The Continental Congress, which had governed thirteen British colonies while they were becoming the United States of America, adjourned in 1789. The first Congress then took office, elected under the recently adopted Constitution. After fifteen years of subversion, rebellion, war, divided loyalties and conflicting visions, a hard-won consensus had been reached. A new chapter in political and social history was beginning. A new chapter in cultural and artistic life was beginning as well. The young Timothy Dwight, contemplating ‘war's dread confusion’ during the Revolution, envisioned an unprecedented order of peace and prosperity in the emergent country, when

A momentous event in the history of sacred choral music took place shortly before Dwight penned these stirring words. William Billings (1746–1800), a tanner by trade, published his ‘opus one’, The New England Psalm Singer, in 1770, just in time for the Revolution. Approximately a dozen sacred pieces by American composers had been published in the thirteen colonies before Billing's collection appeared. In a single stroke Billings, with his original volume containing 120 new works, increased this repertoire a thousand per cent. Also, in the book's remarkable preface, he issued what amounts to a Declaration of Independence of the American composer. His emphatic and well-argued case for compositional flexibility (he observes that everyone knows what ‘Poetical License’ is, and ‘I don't see why with the same priority there may not be a Musical License’) culminates in his often-quoted exhortation to the composer of the future.