The role of trade unions in Western industrialised societies became a highly controversial issue in the last two decades of the twentieth century. In an age of widespread renewed belief in the efficacy of free market economies, many economists and politicians saw them as blocks on the working of the free market. In contrast, many people who desired protection in ‘the flexible labour market’ saw more their ‘sword of justice’ role. In 1984, after examining trade union activities in the USA, Freeman and Medoff, two Harvard economists, observed that unions had two faces, ‘a monopoly face’ and ‘a voice/response face’, and concluded:

Freeman and Medoff in their study, What Do Trade Unions Do? focused on three areas of controversy: efficiency, distribution of income and social organisation. In their study of US trade unions they argued that trade unionism could lower employment levels but that ‘in many settings it is associated with increased productivity’. On the issue of distribution of income they found that unions reduced inequality in wages and lowered profits. As for social organisation they did not substantiate the belief that unions were corrupt or undemocratic and found that politically ‘unions, for the most part, provide political voice to all labor and that they are more effective in pushing general social legislation than in bringing about special interest legislation in the Congress’.