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24 - Bubbles, Crises, and Heterogeneous Beliefs

from PART VIII - BEHAVIORAL FINANCE: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF SYSTEMIC RISK

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2013

By
Wei Xiong
Edited by
Jean-Pierre Fouque  and
Joseph A. Langsam
Wei Xiong
Affiliation:
Princeton University
Jean-Pierre Fouque
Affiliation:
University of California, Santa Barbara
Joseph A. Langsam
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park
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Summary

Abstract Heterogeneous beliefs are a widely observed attribute of individuals. This chapter reviews the quickly growing literature that builds on heterogeneous beliefs to explain bubbles, crises, and endogenous risk in financial markets.

The history of financial markets has been dotted with episodes of bubbles, during which market values of assets vastly exceeded reasonable assessments of their fundamental value. Asset price bubbles can lead to severe economic consequences ranging from wasteful over-investment and frenzied trading during booms to devastating financial crises and depressed real economies during busts. Economists have emphasized many aspects of bubbles and crises. Minsky (1974) advocated the view that excessive expansion of bank credit due to optimism can fuel a speculative euphoria and slowly lead the economy to a crisis. Kindleberger (1978) stressed that irrationally optimistic expectations frequently emerge among investors in the late stages of major economic booms and lead firm managers to over-invest, overpromise, and over-leverage, which sow the seeds for an eventual collapse after they fail to deliver on their promises. Shiller (2000) highlighted a host of psychological biases people use in forming a feedback mechanism, through which initial price increases caused by certain initial precipitating factors such as new technology innovations feed back into even higher asset prices through increased investor confidence and expectations. Allen and Gale (2007) focused on agency problems of professional managers who actively seek unwarranted risk, which leads to bubbles and crises.

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Handbook on Systemic Risk , pp. 663 - 713
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

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