przybeck, T.R., Cloninger, C.R.Temperament, character, and personality disorders: etiologic, diagnostic, treatment issues. Acta Psychiatr. Scand 2002;106:189195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tritt, K., Nickel, C., Lahmann, C., Leiberich, P.K., Rother, W.K., Loew, T.H.et al.Lamotrigine treatment of aggression in female borderline-patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Psychopharmacol 2005;19:287291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tupper, D.E., editors. Soft neurological signs. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1987.Google Scholar
Tyrer, P., Ferguson, B.Development of the concept of abnormal personality. In: Tyrer, P., editors. Personality disorders: diagnosis, management and course. London: Wright; 1988.Google Scholar
Tyrer, P., Casey, P., Ferguson, B.Personality disorder in perspective. Brit. J. Psychiat 1991;159:463471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vizard, E., French, L., Hickey, N., Bladon, E.Severe personality disorder emerging in childhood: a proposal for a new developmental disorder. Crim. Behav. Mental Health 2004;14(14):1728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vize, C., Tyrer, P.The relationship between personality and other psychiatric disorders. Curr. Opin. Psychiat 1994;7:123128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldinger, R., Gunderson, J.G.Successful psychotherapy with borderline patients. New York: Mac Millan; 1987.Google Scholar
Wessler, R.L.Cognitive psychotherapy approaches to personality disorders. Psicologia Conductal 1993;1:2348.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen, ICD-10. Bern: Huber; 1991.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. International classification of functioning disability and health, ICF. WHO Library; 2001.Google Scholar
Widiger, T.A., Frances, A.J.Epidemiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. In: Tasman, A., Hales, E., Frances, A.J., editors. American psychiatric press review of psychiatry, vol. 8. Washington: American Psychiatric Press; 1989.Google Scholar
Young, J.E.Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach. Sarasota, Professional Resource Exchange; 1990.Google Scholar
Zaworka, W., Hand, I.Die "Anankastische Persönlichkeit"—Fakt oder Fiktion? Experimentelle Diagnose der Zwangsneurose. Ztschr. Different. Diagnost. Psycholog 1981;2:3154.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, M., Pfohl, B., Coryell, W., Stangl, D., Corenthal, C.Diagnosing personality disorder in depressed patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1988;45:733737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.