Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-29T23:46:05.822Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Mechanisms and experimental and epidemiological evidence relating dietary fibre (non-starch polysaccharides) and starch to protection against large bowel cancer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Sheila A. Bingham
Affiliation:
MRC Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, 100 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QL
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Symposium on ‘Diet and Cancer’
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1990

References

Armstrong, B. & Doll, R. (1975). Environmental factors and cancer incidence in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. International Journal of Cancer 15, 617631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, S. J., Fearon, E. R., Nigro, J. M., Hamilton, S. R., Preisinger, A. C., Jessup, J. M., Vantuinen, P., Ledbetter, D. H., Barker, D. F., Nakamura, Y., Wright, R. & Vogelstein, B. (1989). Chromosome 17 deletion and P53 gene mutation in colorectal carcinomas. Science 244, 217221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, R. D. & Paraskeva, C. (1988). Expression of CEA by adenoma and carcinoma derived epithelial cell lines. Carcinogenesis 9, 447450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berta, J. L., Coste, T., Rautureau, S., Bataille, M. & Pequignot, G. (1985). Dietary survey in colorectal cancer: results of a case-control study. Gastroenterology and Clinical Biology 9, 348353.Google ScholarPubMed
Bingham, S. (1987). The dietary assessment of individuals: methods, accuracy, new techniques and recommendations. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews 57, 705742.Google Scholar
Bingham, S., Williams, D. R. R. & Cummings, J. H. (1985). Dietary fibre consumption in Britain: new estimates and their relation to large bowel cancer mortality. British Journal of Cancer 52, 399402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bird, R. P. & Bruce, W. R. (1984). Colonic damage by mutagenic amines. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 73, 237240.Google Scholar
Bjelke, E. (1971). Case control study of cancer of the stomach, colon and rectum. In Oncology 1970: being the Proceedings of the Tenth International Cancer Congress, vol. 5, pp. 320334 [Clark, R. L., Cumley, J. E., McCay, J. E. and Copeland, M. M, editors]. Chicago, III: Yearbook Medical Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
Bond, J. H. & Levitt, M. D. (1975). Fate of soluble carbohydrate in the colon of rats and man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 57, 11581164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnen, H., Clausen, M. R. & Mortensen, P. B. (1989). Colonic concentration and production of butyrate from dietary fibre is decreased in patients with adenomas in the colon. Gastroenterology 96, A51.Google Scholar
Bristol, J. B., Emmett, P. M., Heaton, K. W. & Williamson, R. C. N. (1985). Sugar, fat and the risk of colorectal cancer. British Medical Journal 291, 14671470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, W. R. (1987). Recent hypotheses for the origin of colon cancer. Cancer Research 47, 42374242.Google ScholarPubMed
Burkitt, D. P. (1969). Related disease – related cause. Lancet ii, 12291231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, J. F., Wachira, M. E., Van Sant, T., Malik, M. S. & Bowry, R. N. (1980). Diverticular disease, carcinoma of the colon and diet in urban and rural Kenyan Africans. Diagnostic Imaging 49, 2328.Google Scholar
Christl, S., Murgatroyd, P. R., Gibson, G. R. & Cummings, J. H. (1989). Total hydrogen and methane production from fermentation in man measured in a whole body calorimeter. Clinical Science 77, 37 (Abstr.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, Y. S., Song, I. S., Erickson, R. H., Sleisenger, M. H. & Kim, Y. S. (1985). Effect of growth and sodium butryate on brush border membrane associated hydrolases in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Cancer Research 45, 29762982.Google Scholar
Cummings, J. H. (1981 a). Dietary fibre and large bowel cancer. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 40, 714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J. H. (1981 b). Short chain fatty acids in the human colon. Gut 22, 763779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J. H., Hill, M. J., Bone, E. S., Branch, W. J. & Jenkins, D. J. A. (1979). The effect of meat protein and dietary fiber on colonic function and metabolism. II. Bacterial metabolites in feces and urine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32, 20942101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, J. H., Hill, M. J., Jenkins, D. J. A., Pearson, J. R. & Wiggins, H. S. (1976). Changes in fecal composition and colonic function due to cereal fiber. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29, 14681473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J. H., Pomare, E. W., Branch, W. J., Naylor, C. P. E. & Macfarlane, G. T. (1987). Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 28, 12211227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dales, L. G., Friedman, G. P., Ury, H. K., Grossman, S. & Williams, S. (1978). A case control study of relationships of diet and other traits to colorectal cancer in American Blacks. American Journal of Epidemiology 109, 132144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Rubertis, F. R. & Craven, P. A. (1987). Relationship of bile salt stimulation of colonic epithelial phospholipid turnover and proliferative activity: role of activation of protein kinase C. Preventive Medicine 16, 572579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Rubertis, F. R., Craven, P. A. & Saito, R. (1984). Bile salt stimulation of colonic epithelial proliferation. Journal of Clinical Investigation 74, 16141624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englyst, H. N., Bingham, S. A., Runswick, S. A., Collinson, E. & Cummings, J. H. (1988). Dietary fibre (NSP) in fruit, vegetables and nuts. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1, 247286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Englyst, H. N., Bingham, S. A., Runswick, S. A., Collinson, E. & Cummings, J. H. (1989). Dietary fibre (NSP) in cereals and cereal products. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2, 253271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Englyst, H. N. & Cummings, J. H. (1985). Digestion of the polysaccharides of some cereal foods in the human small intestine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 778787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englyst, H. N. & Cummings, J. H. (1986). Digestion of the carbohydrates of banana in the human small intestine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 4250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englyst, H. N. & Cummings, J. H. (1987 a). Digestion of the polysaccharides of potato in the small intestine of man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 423431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englyst, H. N. & Cummings, J. H. (1987 b). Resistant starch, a ‘new’ food component: a classification of starch for nutritional purposes. In Cereals in a European Context, pp. 221223 [Morton, I. D., editor]. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.Google Scholar
Englyst, H. N., Cummings, J. H. & Wood, R. (1987 a). Determination of dietary fibre in cereals and cereal products - collaborative trials. Part III: Study of further simplified procedures. Journal of the Association of Public Analysts 25, 73110.Google Scholar
Englyst, H. N., Hay, S. & Macfarlane, G. T. (1987 b). Polysaccharide breakdown by mixed populations of human faecal bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 95, 163171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Englyst, H. N. & Hudson, G. J. (1987). Colorimetric method for routine measurement of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides. A comparison with gas-liquid chromatography. Food Chemistry 24, 6376.Google Scholar
Englyst, H., Wiggins, H. S. & Cummings, J. H. (1982). Determination of the NSP in plant foods by GLC of constituent sugars as alditol acetates. Analyst 107, 307318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esser, W., Weithofer, G. & Block, R. (1980). Zur Bedeutung des Fett und Rohtasergahalts der Nahrung f¨r die Entetchung des Kolonkarzinoms. Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 18, 18.Google Scholar
Finegold, S. M., Sutter, V. L. & Mathisen, G. E. (1983). Normal indigenous intestinal flora. In Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease, pp. 331 [Hentges, D. J., editor]. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzer, C. J., O'Brian, C. A., Guillem, J. G. & Weinstein, I. B. (1987). The regulation of protein kinase C by chenodeoxycholatc. deoxycholate and several structurally related bile acids. Careinogenesis 8, 217220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Florin, T. H. J., Neale, G. & Cummings, J. H. (1989). Dietary and endogenous sulphate losses from the upper gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Science 77, 67 (Abstr.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, H. J. (1986). Effects of differing concentrations of sodium butyrate on DMH induced rat intestinal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 91, 596602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, G. R., Cummings, J. H. & Macfarlanc, G. T. (1988 a). Compotition for hydrogen between sulphate reducing bacteria and methanogenic bacteria from the human large intestine. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 65, 241247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, G. R., Macfarlane, G. T. & Cummings, J. H. (1988 b). Occurrence of sulphate-reducing bacteria in human faeccs and the relationship of dissimilatory sulphate reduction to methanogenesis in the large gut. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 65, 103111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodlad, R. A., Ratcliffe, B., Fordham, J. P. & Wright, N. A. (1989). Does dietary fibre stimulate intestinal epithelial cell proliferation in germ-free rats? Gut 30, 820825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, S., Dayal, H., Swanson, M., Mittelman, A. & Wilkinson, G. (1978). Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 61, 709714.Google ScholarPubMed
Graham, S., Marshall, J., Haughley, B., Mittelman, A., Swanson, M., Zielezny, M., Byers, T., Wilkinson, G. & West, D. (1988). Dietary epidemiology of cancer of the colon in western New York. American Journal of Epidemiology 128, 490503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haenzel, W., Berg, J. W., Segi, M., Kurihara, M. & Lock, F. B. (1973). Bowel cancer in Hawaii Japanese. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 51, 17651779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, A., Metz, G., Dilawari, J., Blendis, L. & Wiggins, H. (1977). Breath methane in patients with cancer of the large bowel. Lancet ii, 481483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayatsu, H., Hayatsu, T. & Wataya, Y. (1986). Use of blue cotton for detection of mutagenicity in human faeces excreted after ingestion of cooked meat. Environmental Health Perspectives 67, 3134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higginson, J. (1966). Etiological factors in gastrointestinal cancer in man. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 37, 527545.Google ScholarPubMed
Higginson, J. & Oettle, A. G. (1960). Cancer incidence in the Bantu and Cape coloured race of South Africa. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 24, 584671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirayama, T. (1981). A large scale cohort study on the relationship between diet and selected cancers of digestive organs. In Banbury Report 7, pp. 409429 [Bruce, W. R., Correa, P., Lipkin, M., Tannenbaum, S. R. and Wilkin, T. D., editors]. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Láboratory.Google Scholar
Hunter, K., Linn, M. W. & Harris, R. (1980). Dietary patterns and cancer of the digestive tract in older patients. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 28, 405409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
IARC Large Bowel Cancer Group (1982). Second IARC International Collaborative Study on diet and large bowel cancer in Denmark and Finland. Nutrition and Cancer 4, 379.Google Scholar
Ip, C. (1978). Fat and essential fatty acids in mammary carcinogenesis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 218224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, M., Cook, G. M., Davis, F. G., Brace, M. G., Howe, G. R. & Miller, A. B. (1980). A case control study of diet and colo-rectal cancer. International Journal of Cancer 26, 757768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. P. T. & Theander, O. (editors) (1980). In The Analysis of Dietary Fibre in Food. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.Google Scholar
Kruh, J. (1982). Effects of sodium butyrate, a new pharmacological agent, on cells in culture. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 42, 6582.Google ScholarPubMed
Kuhnlein, U., Gallagher, R. & Freeman, H. J. (1983). Effects of purified cellulose and pectin fiber diets on mutagenicity of feces and luminal contents of stomach, small and large bowel in rats. Clinical Investigative Medicine 6, 253260.Google ScholarPubMed
Kune, S., Kune, G. A. & Watson, L. F. (1987). Case control study of dietary etiological factors: the Melbourne colorectal cancer study. Nutrition and Cancer 9, 2142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuratsune, M., Honda, T., Englyst, H. N. & Cummings, J. H. (1986). Dietary fibre in the Japanese diet as investigated in connection with colon cancer risk. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 77, 736738.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee, H. P., Gourley, L., Duffy, S. W., Esteve, J., Lee, J. & Dom, N. E. (1989). Colorectal cancer and diet in an Asian population – a case control study among Singapore Chinese. International Journal of Cancer 43, 10071016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, E., Derivi, S. & Mendez, M. (1986). The relation between cancer of the colon rectum and nutrition in Rio de Janeiro. Archives of Latin American Nutrition 36, 282285.Google Scholar
Lyon, J. L., Mahoney, A. W., West, D. W., Gardner, J. W., Smith, K. R., Sorenson, A. W. & Stanish, W. (1987). Energy intake: its relationship to colon cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 78, 853861.Google ScholarPubMed
McBurney, M. I., Horvath, P. J., Jeraci, J. L. & Van Soest, P. J. (1985). Effect of in vivo fermentation using human faecal inoculum on the water holding capacity of dietary fibre. British Journal of Nutrition 53, 1724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macfarlane, G. T., Cummings, J. H. & Allison, C. (1986). Protein degradation by human intestinal bacteria. Journal of General Microbiology 132, 16471656.Google ScholarPubMed
McKeown-Eyssen, G. E. & Bright-See, E. (1985). Dietary factors in colon cancer: international relationships. An update. Nutrition and Cancer 7, 251253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macquart-Moulin, G., Riboli, E., Cornee, J., Charnay, B., Berthezene, P. & Day, N. (1986). Case control study on colorectal cancer and diet in Marseilles. International Journal of Cancer 38, 183191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manousos, O., Day, N. E., Trichopoulos, D., Gerovassilis, F., Tzonou, A. & Polychronopoulou, A. (1983). Diet and colorectal cancer: a case control study. International Journal of Cancer 32, 15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maron, D. M. & Ames, B. N. (1983). Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutation Research 113, 173215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez, I., Torres, R., Frias, Z., Colon, J. R. & Fernandez, N. (1979). Factors associated with adenocarcinomas of the large bowel in Puerto Rico. Advances in Medical Oncology Research & Education 3, 4552.Google Scholar
Miller, A. B., Howe, G. R., Jain, M., Craib, K. J. P. & Harrison, L. (1983). Food items and food groups as risk factors in a case control study of diet and colorectal cancer. International Journal of Cancer 32, 155161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minowa, M., Bingham, S. & Cummings, J. H. (1983). Dietary fibre intake in Japan. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition 37A, 113119.Google Scholar
Modan, B., Barell, V., Lubin, F., Modan, M., Greenberg, R. A. & Graham, S. (1975). Low fiber intake as an etiologic factor in cancer of the colon. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 55, 1518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, J. W., Frazer, G. E., Phillips, R. L. & Andrews, M. H. (1988). Dietary factors and colon cancer incidence amongst Seventh Day Adventists. American Journal of Epidemiology 128, 918A.Google Scholar
Moskovitz, M., White, C., Barnett, R. N., Stevens, S., Russell, E., Vargo, D. & Flock, M. H. (1979). Diet, fecal bile acids and neutral sterols in carcinoma of the colon. Digestive Diseases Sciences 24, 746751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muir, C., Waterhouse, J., Mack, T., Powell, J. & Whelan, S. (1987). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. V. IARC Scientific Publication no. 88. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.Google Scholar
Nakaji, S., Ohta, M., Ishiguro, S., Munakata, A. & Yoshida, Y. (1989). An epidemiological study on relationship between intake of dietary fiber and colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 96, A359.Google Scholar
Ohgaki, H., Hasegawa, H., Kato, T., Suenaga, M., Ubakata, M., Sato, S., Takayama, S. & Sugimura, T. (1986). Carcinogenicity in mice and rats of heterocyclic amines in cooked foods. Environmental Health Perspectives 67, 129134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Sullivan, K. R., Mathias, P. M., Tobin, A. & O'Morain, C. (1990). The association between diet and colorectal polyps and cancer in an Irish population. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 49, 41A.Google Scholar
Perisse, J., Sizaret, F. & Francois, P. (1969). The effect of income in the structure of the diet. FAO Nutrition Newsletter 7, 1.Google Scholar
Phillips, R. L. (1975). Role of life style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among Seventh Day Adventists. Cancer Research 35, 35133522.Google ScholarPubMed
Phillips, R. L. & Snowdon, D. A. (1983). Association of meat and coffee use with cancer of the large bowel, breast and prostate among Seventh Day Adventists. Cancer Research 43, Suppl. 2403S2408S.Google ScholarPubMed
Pickle, L. W., Greene, M. H., Ziegler, R. G., Toledo, A., Hoover, R., Lynch, H. T. & Fraumeni, J. F. (1984). Colorectal cancer in rural Nebraska. Cancer Research 44, 363369.Google ScholarPubMed
Pilch, S. (editor) (1987). Physiological Effects and Health Consequences of Dietary Fiber. Bethesda, Maryland, USA: FASEB.Google Scholar
Potter, J. D. & McMichael, A. J. (1986). Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum - a case-control study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 76, 557569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rafter, J. J., Eng, V. W. S., Furrer, R., Medline, A. & Bruce, W. R. (1986). Effects of calcium and pH on mucosal damage produced by deoxycholic acid in the rat colon. Gut 27, 13201329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, B. S., Sharma, C., Simi, B., Engle, A., Laakso, K., Puska, P. & Korpela, R. (1987). Effect of dietary fiber on fecal mutagens and bile acids in healthy subjects. Cancer Research 47, 644648.Google ScholarPubMed
Riboli, E. (1989). Prospective Studies on Diet and Cancer in Europe. Report of On-going Activities no. 1. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.Google Scholar
Roediger, W. E. W. (1980). Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonic mucosa in man. Gut 21, 793798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolandelli, R. H., Koruda, M. J., Settle, R. G. & Rombeau, J. L. (1986). Effects of intraluminal infusion of SCFA on the healing of colonic anastomosis in the rat. Surgery 100, 198.Google ScholarPubMed
Sakata, T. (1987). Stimulatory effects of short chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine. British Journal of Nutrition 58, 95103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheppach, W., Fabian, C., Sachs, M. & Kasper, H. (1988). Effect of starch malabsorption on fecal SCFA excretion in man. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 23, 755759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffman, M. H. (1986). Epidemiology of fecal mutagenicity. Epidemiologic Reviews 8, 92105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, M. H. (1987). Diet and faecal genotoxicity. Cancer Surveys 6, 653672.Google ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, M. H., Tassell, R. V., Robinson, A., Smith, L. & Daniel, J. (1988). Current research on fecal mutagenicity. American Journal of Epidemiology 127, 415416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segal, I., Walker, A. R. P., Lord, S. & Cummings, J. H. (1988). Breath methane and large bowel cancer risk in contrasting African populations. Gut 29, 608613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Setchell, K. D. R., Street, J. M. & Sjovall, J. (1987). Faecal bile acids. In The Bile Acids, pp. 441571 [Setchell, K. D. R., Kritchevsky, D. and Nair, P. P., editors]. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Sjodin, P. B., Nyman, M. E., Nilsson, L., Asp, N. G. & Jagerstad, M. I. (1985). Binding of 14C labelled food mutagens by dietary fibre in vivo. Journal of Food Sciences 50, 15.Google Scholar
Slattery, M. L., Schumacher, M. C., Smith, K. R., West, D. W. & Abd-Elghany, N. (1988). Physical activity, diet and risk of colon cancer in Utah. American Journal of Epidemiology 128, 989999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A. H., Pearcc, N. E. & Joseph, J. G. (1985). Major colorectal cancer. Aetiological hypotheses do not explain mortality trends among Maori and non-Maori New Zealanders. International Journal of Epidemiology 14, 7995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. J. (1986). n-Butyrate alters chromatin accessibility to DNA repair enzymes. Carcinogenesis 7, 423429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, E., Voss, R., Hall, V., Bodmer, W. F., Jass, J. R., Jeffries, H. A., Lucibello, F. C., Patel, I. & Rider, S. H. (1987). Chromosome 5-allele loss in human colorectal carcinomas. Nature 328, 616619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., Hennekens, C. & Speizer, F. E. (1987). Prospective study of diet and cancer in a cohort of women. Federation Proceedings 46, 883A.Google Scholar
Stephen, A. M. & Cummings, J. H. (1980). Mechanism of action of dietary fibre in the human colon. Nature 284, 283284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugimura, T. (1985). Carcinogenicity of mutagenic heterocyclic amines. Mutagen Research 150, 3341.Google ScholarPubMed
Takano, S., Matshushima, M., Erturk, E. & Bryan, G. T. (1981). Early reduction of rat colonic epithelial ornithine and S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase activities by MNNG or bile salts. Cancer Research 41, 624628.Google ScholarPubMed
Thornton, J. R. (1981). High colonic pH promotes colorectal cancer. Lancet i, 10811083.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trowell, H. (1985). Dietary fibre: a paradigm. In Dietary Fibre, Fibre-depleted Foods and Disease, p. 3 [Trowell, H., Burkitt, D. and Heaton, K., editors]. Florida, USA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Tuyns, A. J., Haelterman, M. & Kaaks, R. (1987). Colorectal cancer and the intakes of nutrients: a case control study in Belgium. Nutrition and Cancer 10, 181186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuyns, A. J., Kaaks, R. & Haelterman, M. (1988). Colorectal cancer and the consumption of foods: a case control study in Belgium. Nutrition and Cancer 11, 189204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varo, P., Laine, R., Veijalainen, K., Pero, K., Wetterhof, A. & Koivistoinen, P. (1984). Dietary fibre and available carbohydrates in Finnish cereal products, vegetables and fruits. Journal of Agricultural Science, Finland 56, 3959.Google Scholar
Venitt, S. (1988). Mutagens in human faeces and cancer of the large bowel. In Role of the Gut Flora in Toxicity and Cancer, pp. 399460 [Rowland, I. R., editor]. London: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venitt, S., Bosworth, D. & Aldrick, A. J. (1986). Pilot study of the effect of diet on the mutagenicity of human faeces. Mutagenesis 1, 353358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vernia, P., Ciarniello, P., Cittadini, M., Lorenzotti, A., Alessindrini, A. & Caprilli, R. (1988). Stool pH and SCFA in colorectal cancer and polyps. Gastroenterology 96, A528.Google Scholar
Virtanen, S. M. & Varo, P. (1988). Dietary fibre and fibre fractions in the diet of Finnish diabetic and non-diabetic adolescents. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 169175.Google ScholarPubMed
Visek, W. J. (1978). Diet and cell growth by ammonia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, S216S220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, A. R. P., Walker, B. F. & Walker, A. J. (1986). Faecal pH, dietary fibre intake and proneness to colon cancer in four South African populations. British Journal of Cancer 53, 489495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, J. M., Anjo, T., Ohannesian, L., Keafer, L. K., Devor, D. E., Donovan, P. J., Smith, G. T., Henneman, J. R., Streeter, A. J., Konishi, N., Rehm, S., Reist, E. J., Bradford, W. W. & Rice, J. M. (1988). Inactivity of fecapentaene-12 as a rodent carcinogen or tumor initiator. Cancer Letters 42, 4959.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wattenberg, L. W. (1990). Inhibition of carcinogenesis by minor anutrient constituents of the diet. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 49, 173183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, R. H., Young, G. P. & Bhathal, P. S. (1986). Effects of SCFA on a new human colon carcinoma cell line (LIM 1215). Gut 27, 14571463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolpert, E., Phillips, S. F. & Summerskill, W. H. J. (1971). Transport of urea and ammonia production in the human colon. Lancet ii, 13871390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrong, O. M., Vince, A. J. & Waterlow, J. C. (1985). The contribution of endogenous urea to faecal ammonia in man. Clinical Science 68, 193199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wynder, E. L., Kajitani, T., Ishikawa, S., Dodd, H. & Takano, A. (1969). Environmental factors of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 23, 12101220.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, T. B. & Wolf, D. B. (1988). Case control study of proximal and distal colon cancer and diet in Wisconsin. International Journal of Cancer 42, 167175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed