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    Davis, Thomas Seth Crippen, Tawni L. Hofstetter, Richard W. and Tomberlin, Jeffery K. 2013. Microbial Volatile Emissions as Insect Semiochemicals. Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 39, Issue. 7, p. 840.
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  • Print publication year: 2008
  • Online publication date: September 2012

8 - Anaerobic fermentation

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Summary

Anaerobic conditions are maintained in some ecosystems where the rate of oxygen supply is lower than that of consumption. Organic compounds are removed from anaerobic ecosystems through the concerted action of fermentative and anaerobic respiratory microorganisms. In microbiology, the term ‘fermentation’ can be used to describe either microbial processes that produce useful products or a form of anaerobic microbial growth using internally supplied electron acceptors and generating ATP mainly through substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP).

Electron acceptors used in anaerobic metabolism

Fermentation and anaerobic respiration

Respiration refers to the reduction of oxygen by electrons from the electron transport chains coupled to the generation of a proton motive force through electron transport phosphorylation (ETP; Section 5.8). Under anaerobic conditions, some microorganisms grow using an ETP process with externally supplied oxidized compounds other than oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. This type of growth is referred to as anaerobic respiration. In a fermentative process, ATP is generated through SLP with the oxidation of electron donors coupled to the reduction of electron carriers such as NAD(P)+ or flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The reduced electron carriers are reoxidized reducing the metabolic intermediate.

This chapter describes the fermentation processes carried out by various anaerobic prokaryotes. In fermentation, ATP is generated not only through SLP but also by other mechanisms such as the reactions catalyzed by fumarate reductase and Na+-dependent decarboxylase, and lactate/H+ symport as described earlier (Section 5.8.6).

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Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism
  • Online ISBN: 9780511790461
  • Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790461
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Further reading
Oxygen toxicity
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Brioukhanov, A. L., Thauer, R. K. & Netrusov, A. I. (2002). Catalase and superoxide dismutase in the cells of strictly anaerobic microorganisms. Microbiology-Moscow 71, 281–285.
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Chen, L., Sharma, P., Gall, J., Mariano, A. M., Teixeira, M. & Xavier, A. V. (1994). A blue non-heme iron protein from Desulfovibrio gigas. European Journal of Biochemistry 226, 613–618.
Coulter, E. D. & Kurtz, D. M. (2001). A role for rubredoxin in oxidative stress protection in Desulfovibrio vulgaris: catalytic electron transfer to rubrerythrin and two-iron superoxide reductase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 394, 76–86.
Davydova, M. N. & Tarasova, N. B. (2005). Carbon monoxide inhibits superoxide dismutase and stimulates reactive oxygen species production by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans 1388. Anaerobe 11, 335–338.
Dolla, A., Fournier, M. & Dermoun, Z. (2006). Oxygen defense in sulfate-reducing bacteria. Journal of Biotechnology 126, 87–100.
Fournier, M., Zhang, Y., Wildschut, J. D., Dolla, A., Voordouw, J. K., Schriemer, D. C. & Voordouw, G. (2003). Function of oxygen resistance proteins in the anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. Journal of Bacteriology 185, 71–79.
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Horsburgh, M. J., Wharton, S. J., Karavolos, M. & Foster, S. J. (2002). Manganese: elemental defence for a life with oxygen. Trends in Microbiology 10, 496–501.
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Jean, D., Briolat, V. & Reysset, G. (2004). Oxidative stress response in Clostridium perfringens. Microbiology-UK 150, 1649–1659.
Jovanovic, T., Ascenso, C., Hazlett, K. R. O., Sikkink, R., Kerbs, C., Litwiller, R., Benson, L. M., Moura, I., Moura, J. J. G., Radolf, J. D., Huynh, B. H., Naylor, S. & Rusnak, F. (2000). Neelaredoxin, an iron-binding protein from the syphilis spirochete, Treponema pallidum, is a superoxide reductase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 28439–28448.
Kawasaki, S., Watamura, Y., Ono, M., Watanabe, T., Takeda, K. & Niimura, Y. (2005). Adaptive responses to oxygen stress in obligatory anaerobes Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium aminovalericum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 8442–8450.
Kawasaki, S., Mimura, T., Satoh, T., Takeda, K. & Niimura, Y. (2006). Response of the microaerophilic Bifidobacterium species, B. boum and B. thermophilum, to oxygen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, 6854–6858.
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Kjeldsen, K. U., Joulian, C. & Ingvorsen, K. (2004). Oxygen tolerance of sulfate-reducing bacteria in activated sludge. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 2038–2043.
Gall, J. & Xavier, A. V. (1996). Anaerobes response to oxygen: the sulfate-reducing bacteria. Anaerobe 2, 1–9.
Lee, J. H., Yeo, W. S. & Roe, J. H. (2004). Induction of the sufA operon encoding Fe-S assembly proteins by superoxide generators and hydrogen peroxide: involvement of OxyR, IHF and an unidentified oxidant-responsive factor. Molecular Microbiology 51, 1745–1755.
Ludwig, R. A. (2004). Microaerophilic bacteria transduce energy via oxidative metabolic gearing. Research in Microbiology 155, 61–70.
Lumppio, H. L., Shenvi, N. V., Summers, A. O., Voordouw, G. & Kurtz, D. M. (2001). Rubrerythrin and rubredoxin oxidoreductase in Desulfovibrio vulgaris: a novel oxidative stress protection system. Journal of Bacteriology 183, 101–108.
Mongkolsuk, S. & Helmann, J. D. (2002). Regulation of inducible peroxide stress responses. Molecular Microbiology 45, 9–15.
Podkopaeva, D. A., Grabovich, Yu M. & Dubinina, G. A. (2003). Oxidative stress and antioxidant cell protection systems in the microaerophilic bacterium Spirillum winogradskii. Microbiology-Moscow 72, 534–542.
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Silva, G., Legall, J., Xavier, A. V., Teixeira, M. & Rodrigues-Pousada, C. (2001). Molecular characterization of Desulfovibrio gigas neelaredoxin, a protein involved in oxygen detoxification in anaerobes. Journal of Bacteriology 183, 4413–4420.
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Wildschut, J. D., Lang, R. M., Voordouw, J. K. & Voordouw, G. (2006). Rubredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase enhances survival of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough under microaerophilic conditions. Journal of Bacteriology 188, 6253–6260.
Lactic acid
Asanuma, N., Yoshii, T. & Hino, T. (2004). Molecular characteristics and transcription of the gene encoding a multifunctional alcohol dehydrogenase in relation to the deactivation of pyruvate formate-lyase in the ruminal bacterium Streptococcus bovis. Archives of Microbiology 181, 122–128.
Cocaign-Bousquet, M., Even, S., Lindley, N. D. & Loubiere, P. (2002). Anaerobic sugar catabolism in Lactococcus lactis: genetic regulation and enzyme control over pathway flux. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 60, 24–32.
Vos, W. M., Bron, P. A. & Kleerebezem, M. (2004). Post-genomics of lactic acid bacteria and other food-grade bacteria to discover gut functionality. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 15, 86–93.
Diaz-Muniz, I. & Steele, J. L. (2006). Conditions required for citrate utilization during growth of Lactobacillus casei ATCC334 in chemically defined medium and Cheddar cheese extract. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 90, 233–243.
Drider, D., Bekal, S. & Prevost, H. (2004). Genetic organization and expression of citrate permease in lactic acid bacteria. Genetics and Molecular Research 3, 273–281.
Garrigues, C., Mercade, M., Cocaign-Bousquet, M., Lindley, N. D. & Loubiere, P. (2001). Regulation of pyruvate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis depends on the imbalance between catabolism and anabolism. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 74, 108–115.
Klijn, A., Mercenier, A. & Arigoni, F. (2005). Lessons from the genomes of bifidobacteria. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29, 491–509.
Liu, S. Q. (2002). Malolactic fermentation in wine: beyond deacidification. Journal of Applied Microbiology 92, 589.
Martin, M. G., Sender, P. D., Peiru, S., Mendoza, D. & Magn, C. (2004). Acid-inducible transcription of the operon encoding the citrate lyase complex of Lactococcus lactis biovar diacetylactis CRL264. Journal of Bacteriology 186, 5649–5660.
Ouwehand, A. C., Salminen, S. & Isolauri, E. (2002). Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 82, 279–289.
Sarantinopoulos, P., Kalantzopoulos, G. & Tsakalidou, E. (2001). Citrate metabolism by Enterococcus faecalis FAIR-E 229. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, 5482–5487.
Smit, G., Smit, B. A. & Engels, W. J. M. (2005). Flavour formation by lactic acid bacteria and biochemical flavour profiling of cheese products. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29, 591–610.
Vido, K., Bars, D., Mistou, M. Y., Anglade, P., Gruss, A. & Gaudu, P. (2004). Proteome analyses of heme-dependent respiration in Lactococcus lactis: involvement of the proteolytic system. Journal of Bacteriology 186, 1648–1657.
Zaunmueller, T., Eichert, M., Richter, H. & Unden, G. (2006). Variations in the energy metabolism of biotechnologically relevant heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria during growth on sugars and organic acids. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 72, 421–429.
Ethanol
Kalnenieks, U. (2006). Physiology of Zymomonas mobilis: some unanswered questions. Advances in Microbial Physiology 51, 73–117.
Kalnenieks, U., Toma, M. M., Galinina, N. & Poole, R. K. (2003). The paradoxical cyanide-stimulated respiration of Zymomonas mobilis: cyanide sensitivity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH II). Microbiology-UK 149, 1739–1744.
Roustan, J. L. & Sablayrolles, J. M. (2002). Impact of the addition of electron acceptors on the by-products of alcoholic fermentation. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 31, 142–152.
Butyrate and butanol
Adams, C. J., Redmond, M. C. & Valentine, D. L. (2006). Pure-culture growth of fermentative bacteria, facilitated by H2 removal: bioenergetics and H2 production. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, 1079–1085.
Alsaker, K. V. & Papoutsakis, E. T. (2005). Transcriptional program of early sporulation and stationary-phase events in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Journal of Bacteriology 187, 7103–7118.
Armstrong, F. A. (2004). Hydrogenases: active site puzzles and progress. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 8, 133–140.
Bourriaud, C., Robins, R. J., Martin, L., Kozlowski, F., Tenailleau, E., Cherbut, C. & Michel, C. (2005). Lactate is mainly fermented to butyrate by human intestinal microfloras but inter-individual variation is evident. Journal of Applied Microbiology 99, 201–212.
Buckel, W. & Golding, B. T. (2006). Radical enzymes in anaerobes. Annual Review of Microbiology 60, 27–49.
Ceccarelli, E. A., Arakaki, A. K., Cortez, N. & Carrillo, N. (2004). Functional plasticity and catalytic efficiency in plant and bacterial ferredoxin-NADP(H) reductases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – Proteins & Proteomics 1698, 155–165.
Colin, T., Bories, A., Lavigne, C. & Moulin, G. (2001). Effects of acetate and butyrate during glycerol fermentation by Clostridium butyricum. Current Microbiology 43, 238–243.
Duncan, S. H., Barcenilla, A., Stewart, C. S., Pryde, S. E. & Flint, H. J. (2002). Acetate utilization and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA):acetate-CoA transferase in butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 5186–5190.
Duncan, S. H., Louis, P. & Flint, H. J. (2004). Lactate-utilizing bacteria, isolated from human feces, that produce butyrate as a major fermentation product. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, 5810–5817.
Gonzalez-Pajuelo, M., Meynial-Salles, I., Mendes, F., Soucaille, P. & Vasconcelos, I. (2006). Microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol: physiological comparison of a natural producer, Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266, and an engineered strain, Clostridium acetobutylicum DG1(pSPD5). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, 96–101.
Guedon, E. & Petitdemange, H. (2001). Identification of the gene encoding NADH-rubredoxin oxidoreductase in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 285, 496–502.
Hillmann, F., Fischer, R. J. & Bahl, H. (2006). The rubrerythrin-like protein Hsp21 of Clostridium acetobutylicum is a general stress protein. Archives of Microbiology 185, 270–276.
Kutty, R. & Bennett, G. (2005). Biochemical characterization of trinitrotoluene transforming oxygen-insensitive nitroreductases from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Archives of Microbiology 184, 158–167.
Malaoui, H. & Marczak, R. (2001). Influence of glucose on glycerol metabolism by wild-type and mutant strains of Clostridium butyricum E5 grown in chemostat culture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 55, 226–233.
Malaoui, H. & Marczak, R. (2001). Separation and characterization of the 1,3-propanediol and glycerol dehydrogenase activities from Clostridium butyricum E5 wild-type and mutant D. Journal of Applied Microbiology 90, 1006–1014.
May, A., Hillmann, F., Riebe, O., Fischer, R. J. & Bahl, H. (2004). A rubrerythrin-like oxidative stress protein of Clostridium acetobutylicum is encoded by a duplicated gene and identical to the heat shock protein Hsp21. FEMS Microbiology Letters 238, 249–254.
Pryde, S. E., Duncan, S. H., Hold, G. L., Stewart, C. S. & Flint, H. J. (2002). The microbiology of butyrate formation in the human colon. FEMS Microbiology Letters 217, 133–139.
Saint-Amans, S., Girbal, L., Andrade, J., Ahrens, K. & Soucaille, P. (2001). Regulation of carbon and electron flow in Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266 grown on glucose-glycerol mixtures. Journal of Bacteriology 183, 1748–1754.
Thormann, K., Feustel, L., Lorenz, K., Nakotte, S. & Duerre, P. (2002). Control of butanol formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum by transcriptional activation. Journal of Bacteriology 184, 1966–1973.
Tummala, S. B., Junne, S. G. & Papoutsakis, E. T. (2003). Antisense RNA downregulation of coenzyme A transferase combined with alcohol-aldehyde dehydrogenase overexpression leads to predominantly alcohologenic Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentations. Journal of Bacteriology 185, 3644–3653.
Vignais, P. M., Billoud, B. & Meyer, J. (2001). Classification and phylogeny of hydrogenases. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 25, 455–501.
Zhao, Y., Hindorff, L. A., Chuang, A., Monroe-Augustus, M., Lyristis, M., Harrison, M. L., Rudolph, F. B. & Bennett, G. N. (2003). Expression of a cloned cyclopropane fatty acid synthase gene reduces solvent formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 2831–2841.
Zhao, Y., Tomas, C. A., Rudolph, F. B., Papoutsakis, E. T. & Bennett, G. N. (2005). Intracellular butyryl phosphate and acetyl phosphate concentrations in Clostridium acetobutylicum and their implication. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 530–537.
Zverlov, V., Berezina, O., Velikodvorskaya, G. & Schwarz, W. (2006). Bacterial acetone and butanol production by industrial fermentation in the Soviet Union: use of hydrolyzed agricultural waste for biorefinery. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 71, 587–597.
Mixed acid fermentation
Altaras, N. E., Etzel, M. R. & Cameron, D. C. (2001). Conversion of sugars to 1,2-propanediol by Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum HG-8. Biotechnology Progress 17, 52–56.
Bagramyan, K., Galstyan, A. & Trchounian, A. (2000). Redox potential is a determinant in the Escherichia coli anaerobic fermentative growth and survival: effects of impermeable oxidant. Bioelectrochemistry 51, 151–156.
Berrios-Rivera, S. J., San, K.-Y. & Bennett, G. N. (2003). The effect of carbon sources and lactate dehydrogenase deletion on 1,2-propanediol production in Escherichia coli. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 30, 34–40.
Carlier, J. P., Marchandin, H., Jumas-Bilak, E., Lorin, V., Henry, C., Carriere, C. & Jean-Pierre, H. (2002). Anaeroglobus geminatus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Veillonellaceae. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52, 983–986.
Cecchini, G., Schroder, I., Gunsalus, R. P. & Maklashina, E. (2002). Succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase from Escherichia coli. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – Bioenergetics 1553, 140–157.
Chen, X., Zhang, D.-J., Qi, W.-T., Gao, S.-J., Xiu, Z.-L. & Xu, P. (2003). Microbial fed-batch production of 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae under micro-aerobic conditions. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 63, 143–146.
Garnova, E. S. & Krasil'nikova, E. N. (2003). Carbohydrate metabolism of the saccharolytic alkaliphilic anaerobes Halonatronum saccharophilum, Amphibacillus fermentum, and Amphibacillus tropicus. Microbiology-Moscow 72, 558–563.
Hasona, A., Kim, Y., Healy, F. G., Ingram, L. O. & Shanmugam, K. T. (2004). Pyruvate formate lyase and acetate kinase are essential for anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on xylose. Journal of Bacteriology 186, 7593–7600.
Kim, P., Laivenieks, M., Vieille, C. & Zeikus, J. G. (2004). Effect of overexpression of Actinobacillus succinogenes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase on succinate production in Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, 1238–1241.
Laurinavichene, T. V., Zorin, N. A. & Tsygankov, A. A. (2002). Effect of redox potential on activity of hydrogenase 1 and hydrogenase 2 in Escherichia coli. Archives of Microbiology 178, 437–442.
Lee, P. C., Lee, S. Y., Hong, S. H. & Chang, H. N. (2002). Isolation and characterization of a new succinic acid-producing bacterium, Mannheimia succiniciproducens MBEL55E, from bovine rumen. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 58, 663–668.
Nakamura, C. E. & Whited, G. M. (2003). Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 14, 454–459.
Skibinski, D. A. G., Golby, P., Chang, Y. S., Sargent, F., Hoffman, R., Harper, R., Guest, J. R., Attwood, M. M., Berks, B. C. & Andrews, S. C. (2002). Regulation of the hydrogenase-4 operon of Escherichia coli by the σ54-dependent transcriptional activators FhlA and HyfR. Journal of Bacteriology 184, 6642–6653.
Houdt, R., Moons, P., Buj, Hueso M. & Michiels, C. W. (2006). N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone quorum sensing controls butanediol fermentation in Serratia plymuthica RVH1 and Serratia marcescens MG1. Journal of Bacteriology 188, 4570–4572.
Wang, W., Sun, J., Hartlep, M., Deckwer, W. D. & Zeng, A. P. (2003). Combined use of proteomic analysis and enzyme activity assays for metabolic pathway analysis of glycerol fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 83, 525–536.
Propionate
Abou-Zeid, D. M., Biebl, H., Sproer, C. & Muller, R. J. (2004). Propionispora hippei sp. nov., a novel Gram-negative, spore-forming anaerobe that produces propionic acid. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, 951–954.
Biebl, H., Schwab-Hanisch, H., Sproer, C. & Lunsdorf, H. (2000). Propionispora vibrioides, nov. gen., nov. sp., a new Gram-negative, spore-forming anaerobe that ferments sugar alcohols. Archives of Microbiology 174, 239–247.
Deborde, C. & Boyaval, P. (2000). Interactions between pyruvate and lactate metabolism in Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp shermanii: in vivo C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 2012–2020.
Janssen, P. H. (1998). Pathway of glucose catabolism by strain VeGlc2, an anaerobe belonging to the Verrucomicrobiales lineage of bacterial descent. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, 4830–4833.
Janssen, P. H. & Liesack, W. (1995). Succinate decarboxylation by Propionigenium maris sp. nov., a new anaerobic bacterium from an estuarine sediment. Archives of Microbiology 164, 29–35.
Kiatpapan, P. & Murooka, Y. (2002). Genetic manipulation system in propionibacteria. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 93, 1–8.
Koussemon, M., Combet-Blanc, Y. & Ollivier, B. (2003). Glucose fermentation by Propionibacterium microaerophilum: effect of pH on metabolism and bioenergetics. Current Microbiology 46, 141–145.
Seeliger, S., Janssen, P. H. & Schink, B. (2002). Energetics and kinetics of lactate fermentation to acetate and propionate via methylmalonyl-CoA or acrylyl-CoA. FEMS Microbiology Letters 211, 65–70.
Quesada-Chanto, A., Silveira, M. M., Schmidmeyer, A. C., Schroeder, A. G., Dacosta, J. P. C. L., Lopez, J., Carvalhojonas, M. F., Artolozaga, M. J. & Jonas, R. (1998). Effect of oxygen supply on pattern of growth, and corrinoid and organic acid production of Propionibacterium shermanii. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 49, 732–736.
Tholozan, J. L., Grivet, J. P. & Vallet, C. (1994). Metabolic pathway to propionate of Pectinatus frisingensis, a strictly anaerobic beer-spoilage bacterium. Archives of Microbiology 162, 401–408.
Ye, K. M., Shijo, M., Miyano, K. & Shimizu, K. (1999). Metabolic pathway of Propionibacterium growing with oxygen: enzymes, C-13 NMR analysis, and its application for vitamin B-12 production with periodic fermentation. Biotechnology Progress 15, 201–207.
Fermentation of amino acids
Buckel, W. (2001). Unusual enzymes involved in five pathways of glutamate fermentation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 57, 263–273.
Lan, J. & Newman, E. B. (2003). A requirement for anaerobically induced redox functions during aerobic growth of Escherichia coli with serine, glycine and leucine as carbon source. Research in Microbiology 154, 191–197.
Menes, R. J. & Muxi, L. (2002). Anaerobaculum mobile sp. nov., a novel anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, peptide-fermenting bacterium that uses crotonate as an electron acceptor, and emended description of the genus Anaerobaculum. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52, 157–164.
Wallace, R. J., McKain, N., McEwan, N. R., Miyagawa, E., Chaudhary, L. C., King, T. P., Walker, N. D., Apajalahti, J. H. A. & Newbold, C. J. (2003). Eubacterium pyruvativorans sp. nov., a novel non-saccharolytic anaerobe from the rumen that ferments pyruvate and amino acids, forms caproate and utilizes acetate and propionate. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53, 965–970.
Fermentation of dicarboxylic acids
Duncan, S. H., Richardson, A. J., Kaul, P., Holmes, R. P., Allison, M. J. & Stewart, C. S. (2002). Oxalobacter formigenes and its potential role in human health. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 3841–3847.
Janssen, P. H. & Hugenholtz, P. (2003). Fermentation of glycolate by a pure culture of a strictly anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the family Lachnospiraceae. Archives of Microbiology 179, 321–328.
Sahin, N. (2003). Oxalotrophic bacteria. Research in Microbiology 154, 399–407.
Sidhu, H., Hoppe, B., Hesse, A., Tenbrock, K., Bromme, S., Rietschel, E. & Peck, A. B. (1998). Absence of Oxalobacter formigenes in cystic fibrosis patients: a risk factor for hyperoxaluria. Lancet 352, 1026–1029.
Stewart, C. S., Duncan, S. H. & Cave, D. R. (2004). Oxalobacter formigenes and its role in oxalate metabolism in the human gut. FEMS Microbiology Letters 230, 1–7.
Ye, L., Jia, Z., Jung, T. & Maloney, P. C. (2001). Topology of OxlT, the oxalate transporter of Oxalobacter formigenes, determined by site-directed fluorescence labeling. Journal of Bacteriology 183, 2490–2496.
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